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Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS): The Repeated Bout Effect and Chemotherapy-Induced Axonopathy May Help Explain the Dying-Back Mechanism in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-15 Balázs Sonkodi
Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is hypothesized to be caused by glutamate excitotoxicity-induced acute compression axonopathy of the sensory afferents in the muscle spindle. Degeneration of the same sensory afferents is implicated in the disease onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). A series of “silent” acute compression proprioceptive axonopathies with underlying genetic/environmental
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Evaluation of Nociception Using Quantitative Pupillometry and Skin Conductance in Critically Ill Unconscious Patients: A Pilot Study Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-15 Sara Fratino; Lorenzo Peluso; Marta Talamonti; Marco Menozzi; Lucas Akira Costa Hirai; Francisco A Lobo; Chiara Prezioso; Jacques Creteur; Jean-François Payen; Fabio Silvio Taccone
Background: Pain assessment is a challenge in critically ill patients, in particular those who are unable to express movements in reaction to noxious stimuli. The purpose of the study was to compare the pupillary response and skin conductance to pain stimulation in critically ill unconscious patients. Methods: This observational study included adult patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU)
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Main Concept, Sequencing, and Story Grammar Analyses of Cinderella Narratives in a Large Sample of Persons with Aphasia Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-15 Jessica D. Richardson; Sarah Grace Dalton; Kathryn J. Greenslade; Adam Jacks; Katarina L. Haley; Janet Adams
Recently, a multilevel analytic approach called Main Concept, Sequencing, and Story Grammar (MSSG) was presented along with preliminary normative information. MSSG analyses leverage the strong psychometrics and rich procedural knowledge of both main concept analysis and story grammar component coding, complementing it with easy-to-obtain sequencing information for a rich understanding of discourse
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Rhythmic Chanting and Mystical States across Traditions Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Gemma Perry; Vince Polito; William Forde Thompson
Chanting is a form of rhythmic, repetitive vocalization practiced in a wide range of cultures. It is used in spiritual practice to strengthen community, heal illness, and overcome psychological and emotional difficulties. In many traditions, chanting is used to induce mystical states, an altered state of consciousness characterised by a profound sense of peace. Despite the global prevalence of chanting
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Sensory Processing and Aggressive Behavior in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Frank van den Boogert; Bram Sizoo; Pascalle Spaan; Sharon Tolstra; Yvonne H. A. Bouman; Witte J. G. Hoogendijk; Sabine J. Roza
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may be accompanied by aggressive behavior and is associated with sensory processing difficulties. The present study aims to investigate the direct association between sensory processing and aggressive behavior in adults with ASD. A total of 101 Dutch adult participants with ASD, treated in outpatient or inpatient facilities, completed the Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile
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Influence of Increasing Task Complexity and Use of Informational Assistance Systems on Mental Workload Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Dominic Bläsing; Manfred Bornewasser
(1) Background: Cognitive aspects and complexity in modern manual mixed model assembly are increasing. To reduce mental workload (MWL), informational assistance systems are introduced. The influence of complexity and used assistance system on MWL should be investigated to further improve the implementation of such assistance systems. (2) Methods: Using a simulated close to real-life assembly task a
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Might Fibroblasts from Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease Reflect the Brain Pathology? A Focus on the Increased Phosphorylation of Amyloid Precursor Protein Tyr682 Residue Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Filomena Iannuzzi; Vincenza Frisardi; Lucio Annunziato; Carmela Matrone
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder with no cure and no effective diagnostic criteria. The greatest challenge in effectively treating AD is identifying biomarkers specific for each patient when neurodegenerative processes have not yet begun, an outcome that would allow the design of a personalised therapeutic approach for each patient and the monitoring of the therapeutic
