Objective This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) and EEG reactivity (EEG-R) to predict the prognosis of patients with severe traumatic brain injury. Methods This was a prospective observational study on severe traumatic brain injury. Quantitative EEG monitoring was performed for 8 to 12 hours within 14 days of onset. The EEG-R was tested during the

This brief article is an overview of my personal experience over the past almost 10 years of the clinical use of EEG and quantitative EEG (qEEG) functional neuroimaging in a busy pediatric neurology practice. The concomitant use of surface EEG and functional electromagnetic EEG neuroimaging/qEEG in clinical practice provides significant additional clinical and neurophysiologic information. The qEEG

Introduction The recording of resting-state EEG may provide a means to predict early cognitive decline associated with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Previous studies have typically used very short recording times to avoid a confound with drowsiness that may occur in longer recordings. The effects of a longer recording have not however been systematically examined. Methods Eyes-closed resting-state

For patients with psychiatric disorders, current diagnostic and treatment approaches are far from optimal. The clinical interview drives the standard approach—matching symptoms to diagnostic criteria—and results in standardized pharmacological and behavioral treatments, often, with inadequate outcome; but now, recent imaging advances can correlate behavioral assessments with brain function and measure

Aim Deficits in synchronous, gamma-frequency neural oscillations may contribute to schizophrenia patients’ real-world functional impairment and can be measured electroencephalographically using the auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Gamma ASSR deficits have been reported in schizophrenia patients and individuals at clinical high risk (CHR) for developing psychosis. We hypothesized that, in CHR

Objective We aimed to research the effect of cognitive tasks on interictal electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings in patients with epilepsy who had reported cognitive functions as a seizure trigger. We investigated the usefulness of cognitive function tasks as a method of activation in standard-awake EEG in daily practice. Methods Standard-awake EEG with cognitive activation tasks consisting of verbal

Background and Objective In 2 previous studies, we have shown the ability of special machine learning systems applied to standard EEG data in distinguishing children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) from non-ASD children with an overall accuracy rate of 100% and 98.4%, respectively. Since the equipment routinely available in neonatology units employ few derivations, we were curious to check if just

The aim of our study was to determine deficits in cognitive areas, including social cognition such as emotion recognition capacity, theory of mind, and electrophysiological alterations in patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) and to identify their effects on clinical severity of SAD. Enrolled in our study were 26 patients diagnosed with SAD and 26 healthy volunteers. They were administered the

Objective Many intensive care unit (ICU) survivors suffer disabling long-term cognitive impairment (LTCI) after critical illness. We compared EEG characteristics during critical illness with patients’ 1-year neuropsychological outcomes. Methods We performed a post hoc analysis of patients in the BRAIN-ICU study who had undergone EEG for clinical purposes during admission (n = 10). All survivors underwent

This study examined white matter integrity in patients with left-sided hemifacial spasm (HFS) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Thirty-six patients with left-sided HFS (mean age 53.24 ± 8.16 years) and 36 healthy volunteers (mean age 53.92 ± 7.73 years) were recruited. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) analysis revealed significantly increased fractional anisotropy (FA) of bilateral superior

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a movement and posture disorder often accompanied by cognitive difficulties which can be assessed using event-related potentials (ERPs), an often-overlooked tool in this population. Here we describe our assessment protocol, examine its feasibility, and validate the use of single-subject ERP analyses in adolescents and young adults with CP, an analysis approach which recognizes

Recent studies have shown that applying acupuncture during general anesthesia can reduce the dosage of anesthetics. Hence, it is speculated that acupuncture may have a sedative effect. However, existing studies employed acupuncture in combination with anesthetics, which makes determine acupuncture’s role in producing sedation difficult. In this work, we investigated the sedative effect of acupuncture

Background Although electroencephalography (EEG)-based indices may show artifactual values, raw EEG signal is seldom used to monitor the depth of volatile induction of general anesthesia (VIGA). The current analysis aimed to identify whether bispectral index (BIS) variations reliably reflect the actual depth of general anesthesia during presence of different types of epileptiform patterns (EPs) in

Super-refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) is a life-threatening condition characterized by the persistence or recurrence of seizures despite the use of first- and second-line antiepileptic drugs and the continuous infusion of anesthetics for more than 24 hours. This has always been a challenge for the physician, given the high mortality and morbidity related to this condition. Unfortunately, there

