Objective Quantitative EEG (qEEG) is an established technique used as objective measure for evaluating the effect of antiseizure medications (ASMs) on EEG background activity and monitoring cognitive effects of ASMs. Perampanel (PER) has been associated with relatively more tolerable cognitive effects in patients with epilepsy. The primary aim of the present study was to verify the effect of PER as

Refractory/super-refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus (r/srNCSE) is an acute life-threatening neurocritical entity with significant morbidity. Failure to control SE in its earlier stages leads to multiple molecular alterations in the brain such as downregulation of GABA-A and upregulation of NMDA receptors. Recently ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has gained increased attention as a therapeutic

Changes in EEG when moving from an eyes-closed to an eyes-open resting condition result from bottom-up sensory processing and have been referred to as activation. In children, activation is characterized by a global reduction in alpha, frontally present reductions for delta and theta, and a frontal increase for beta. The present study aimed to replicate frontal EEG activation effects using single-channel

Objectives. There is growing evidence for the use of biofeedback (BF) in affective disorders, dissocial personality disorder, and in children with histories of abuse. Electroencephalogram (EEG) markers could be used as neurofeedback in emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) management especially for those at high risk of suicide when emotionally aroused. This narrative review investigates

This special issue celebrates the legacy of Bob McCarley’s pioneering efforts to combine high-spatial resolution measures of brain structure from MRI with high-temporal resolution neurophysiological measures of brain function, with an eye towards associating these brain-based structural and functional abnormalities with the severity of various psychotic symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and social and

The interaction between cortex and muscles under hand motor with different force states has not been quantitatively investigated yet, which to some extent places the optimized movement tasks design for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications in hand motor rehabilitation under uncertainty. Converging evidence has suggested that both the descending corticospinal pathway and ascending sensory feedback

Background. The primary motor cortex of the hand (M1-Hand) is a target used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment and evaluation of motor neurological diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging–guided neuronavigation locates the M1-Hand with high precision, but at a high cost. Although less accurate, the C3/C4 points of the international

Introduction: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents. Suicidal behavior is associated with impairments in attention. Attention can be directed toward relevant events in the environment either actively, under voluntary control, or passively, by external salient events. The extent to which the risk for suicidal behavior affects active and passive attention is largely unknown.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have high theta and low beta activity in the frontal lobe. The higher the theta/beta ratio, the lower the level of central nervous system (CNS) cortical arousal. However, there is seldom evidence between electroencephalograms (EEGs) and the patient’s intentionality to regulate the cortical activity of executive attention tasks. We investigated

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that occurs many years before the first clinical symptoms. Finding more exact, significant, and valuable criteria or indices for the diagnosis of the mild form of Alzheimer’s disease is very important for clinical and research purposes. Electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking biomarkers would provide noninvasive tools for the early detection

Background. Titrating hypnotic agents for patients who suffer from a cerebral insult is a challenging task. To date there is no real gold standard to precisely quantify electroencephalography (EEG) response in a fashion that could be utilized for patients with post–cerebral hemorrhage hydrocephaly. While we must administer “as per usual” analgesics for noxious stimuli, we have to administer the hypnotic

The aim of the current study was to investigate a possible relationship between electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) seizure adequacy parameters and clinical outcome as well as differences between ECT responders and nonresponders in terms of ECT seizure parameters in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. First and last ECT records data, sociodemographic variables, and baseline

The human brain is characterized by complex structural, functional connections that integrate unique cognitive characteristics. There is a fundamental hurdle for the evaluation of both structural and functional connections of the brain and the effects in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there is no clinically specific diagnostic biomarker capable of confirming the

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the electroencephalographic (EEG) grading of neuronal dysfunction in encephalopathy of various etiologies and assess their association with clinical outcomes. Subjects and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed between June and November 2018 at the Neurology Department of King Fahd Hospital of University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

People with schizophrenia (SZ) exhibit visual processing abnormalities that affect their daily functioning and remediating these deficits might help to improve functioning. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a potential tool for perceptual enhancement for this purpose, though there are no reports of tDCS applied to visual cortex in SZ. In a within-subject, crossover design, we evaluated

BACKGROUND. Successful epilepsy surgery relies on localization and removal of the brain area responsible for initializing the seizures called the epileptogenic zone (EZ). Intracranial EEG (icEEG) is gold standard of this localization but has several limitations like invasiveness and limited covered area. A noninvasive method with accurate localization precision is therefore desirable. The aim of this