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The Effects of Spinal Manipulation on Motor Unit Behavior Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Lucien Robinault; Aleš Holobar; Sylvain Crémoux; Usman Rashid; Imran Khan Niazi; Kelly Holt; Jimmy Lauber; Heidi Haavik
Over recent years, a growing body of research has highlighted the neural plastic effects of spinal manipulation on the central nervous system. Recently, it has been shown that spinal manipulation improved outcomes, such as maximum voluntary force and limb joint position sense, reflecting improved sensorimotor integration and processing. This study aimed to further evaluate how spinal manipulation can
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Gait Recovery with an Overground Powered Exoskeleton: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Subacute Stroke Subjects Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Franco Molteni; Eleonora Guanziroli; Michela Goffredo; Rocco Salvatore Calabrò; Sanaz Pournajaf; Marina Gaffuri; Giulio Gasperini; Serena Filoni; Silvano Baratta; Daniele Galafate; Domenica Le Pera; Placido Bramanti; Marco Franceschini; On behalf of Italian Eksogait Study Group
Background: Overground Robot-Assisted Gait Training (o-RAGT) provides intensive gait rehabilitation. This study investigated the efficacy of o-RAGT in subacute stroke subjects, compared to conventional gait training. Methods: A multicenter randomized controlled trial was conducted on 75 subacute stroke subjects (38 in the Experimental Group (EG) and 37 in the Control Group (CG)). Both groups received
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Single-Trial Recognition of Video Gamer’s Expertise from Brain Haemodynamic and Facial Emotion Responses Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Ana R. Andreu-Perez; Mehrin Kiani; Javier Andreu-Perez; Pratusha Reddy; Jaime Andreu-Abela; Maria Pinto; Kurtulus Izzetoglu
With an increase in consumer demand of video gaming entertainment, the game industry is exploring novel ways of game interaction such as providing direct interfaces between the game and the gamers’ cognitive or affective responses. In this work, gamer’s brain activity has been imaged using functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) whilst they watch video of a video game (League of Legends) they
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Using Fractal Dimension Analysis with the Desikan–Killiany Atlas to Assess the Effects of Normal Aging on Subregional Cortex Alterations in Adulthood Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-14 Chi-Wen Jao; Chi Ieong Lau; Li-Ming Lien; Yuh-Feng Tsai; Kuang-En Chu; Chen-Yu Hsiao; Jiann-Horng Yeh; Yu-Te Wu
Normal aging is associated with functional and structural alterations in the human brain. The effects of normal aging and gender on morphological changes in specific regions of the brain are unknown. The fractal dimension (FD) can be a quantitative measure of cerebral folding. In this study, we used 3D-FD analysis with the Desikan–Killiany (DK) atlas to assess subregional morphological changes in adulthood
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Precision Medicine Care in ADHD: The Case for Neural Excitation and Inhibition Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Ping C. Mamiya; Anne B. Arnett; Mark A. Stein
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has become increasingly prevalent worldwide. Its core symptoms, including difficulties regulating attention, activity level, and impulses, appear in early childhood and can persist throughout the lifespan. Current pharmacological options targeting catecholamine neurotransmissions have effectively alleviated symptoms
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Slump in Hospital Admissions for Stroke, a Fact of an Uncertain Nature That Requires Explanation Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 José M. Ramírez-Moreno; Juan Carlos Portilla-Cuenca; Roshan Hariramani-Ramchandani; Belen Rebollo; Inés Bermejo Casado; Pablo Macías-Sedas; David Ceberino; Ana M. Roa-Montero; Alberto González-Plata; Ignacio Casado; Luis Fernández de Alarcón
(1) Background: The impact of the health crisis caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has provoked collateral effects in the attention to pathologies with time-dependent treatments such as strokes. We compare the healthcare activity of two stroke units in the same periods of 2019 and 2020, with an emphasis on what happened during the state of alarm (SA). (2) Materials and methods. Hospitals