How can the stability of a recently acquired memory be improved? Recent findings regarding the importance of theta frequency EEG activity in the hippocampus suggest that entraining neural activity in that frequency band might increase post-encoding waking replay, reinforcing learning-related plasticity. Our previous studies revealed that upregulating postlearning theta power using EEG neurofeedback

The goal of these studies was to use quantitative (q)EEG techniques on data from children with Angelman syndrome (AS) using spectral power analysis, and to evaluate this as a potential biomarker and quantitative method to evaluate therapeutics. Although characteristic patterns are evident in visual inspection, using qEEG techniques has the potential to provide quantitative evidence of treatment efficacy

Objective Lateralized periodic discharges (LPDs), which constitute an abnormal electroencephalographic (EEG) pattern, are most often observed in critically ill patients with acute pathological conditions, and are less frequently observed in chronic conditions such as focal epilepsies, including temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Here we aim to explore the pathophysiological mechanism of LPD in TLE. Methods

Survivors of breast and other cancers often report protracted difficulty in performing tasks involving concentration and memory, even years after the completion of treatment. The current study investigated whether cancer and treatment history is associated with deficits in sensory filtering (gating out) and sensory memory (gating in), early processes in stimulus processing that may contribute to difficulties

Introduction Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) has been documented as a helpful tool in the differential diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) with common forms of dementia. The main objective of the study was to assess the role of QEEG in AD differential diagnosis with other forms of dementia: Lewy body dementia (LBD), Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and

Objective The objective of this study was to determine the frequency and clinical correlates of different electroencephalographic patterns and their association with clinical outcomes in critically ill patients. Subjects and Methods This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in the Neurology Department of King Fahd Hospital of the University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and involved a review

Decreasing the processor load to an acceptable level challenges researchers as an important threshold in the study of real-time detection and the prediction of epileptic seizures. The main methods in overcoming this problem are feature selection, dimension reduction, and electrode selection. This study is an evaluation of the performances of EEG signals, obtained from different channels in the detection

Auditory hallucinations (AHs) are a common symptom of schizophrenia and contribute significantly to disease burden. Research on schizophrenia and AHs is limited and fails to adequately address the effect of AHs on resting EEG in patients with schizophrenia. This study assessed changes in frequency bands (delta, theta, alpha, beta) of resting EEG taken from hallucinating patients (n = 12), nonhallucinating

Introduction Sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome (SAHS) can change brain structure and function. These alterations are related to respiratory event-induced abnormal sleep, however, how brain activity changes during these events is less well understood. Methods To study information content and interaction among various cortical regions, we analyzed the variations of permutation entropy (PeEn) and symbolic

Introduction Lateralized rhythmic delta activity (LRDA) is a rare pattern on the ictal-interictal continuum (IIC) encountered in critically ill patients. Its association with acute seizures is yet to be fully explored. Insular involvement is a common finding in patients with infectious and autoimmune encephalitis. The association between acute insular lesions and the ictal-interictal continuum, particularly

Aim To describe the first unprovoked seizure in typically developing children, its clinical characteristics, recurrence rate, and possible risk factors in a real-life setting in Southern Brazil. Method In this retrospective cohort study, medical records of typically developing children aged 28 days to 14 years who had a first unprovoked seizure in a single tertiary care center were reviewed, in a 10-year

Background Depression is one of the most common mental disorders and the leading cause of functional disabilities. This study aims to specify whether functional connectivity and complexity of brain activity can predict the severity of depression (Beck Depression Inventory–II scores). Methods Resting-state, eyes-closed EEG data were recorded from 60 depressed patients. A phase synchronization measure

The clinical use of the quantitative EEG (QEEG) from the pioneering work of John has received a new impetus thanks to new neuroimaging techniques and the possibility of using a number of normative databases both of normal subjects and of subjects with definite pathologies. In this direction, the term personalized medicine is becoming more and more common, a medical procedure that separates patients

Introduction The global COVID-19 pandemic has affected the economy, daily life, and mental/physical health. The latter includes the use of electroencephalography (EEG) in clinical practice and research. We report a survey of the impact of COVID-19 on the use of clinical EEG in practice and research in several countries, and the recommendations of an international panel of experts for the safe application

Background Apolipoprotein ε4 allele (APOE4) is the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease and seems to be related to cognitive decline and damaged event-related potential P300, which is a sensitive measure to assess cognitive processing. Objective This research aims to critically review the existing scientific evidence regarding the association between APOE4 and P300. Methods A systematic