The P300-based brain-computer interface speller can provide motor independent communication to individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system. P300 amplitude stability is critical for operation of the P300 speller. The P300 has good long-term stability, but to our knowledge, short-term habituation in the P300 speller has

Purpose. To evaluate the congruence or discrepancy of the localization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions with interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) or epileptic seizure patterns (ESPs) in surface EEG in lesional pediatric epilepsy patients. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed presurgical MRI and video-EEG monitoring findings of patients up to age 18 years. Localization of MRI lesions

Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA), rhythmic slow wave pattern lasting several seconds over the anterior leads of electroencephalography (EEG), has been reported in a wide variety of clinical conditions. We investigated the clinical significance of FIRDA without structural brain lesions. We reviewed 7689 EEGs between October 2017 and September 2019 at a university hospital. Patients

OBJECTIVES Injured cognitive abilities have been reported in patients with pituitary adenoma. However, to date, few researchers have directly investigated the electrophysiological study of inhibitory control function of pituitary patients both pre- and postsurgery. Thus, this study aimed to identify the factors affecting the inhibitory control function of pituitary patients. METHODS Thirty presurgery

Generalized periodic discharges with triphasic morphology (GPDs + TWm) have been reported with multiple metabolic and drug toxicities. Beta-lactam antibiotics in some cases can cause neurotoxicity with GPDs + TWm on EEG. There are no reports in the literature of aztreonam causing neurotoxicity and GPDs + TWm. Here we describe GPDs + TWm and encephalopathy developing in a patient with underlying dementia

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG)-electrical neuroimaging has been underutilized in general neurology practice. Recent advances in computer technology have made this electrophysiological testing relatively inexpensive as well as precise in identifying brain areas with electrical dysfunction related to either traumatic injury or neurodegenerative process. In this article, the author presents

In part 1 of this article, we describe an approach and methodology that bridges 2 worlds: the internal, subjective experience of emotions and thoughts, and the external world of brain electrical activity. Using a novel event-related brain activation imaging method, we demonstrate that within single trials, short-term mental processes, on the order of 100 ms, can be clearly related to observed brain

Objective. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), is one of the clinical manifestations of conversion disorder that epileptiform discharges do not accompany. Factors capable of increasing susceptibility to these seizures have not been adequately investigated yet. This study aims to investigate the quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) findings for PNES by evaluating the resting EEG spectral

In this report, we integrate the principles described in part 1 and describe an operational model for emotional decision making that incorporates brain activation data along with subjective experience correlates. This model takes the form of a state machine that carries out transitions between a finite set of 16 possible states of emotional and decision-making response. By considering a 4 × 4 grid

In major depressive disorder (MDD), event-related potentials that are involved in auditory cortex function (i.e. N100 and P300) often have greater latencies and decreased amplitudes. The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to be produced by generators in the auditory cortex, as well as the frontal lobes. Reports on differences in MMN in those with MDD have been varied. It was hypothesized

We investigated whether the gray matter volume of primary auditory cortex (Heschl's gyrus [HG]) was associated with abnormal patterns of auditory γ activity in schizophrenia, namely impaired γ synchronization in the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR) and increased spontaneous broadband γ power. (The γ data were previously reported in Hirano et al, JAMA Psychiatry, 2015;72:813-821). Participants

The clinical phenotype of autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy (ASD-E) is a common neurological presentation in various genetic disorders, irrespective of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Here we describe the demographic and clinical profiles, coexistent neurological conditions, type of seizures, epilepsy syndrome, and EEG findings in 11 patients with ASD-E phenotype with proven genetic

Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are known to be nonstationary and often multicomponential signals containing information about the condition of the brain. Since the EEG signal has complex, nonlinear, nonstationary, and highly random behaviour, numerous linear feature extraction methods related to the short-time windowing technique do not satisfy higher classification accuracy. Since biosignals

Objective. To systematically assess previous findings on the orbitofrontal sulcogyral pattern in psychiatric disorders and to address the utility of this pattern as a transdiagnostic trait marker of early neurodevelopment in the social brain. Methods. An online literature search was conducted using the PubMed database from inception to August 2019. Studies included in this review were based on the

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common childhood neuropsychiatric disorder. Differences in the presentations of ADHD between boys and girls have been well established. Three subtypes of ADHD exist. In addition to sex difference, different mechanisms may underlie different subtypes. The present study enrolled 30 girls with the inattentive subtype of ADHD and 30 age-matched controls