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Expanding the Clinical and Mutational Spectrum of the PLP1-Related Hypomyelination of Early Myelinated Structures (HEMS) Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Francesco Nicita; Chiara Aiello; Gessica Vasco; Massimiliano Valeriani; Fabrizia Stregapede; Andrea Sancesario; Michela Armando; Enrico Bertini
The PLP1 gene, located on chromosome Xq22, encodes the proteolipid protein 1 and its isoform DM20. Mutations in PLP1 cause a spectrum of white matter disorders of variable severity. Here we report on four additional HEMS patients from three families harboring three novel PLP1 mutations in exon 3B detected by targeted next-generation sequencing. Patients experienced psychomotor delay or nystagmus in
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Assessing the Relationship between Verbal and Nonverbal Cognitive Abilities Using Resting-State EEG Functional Connectivity Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Inna Feklicheva; Ilya Zakharov; Nadezda Chipeeva; Ekaterina Maslennikova; Svetlana Korobova; Timofey Adamovich; Victoria Ismatullina; Sergey Malykh
The present study investigates the relationship between individual differences in verbal and non-verbal cognitive abilities and resting-state EEG network characteristics. We used a network neuroscience approach to analyze both large-scale topological characteristics of the whole brain as well as local brain network characteristics. The characteristic path length, modularity, and cluster coefficient
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Effects of Sleep on the Academic Performance of Children with Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Lorena Villalba-Heredia; Celestino Rodríguez; Zaira Santana; Débora Areces; Antonio Méndez-Giménez
Attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is commonly associated with disordered or disturbed sleep and the association of sleep problems with ADHD is complex and multidirectional. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between sleep and academic performance, comparing children with ADHD and a control group without ADHD. Academic performance in Spanish, mathematics, and
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The Deficit of Multimodal Perception of Congruent and Non-Congruent Fearful Expressions in Patients with Schizophrenia: The ERP Study Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Galina V. Portnova; Aleksandra V. Maslennikova; Natalya V. Zakharova; Olga V. Martynova
Emotional dysfunction, including flat affect and emotional perception deficits, is a specific symptom of schizophrenia disorder. We used a modified multimodal odd-ball paradigm with fearful facial expressions accompanied by congruent and non-congruent emotional vocalizations (sounds of women screaming and laughing) to investigate the impairment of emotional perception and reactions to other people’s
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Comparison of Smoothing Filters’ Influence on Quality of Data Recorded with the Emotiv EPOC Flex Brain–Computer Interface Headset during Audio Stimulation Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Natalia Browarska; Aleksandra Kawala-Sterniuk; Jaroslaw Zygarlicki; Michal Podpora; Mariusz Pelc; Radek Martinek; Edward Jacek Gorzelańczyk
Off-the-shelf, consumer-grade EEG equipment is nowadays becoming the first-choice equipment for many scientists when it comes to recording brain waves for research purposes. On one hand, this is perfectly understandable due to its availability and relatively low cost (especially in comparison to some clinical-level EEG devices), but, on the other hand, quality of the recorded signals is gradually increasing
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Internal Carotid Artery Injury in Transsphenoidal Surgery: Tenets for Its Avoidance and Refit—A Clinical Study Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Dmitry Usachev; Oleg Sharipov; Ashraf Abdali; Sergei Yakovlev; Vasiliy Lukshin; Maksim Kutin; Dmitry Fomichev; Pavel Dorokhov; Evgeny Bukharin; Alexey Shkarubo; Ilya Chernov; Andrey Panteleyev; Kaan Yağmurlu; Bipin Chaurasia; Pavel Kalinin
One of the most serious/potentially fatal complications of transsphenoidal surgery (TSS) is internal carotid artery (ICA) injury. Of 6230 patients who underwent TSS, ICA injury occurred in 8 (0.12%). The etiology, possible treatment options, and avoidance of ICA injury were analyzed. ICA injury occurred at two different stages: (1) during the exposure of the sella floor and dural incision over the
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“My Brain Can Stop”: An ERP Study of Longitudinal Prediction of Inhibitory Control in Adolescence Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-13 Tzlil Einziger; Mattan S. Ben-Shachar; Tali Devor; Michael Shmueli; Judith G. Auerbach; Andrea Berger