Background and Rationale Hyperkinetic movement disorders represent a heterogeneous group of diseases, different from a genetic and clinical perspective. In the past, neurophysiological approaches provided different, sometimes contradictory findings, pointing to an impaired cortical inhibition as a common electrophysiological marker. Our aim was to evaluate changes in interhemispheric communication

Objective We investigated whether the mid-term impact (1 week posttraining) of a “combined cognitive rehabilitation (CRP)/transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) program” on the performance of a Go/No-go task was enhanced compared with isolated CRP and whether it varied according to the stimulation site (right inferior frontal gyrus [rIFG] vs right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [rDLPFC]). Methods

Purpose Children with refractory focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures, despite normal high-resolution imaging, are often not subjected to genetic tests due to the costs involved and instead undergo multimodality presurgical evaluation targeted at delineating a focal onset. The objective of this study was to ascertain genotype-phenotype correlations in this group of patients. Method An online hospital

Introduction The availability of ambulatory EEG-video monitoring gives an alternative to traditional inpatient EEG-video, but its yield and diagnostic value are not well known. This study evaluates the yield of ambulatory EEG-video for the diagnosis of epilepsy. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the ambulatory EEG-video monitoring data from 200 consecutive and unselected patients aged 12 years and

Objective Quantitative EEG (qEEG) is an established technique used as objective measure for evaluating the effect of antiseizure medications (ASMs) on EEG background activity and monitoring cognitive effects of ASMs. Perampanel (PER) has been associated with relatively more tolerable cognitive effects in patients with epilepsy. The primary aim of the present study was to verify the effect of PER as

Refractory/super-refractory nonconvulsive status epilepticus (r/srNCSE) is an acute life-threatening neurocritical entity with significant morbidity. Failure to control SE in its earlier stages leads to multiple molecular alterations in the brain such as downregulation of GABA-A and upregulation of NMDA receptors. Recently ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, has gained increased attention as a therapeutic

Changes in EEG when moving from an eyes-closed to an eyes-open resting condition result from bottom-up sensory processing and have been referred to as activation. In children, activation is characterized by a global reduction in alpha, frontally present reductions for delta and theta, and a frontal increase for beta. The present study aimed to replicate frontal EEG activation effects using single-channel

Objectives. There is growing evidence for the use of biofeedback (BF) in affective disorders, dissocial personality disorder, and in children with histories of abuse. Electroencephalogram (EEG) markers could be used as neurofeedback in emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) management especially for those at high risk of suicide when emotionally aroused. This narrative review investigates

This special issue celebrates the legacy of Bob McCarley’s pioneering efforts to combine high-spatial resolution measures of brain structure from MRI with high-temporal resolution neurophysiological measures of brain function, with an eye towards associating these brain-based structural and functional abnormalities with the severity of various psychotic symptoms, cognitive dysfunction, and social and

The interaction between cortex and muscles under hand motor with different force states has not been quantitatively investigated yet, which to some extent places the optimized movement tasks design for brain-computer interface (BCI) applications in hand motor rehabilitation under uncertainty. Converging evidence has suggested that both the descending corticospinal pathway and ascending sensory feedback

Background. The primary motor cortex of the hand (M1-Hand) is a target used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and in transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for the treatment and evaluation of motor neurological diseases. Magnetic resonance imaging–guided neuronavigation locates the M1-Hand with high precision, but at a high cost. Although less accurate, the C3/C4 points of the international

Introduction: Suicide is the second leading cause of death among adolescents. Suicidal behavior is associated with impairments in attention. Attention can be directed toward relevant events in the environment either actively, under voluntary control, or passively, by external salient events. The extent to which the risk for suicidal behavior affects active and passive attention is largely unknown.

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have high theta and low beta activity in the frontal lobe. The higher the theta/beta ratio, the lower the level of central nervous system (CNS) cortical arousal. However, there is seldom evidence between electroencephalograms (EEGs) and the patient’s intentionality to regulate the cortical activity of executive attention tasks. We investigated

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that occurs many years before the first clinical symptoms. Finding more exact, significant, and valuable criteria or indices for the diagnosis of the mild form of Alzheimer’s disease is very important for clinical and research purposes. Electroencephalography (EEG) and eye tracking biomarkers would provide noninvasive tools for the early detection

Background. Titrating hypnotic agents for patients who suffer from a cerebral insult is a challenging task. To date there is no real gold standard to precisely quantify electroencephalography (EEG) response in a fashion that could be utilized for patients with post–cerebral hemorrhage hydrocephaly. While we must administer “as per usual” analgesics for noxious stimuli, we have to administer the hypnotic