Panic disorder (PD) has been linked to abnormalities in information processing. However, only little evidence has been published for sensory gating in PD. Sensory gating describes the brain's ability to exclude stimuli of low relevance from higher level information processing, thereby sustaining efficient cognitive processing. Deficits in sensory gating have been associated with various psychiatric

Objectives. Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common and potentially lethal disorder affecting up to 14% of all persons worldwide. However, one-third to thwo-thirds of patients are nonresponders to first-line therapy. Even the electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) as the option of choice in therapy-resistant MDD still shows a high proportion of nonresponders. In case of a predicted nonresponse to ECT

In psychiatry, routine EEGs are often abnormal and not very specific, raising questions about the clinical relevance and consequences of potential anomalies. One such question is whether the administration of anticonvulsants would be useful if epileptic discharges are detected in patients without any clinical correlates. With regard to this question, we present a case study in which abnormal EEG patterns

Background. Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may suffer from working memory deficits, which can adversely affect their academic performance. Neurofeedback training may enhance working memory and provide a solution to this problem. Aim. To investigate the effect of frequency-neurofeedback on working memory in children with ADHD and to check if the effect is long-lasting

Background. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) describes new powerful techniques of nucleic acid analysis, which allow not only disease gene identification diagnostics but also applications for transcriptome/methylation analysis and meta-genomics. NGS helps identify many monogenic epilepsy syndromes. Pediatric epilepsy patients can be tested using NGS epilepsy panels to diagnose them, thereby influencing

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a multidimensional disorder that is characterized by the presence of alterations in mood, cognitive capacity, sensorimotor, and homeostatic functions. Given that about half of the patients diagnosed with MDD do not respond to the various current treatments, new techniques are being sought to predict not only the course of the disease but also the characteristics that

Currently, the relevance of EEG measurements in acute stroke patients is considered low in clinical practice. However, recent studies on the predictive value of EEG measurements after stroke for various outcomes may increase the role of EEG in patients with stroke. We aimed to review the current literature on the utility of EEG measurements after stroke as a tool to predict outcome and complications

Video-EEG monitoring is often used to detect nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in critical care patients. Short recording durations may fail to detect seizures. In this study, we investigated the time required to record the first ictal event, and whether it could be correlated with some clinical or EEG parameters. Video-EEG recordings of patients who were followed up in our neurological intensive

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood behavioral disorder that can persist into adulthood. Electroencephalography (EEG) plays a significant role in assessing the neurophysiology of ADHD because of its ability to reveal complex brain activity. The present study proposes an EEG-based diagnosis system using the phase space reconstruction technique to classify ADHD and control

Somatosensory evoked potential (SEP) monitoring is a standard tool during clipping of aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery (MCA), and the parameter used to detect a state of cortical ischemia is amplitude. We think that the sensitivity of SEP can however be improved by using other parameters. Our study moves in this direction via SEP morphology. In this pilot preliminary study, involving a small

Objective. Electroencephalogram (EEG) is a sensitive method for evaluation of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis. The aim was to investigate the EEG and clinical features and correlations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Methods. Anti-NMDAR encephalitis patients (n = 98) with at least 1 EEG recording in our hospital were recruited between January 2012 and October

Serious (biofeedback) games offer promising ways to supplement or replace more expensive face-to-face interventions in health care. However, studies on the validity and effectiveness of EEG-based serious games remain scarce. In the current study, we investigated whether the conditions of the neurofeedback game "Daydream" indeed trained the brain activity as mentioned in the game manual. EEG activity

The N1, P2, and P3 event-related potentials (ERPs) are impaired in first-episode schizophrenia (FESz). Reduced pitch-deviant mismatch negativity (MMN) is present in chronic schizophrenia but not FESz. We examined effect sizes of, and correlations between, N1, P2, P3, and MMN in 106 FESz and 114 matched psychiatrically well controls to determine which ERPs maximally differentiated groups, and whether

This study investigated the magneto- and electroencephalography (MEG and EEG, respectively) resting state to identify the deviations closely associated with the deficit syndrome (DS) in schizophrenia patients. Ten subjects in each group (control, DS, and nondeficit schizophrenia [NDS]) were included. Subjects underwent MEG-EEG recordings during a resting state condition. MEG coherence source imaging