We examined the longitudinal predictors of electrophysiological and behavioral markers of inhibitory control in adolescence. Participants were 63 adolescent boys who have been followed since birth as part of a prospective longitudinal study on the developmental pathways to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). At 17 years of age, they completed the stop-signal task (SST) while electroencephalography
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KCNA2 Autoimmunity in Progressive Cognitive Impairment: Case Series and Literature Review Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-12 Charles Timäus; Philipp von Gottberg; Sina Hirschel; Claudia Lange; Jens Wiltfang; Niels Hansen
Autoimmune dementia is a novel and expanding field which subsumes neuropsychiatric disorders with predominant cognitive impairments due to an underlying autoimmune etiology. Progressive dementias with atypical clinical presentation should trigger a thorough diagnostic approach including testing for neural surface and intracellular antibodies to avoid a delay in accurate diagnosis and initiating appropriate
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A R-Script for Generating Multiple Sclerosis Lesion Pattern Discrimination Plots Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-12 Robert Marschallinger; Carmen Tur; Hannes Marschallinger; Johann Sellner
One significant characteristic of Multiple Sclerosis (MS), a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, is the evolution of highly variable patterns of white matter lesions. Based on geostatistical metrics, the MS-Lesion Pattern Discrimination Plot reduces complex three- and four-dimensional configurations of MS-White Matter Lesions to a well-arranged and standardized
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AEG-1 Regulates TWIK-1 Expression as an RNA-Binding Protein in Astrocytes Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-11 Hyun-Gug Jung; Ajung Kim; Seung-Chan Kim; Jae-Yong Park; Eun Mi Hwang
AEG-1, also called MTDH, has oncogenic potential in numerous cancers and is considered a multifunctional modulator because of its involvement in developmental processes and inflammatory and degenerative brain diseases. However, the role of AEG-1 in astrocytes remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate proteins directly regulated by AEG-1 by analyzing their RNA expression patterns in astrocytes
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Pain, Complex Chronic Conditions and Potential Inappropriate Medication in People with Dementia. Lessons Learnt for Pain Treatment Plans Utilizing Data from the Veteran Health Administration Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-11 Bettina S. Husebo; Robert D. Kerns; Ling Han; Melissa Skanderson; Danijela Gnjidic; Heather G. Allore
Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias (ADRD), pain and chronic complex conditions (CCC) often co-occur leading to polypharmacy and with potential inappropriate medications (PIMs) use, are important risk factors for adverse drug reactions and hospitalizations in older adults. Many US veterans are at high risk for persistent pain due to age, injury or medical illness. Concerns about inadequate treatment
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Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation from a Neurological Perspective Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-11 Justyna Paprocka; Aleksandra Jezela-Stanek; Anna Tylki-Szymańska; Stephanie Grunewald
Most plasma proteins, cell membrane proteins and other proteins are glycoproteins with sugar chains attached to the polypeptide-glycans. Glycosylation is the main element of the post-translational transformation of most human proteins. Since glycosylation processes are necessary for many different biological processes, patients present a diverse spectrum of phenotypes and severity of symptoms. The
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Connectivity Patterns of Deep Brain Stimulation Targets in Patients with Gilles de Tourette Syndrome Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-11 Petra Heiden; Mauritius Hoevels; Dilruba Bayram; Juan C. Baldermann; Thomas Schüller; Daniel Huys; Veerle Visser-Vandewalle; Pablo Andrade
Since 1999, several targets for deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) have emerged showing similar success rates. Studies using different tractography techniques have identified connectivity profiles associated with a better outcome for individual targets. However, GTS patients might need individualized therapy. The objective of this study is to analyze the connectivity
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Etiology of ‘Sinus Headache’—Moving the Focus from Rhinology to Neurology. A Systematic Review Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-09 Marcin Straburzyński; Anna Gryglas-Dworak; Magdalena Nowaczewska; Eliza Brożek-Mądry; Paolo Martelletti