The aim of the current study was to investigate a possible relationship between electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) seizure adequacy parameters and clinical outcome as well as differences between ECT responders and nonresponders in terms of ECT seizure parameters in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder. First and last ECT records data, sociodemographic variables, and baseline

The human brain is characterized by complex structural, functional connections that integrate unique cognitive characteristics. There is a fundamental hurdle for the evaluation of both structural and functional connections of the brain and the effects in the diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Currently, there is no clinically specific diagnostic biomarker capable of confirming the

Objective: The objective of this work was to study the electroencephalographic (EEG) grading of neuronal dysfunction in encephalopathy of various etiologies and assess their association with clinical outcomes. Subjects and Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed between June and November 2018 at the Neurology Department of King Fahd Hospital of University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

People with schizophrenia (SZ) exhibit visual processing abnormalities that affect their daily functioning and remediating these deficits might help to improve functioning. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a potential tool for perceptual enhancement for this purpose, though there are no reports of tDCS applied to visual cortex in SZ. In a within-subject, crossover design, we evaluated

BACKGROUND. Successful epilepsy surgery relies on localization and removal of the brain area responsible for initializing the seizures called the epileptogenic zone (EZ). Intracranial EEG (icEEG) is gold standard of this localization but has several limitations like invasiveness and limited covered area. A noninvasive method with accurate localization precision is therefore desirable. The aim of this

The P300-based brain-computer interface speller can provide motor independent communication to individuals with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that affects the motor system. P300 amplitude stability is critical for operation of the P300 speller. The P300 has good long-term stability, but to our knowledge, short-term habituation in the P300 speller has

Purpose. To evaluate the congruence or discrepancy of the localization of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) lesions with interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) or epileptic seizure patterns (ESPs) in surface EEG in lesional pediatric epilepsy patients. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed presurgical MRI and video-EEG monitoring findings of patients up to age 18 years. Localization of MRI lesions

Frontal intermittent rhythmic delta activity (FIRDA), rhythmic slow wave pattern lasting several seconds over the anterior leads of electroencephalography (EEG), has been reported in a wide variety of clinical conditions. We investigated the clinical significance of FIRDA without structural brain lesions. We reviewed 7689 EEGs between October 2017 and September 2019 at a university hospital. Patients

OBJECTIVES Injured cognitive abilities have been reported in patients with pituitary adenoma. However, to date, few researchers have directly investigated the electrophysiological study of inhibitory control function of pituitary patients both pre- and postsurgery. Thus, this study aimed to identify the factors affecting the inhibitory control function of pituitary patients. METHODS Thirty presurgery

Generalized periodic discharges with triphasic morphology (GPDs + TWm) have been reported with multiple metabolic and drug toxicities. Beta-lactam antibiotics in some cases can cause neurotoxicity with GPDs + TWm on EEG. There are no reports in the literature of aztreonam causing neurotoxicity and GPDs + TWm. Here we describe GPDs + TWm and encephalopathy developing in a patient with underlying dementia

Quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG)-electrical neuroimaging has been underutilized in general neurology practice. Recent advances in computer technology have made this electrophysiological testing relatively inexpensive as well as precise in identifying brain areas with electrical dysfunction related to either traumatic injury or neurodegenerative process. In this article, the author presents

In part 1 of this article, we describe an approach and methodology that bridges 2 worlds: the internal, subjective experience of emotions and thoughts, and the external world of brain electrical activity. Using a novel event-related brain activation imaging method, we demonstrate that within single trials, short-term mental processes, on the order of 100 ms, can be clearly related to observed brain

Objective. Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), is one of the clinical manifestations of conversion disorder that epileptiform discharges do not accompany. Factors capable of increasing susceptibility to these seizures have not been adequately investigated yet. This study aims to investigate the quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) findings for PNES by evaluating the resting EEG spectral

In this report, we integrate the principles described in part 1 and describe an operational model for emotional decision making that incorporates brain activation data along with subjective experience correlates. This model takes the form of a state machine that carries out transitions between a finite set of 16 possible states of emotional and decision-making response. By considering a 4 × 4 grid

In major depressive disorder (MDD), event-related potentials that are involved in auditory cortex function (i.e. N100 and P300) often have greater latencies and decreased amplitudes. The auditory mismatch negativity (MMN) is thought to be produced by generators in the auditory cortex, as well as the frontal lobes. Reports on differences in MMN in those with MDD have been varied. It was hypothesized