Background/Objectives. To illustrate characteristic electroencephalogram (EEG) features in patients prior to their first cardiac arrest. Methods. We identified 15 patients who suffered cardiac arrest during continuous EEG at our institution from June 2016 to June 2019. Eight patients were excluded due to co-administration of intravenous anesthetics (which may confound EEG) or if they had a previous

Studies have shown that specific networks (default mode network [DMN] and task positive network [TPN]) activate in an anticorrelated manner when sustaining attention. Related EEG studies are scarce and often lack behavioral validation. We performed independent component analysis (ICA) across different frequencies (source-level), using eLORETA-ICA, to extract brain-network activity during resting-state

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders of childhood. Diagnosis of ADHD is based on core symptoms and checklists. However, these are both subjective, which can lead to the problems of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. Elevated theta/beta ratio (TBR) of EEG band has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration as a tool to assist in

In the current study, we tried to evaluate the effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on treatment-resistant major depression. We carried out a double-blind randomized sham-controlled trial was conducted in University Hospitals. Individuals with less than 50% decrease in the intensity of depression after 8 weeks of treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors were recruited

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder and is characterized by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity. In the current study, we obtained quantitative EEG (QEEG) recordings of 51 children aged between 6 and 12 years before the initiation of methylphenidate treatment. The relationship between changes in the scores of ADHD symptoms

Background and Objective. In a previous study, we showed a new EEG processing methodology called Multi-Scale Ranked Organizing Map/Implicit Function As Squashing Time (MS-ROM/IFAST) performing an almost perfect distinction between computerized EEG of Italian children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing children. In this study, we assessed this system in distinguishing ASD subjects

Objectives. Certain studies have claimed that borderline personality disorder (BPD) could be evaluated as a subtype of bipolar disorder (BD), whereas others have argued that BPD should be regarded as an independent disorder because of its distinct clinical features. The aim of this study was to investigate if there was a difference between these 2 disorders biologically based on EEG recordings. Methods

Interictal focal EEG features were frequently observed in generalized, epilepsies, but there is limited information about interictal, epileptiform/nonepileptiform generalized paroxysms in focal epilepsies. We aimed to report the frequency and associated factors of generalized EEG discharges in focal epilepsy with unknown cause (FEUC) and mesial, temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE-HS)

Introduction. Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a relatively common cause of encephalopathy in the hospital setting, and the EEG findings have not been well described. The purpose of this study was to review the EEG findings in a series of patients with PRES. Methods. We retrospectively reviewed our electronic medical record database to identify patients who received a diagnosis

Background. Neurofeedback holds promise as an intervention for the psychophysiological dysfunction found in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Few empirical studies have assessed the efficacy of neurofeedback for PTSD, and none in individuals with refugee trauma. A proposed mechanism for neurofeedback efficacy in PTSD is through remediating deficits in cognitive control. We assessed pre- and postchanges

Background. Despite widespread application, little is known about the neurophysiological effects of light sedation with midazolam or propofol, particularly in older subjects. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of light sedation with midazolam or propofol on a variety of EEG measures in older subjects. Methods. In patients (≥60 years without neuropsychiatric disease such as delirium), 2

Background. Event-related potentials (ERPs) of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) population have been extensively studied using the time-domain representation of signals but time-frequency domain techniques are less explored. Although, adult ADHD is a proven disorder, most of the electrophysiological studies have focused only on children with ADHD. Methods. ERP data of 35 university students

Brain-computer interfaces are sophisticated signal processing systems, which directly operate on neuronal signals to identify specific human intents. These systems can be applied to overcome certain disabilities or to enhance the natural capabilities of human beings. The visual P300 mind-speller is a prominent one among them, which has opened up tremendous possibilities in movement and communication

Objective. We describe the case of a 66-year-old Japanese male patient who developed medial medullary infarction along with severe motor paralysis and intense numbness of the left arm, pain catastrophizing, and abnormal physical sensation. We further describe his recovery using a new imagery neurofeedback-based multisensory systems (iNems) training method. Clinical Course and Intervention. The patient

Objective. Herpes simplex virus encephalitis (HSE) is the most common cause of sporadic fatal encephalitis worldwide and remains a devastating disease despite antiviral therapy. EEG can be an important tool in the diagnosis of HSE, and we propose that it can be used to monitor the progression of the disease in patients with treatment refractory HSE. Methods. This is a case report of a patient with