‘Sinus headache and/or facial pain’ (SH) is a common complaint encountered by otorhinolaryngologists, neurologists and general practitioners. However, several studies suggested that the majority of those cases may be attributed to primary headaches (i.e., migraine and tension-type headache (TTH). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the etiology of SH. The first part includes cross-sectional studies
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Gray Matter Morphometry Correlates with Attentional Efficiency in Young-Adult Multiple Sclerosis Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-09 Sindhuja T. Govindarajan; Ruiqi Pan; Lauren Krupp; Leigh Charvet; Tim Q. Duong
Slowed processing on the alerting, orienting and executive control components of attention measured using the Attention Network Test-Interactions (ANT-I) have been widely reported in multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite the assumption that these components correspond to specific neuroanatomical networks in the brain, little is known about gray matter changes that occur in MS and their association with
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Characterizing Bilingual Effects on Cognition: The Search for Meaningful Individual Differences Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-09 Kristina C. Backer; Heather Bortfeld
A debate over the past decade has focused on the so-called bilingual advantage—the idea that bilingual and multilingual individuals have enhanced domain-general executive functions, relative to monolinguals, due to competition-induced monitoring of both processing and representation from the task-irrelevant language(s). In this commentary, we consider a recent study by Pot, Keijzer, and de Bot (2018)
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Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity by Vibratory Training in Young and Old Mice Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-10 Ida Cariati; Roberto Bonanni; Gabriele Pallone; Giuseppe Annino; Virginia Tancredi; Giovanna D’Arcangelo
In the past 40 years, scientific research has shown how Whole Body Vibration concept represents a strong stimulus for the whole organism. Low (<30 Hz), medium (30–80 Hz), and high (>80 Hz) frequency vibrations can have both positive and negative effects, depending on the oscillation type and duration of exposure to which the body is subjected. However, very little is known about the effects of vibratory
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Clinical Outcomes of Interlaminar Percutaneous Endoscopic Decompression for Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis with Spinal Stenosis Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-10 Pornpavit Sriphirom; Chaiyaporn Siramanakul; Preewut Chaipanha; Chalit Saepoo
The use of traditional open decompression alone in degenerative spondylolisthesis can lead to the development of postoperative spinal instability, whereas percutaneous endoscopic decompression can preserve the attachment of intervertebral muscles, facet joint capsules, and ligaments that stabilize the spine. The study’s aim was to determine clinical as well as radiologic outcomes associated with interlaminar
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Focused Ultrasound in Neuroscience. State of the Art and Future Perspectives Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-10 Giuseppe Roberto Giammalva; Cesare Gagliardo; Salvatore Marrone; Federica Paolini; Rosa Maria Gerardi; Giuseppe Emmanuele Umana; Kaan Yağmurlu; Bipin Chaurasia; Gianluca Scalia; Federico Midiri; Ludovico La Grutta; Luigi Basile; Carlo Gulì; Domenico Messina; Maria Angela Pino; Francesca Graziano; Silvana Tumbiolo; Domenico Gerardo Iacopino; Rosario Maugeri
Transcranial MR-guided Focused ultrasound (tcMRgFUS) is a surgical procedure that adopts focused ultrasounds beam towards a specific therapeutic target through the intact skull. The convergence of focused ultrasound beams onto the target produces tissue effects through released energy. Regarding neurosurgical applications, tcMRgFUS has been successfully adopted as a non-invasive procedure for ablative
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Evolution of the Autism Literature and the Influence of Parents: A Scientific Mapping in Web of Science Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Noemí Carmona-Serrano; Antonio-José Moreno-Guerrero; José-Antonio Marín-Marín; Jesús López-Belmonte
Parents interventions are relevant to address autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The objective of this study is to analyze the importance and evolution of ASD and its relationship with the parents (ASD-PAR) in the publications indexed in Web of Science. For this, a bibliometric methodology has been used, based on a scientific mapping of the reported documents. We have worked with an analysis unit of 1381
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Hybrid Deep Learning (hDL)-Based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) Systems: A Systematic Review Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Nibras Abo Alzahab; Luca Apollonio; Angelo Di Iorio; Muaaz Alshalak; Sabrina Iarlori; Francesco Ferracuti; Andrea Monteriù; Camillo Porcaro
Background: Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is becoming more reliable, thanks to the advantages of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Recently, hybrid Deep Learning (hDL), which combines different DL algorithms, has gained momentum over the past five years. In this work, we proposed a review on hDL-based BCI starting from the seminal studies in 2015. Objectives: We have reviewed 47 papers that apply hDL
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Activation of Glutamate Transporter-1 (GLT-1) Confers Sex-Dependent Neuroprotection in Brain Ischemia Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Flavia A. Tejeda-Bayron; David E. Rivera-Aponte; Christian J. Malpica-Nieves; Gerónimo Maldonado-Martínez; Héctor M. Maldonado; Serguei N. Skatchkov; Misty J. Eaton
Stroke is one of the leading causes of long-term disability. During ischemic stroke, glutamate is released, reuptake processes are impaired, and glutamate promotes excitotoxic neuronal death. Astrocytic glutamate transporter 1 (GLT-1) is the major transporter responsible for removing excess glutamate from the extracellular space. A translational activator of GLT-1, LDN/OSU 0212320 (LDN) has been previously
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Sleep-Related Declarative Memory Consolidation in Children and Adolescents with Developmental Dyslexia Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Flaminia Reda; Maurizio Gorgoni; Aurora D'Atri; Serena Scarpelli; Matteo Carpi; Erica Di Cola; Deny Menghini; Stefano Vicari; Giacomo Stella; Luigi De Gennaro
Sleep has a crucial role in memory processes, and maturational changes in sleep electrophysiology are involved in cognitive development. Albeit both sleep and memory alterations have been observed in Developmental Dyslexia (DD), their relation in this population has been scarcely investigated, particularly concerning topographical aspects. The study aimed to compare sleep topography and associated
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Astrocyte-Derived TGFβ1 Facilitates Blood–Brain Barrier Function via Non-Canonical Hedgehog Signaling in Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Jiyang Fu; Liang Li; Dong Huo; Shuli Zhi; Ruicheng Yang; Bo Yang; Bojie Xu; Tao Zhang; Menghong Dai; Chen Tan; Huanchun Chen; Xiangru Wang
The blood–brain barrier is a specialized structure in mammals, separating the brain from the bloodstream and maintaining the homeostasis of the central nervous system. The barrier is composed of various types of cells, and the communication between these cells is critical to blood–brain barrier (BBB) function. Here, we demonstrate the astrocyte-derived TGFβ1-mediated intercellular communication between
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Oxidative Stress and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Rat Offspring with Intrauterine Growth Restriction Induced by Reduced Uterine Perfusion Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-08 Marcelo E. Rains; Colin B. Muncie; Yi Pang; Lir-Wan Fan; Lu-Tai Tien; Norma B. Ojeda
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality and is worldwide associated with delayed neurodevelopment. The exact mechanism involved in delayed neurodevelopment associated with IUGR is still unclear. Reduced uterine perfusion (RUP) is among the main causes of placental insufficiency leading to IUGR, which is associated with increases in oxidative stress. This study
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Association between ApoE ε4 Carrier Status and Cardiovascular Risk Factors on Mild Cognitive Impairment among Mexican Older Adults Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-07 Sara G. Aguilar-Navarro; Itzel I. Gonzalez-Aparicio; José Alberto Avila-Funes; Teresa Juárez-Cedillo; Teresa Tusié-Luna; Alberto Jose Mimenza-Alvarado
Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (amnestic or non-amnestic) has different clinical and neuropsychological characteristics, and its evolution is heterogeneous. Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF), such as hypertension, diabetes, or dyslipidemia, and the presence of the Apolipoprotein E ε4 (ApoE ε4) polymorphism have been associated with an increased risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other
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Rostrocaudal Distribution of the C-Fos-Immunopositive Spinal Network Defined by Muscle Activity during Locomotion Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-07 Natalia Merkulyeva; Vsevolod Lyakhovetskii; Aleksandr Veshchitskii; Oleg Gorskii; Pavel Musienko
The optimization of multisystem neurorehabilitation protocols including electrical spinal cord stimulation and multi-directional tasks training require understanding of underlying circuits mechanisms and distribution of the neuronal network over the spinal cord. In this study we compared the locomotor activity during forward and backward stepping in eighteen adult decerebrated cats. Interneuronal spinal
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Hypertensive Crisis in Acute Cerebrovascular Diseases Presenting at the Emergency Department: A Narrative Review Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-07 Mariagiovanna Cantone; Giuseppe Lanza; Valentina Puglisi; Luisa Vinciguerra; Jaime Mandelli; Francesco Fisicaro; Manuela Pennisi; Rita Bella; Rosella Ciurleo; Alessia Bramanti
Hypertensive crisis, defined as an increase in systolic blood pressure >179 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure >109 mmHg, typically causes end-organ damage; the brain is an elective and early target, among others. The strong relationship between arterial hypertension and cerebrovascular diseases is supported by extensive evidence, with hypertension being the main modifiable risk factor for both ischemic
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Prefrontal Cortex Involvement during Dual-Task Stair Climbing in Healthy Older Adults: An fNIRS Study Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-07 Talia Salzman; Ahmed Aboualmagd; Hawazin Badawi; Diana Tobón-Vallejo; Hyejun Kim; Lama Dahroug; Fedwa Laamarti; Abdulmotaleb El Saddik; Sarah Fraser
Executive function and motor control deficits adversely affect gait performance with age, but the neural correlates underlying this interaction during stair climbing remains unclear. Twenty older adults (72.7 ± 6.9 years) completed single tasks: standing and responding to a response time task (SC), ascending or descending stairs (SMup, SMdown); and a dual-task: responding while ascending or descending
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Applying Eye Movement Modeling Examples to Guide Novices’ Attention in the Comprehension of Process Models Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-07 Michael Winter; Rüdiger Pryss; Thomas Probst; Manfred Reichert
Process models are crucial artifacts in many domains, and hence, their proper comprehension is of importance. Process models mediate a plethora of aspects that are needed to be comprehended correctly. Novices especially face difficulties in the comprehension of process models, since the correct comprehension of such models requires process modeling expertise and visual observation capabilities to interpret
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Clinically Applicable Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Morphologic Measurements of Grey Matter Changes in the Human Brain Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 Tong Fu; Xenia Kobeleva; Paul Bronzlik; Patrick Nösel; Mete Dadak; Heinrich Lanfermann; Susanne Petri; Xiao-Qi Ding
(1) Purpose: Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (qMRI) measurements can be used to sensitively estimate brain morphological alterations and may support clinical diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases (ND). We aimed to establish a normative reference database for a clinical applicable quantitative MR morphologic measurement on neurodegenerative changes in patients; (2) Methods: Healthy subjects
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BCI Training Effects on Chronic Stroke Correlate with Functional Reorganization in Motor-Related Regions: A Concurrent EEG and fMRI Study Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Kai Yuan; Cheng Chen; Xin Wang; Winnie Chiu-wing Chu; Raymond Kai-yu Tong
Brain–computer interface (BCI)-guided robot-assisted training strategy has been increasingly applied to stroke rehabilitation, while few studies have investigated the neuroplasticity change and functional reorganization after intervention from multimodality neuroimaging perspective. The present study aims to investigate the hemodynamic and electrophysical changes induced by BCI training using functional
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SURINPARK: Safinamide for Urinary Symptoms in Parkinson’s Disease Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Ana Gómez-López; Arantxa Sánchez-Sánchez; Elena Natera-Villalba; Victoria Ros-Castelló; Álvaro Beltrán-Corbellini; Samira Fanjul-Arbós; Isabel Pareés Moreno; José Luis López-Sendon Moreno; Juan Carlos Martínez Castrillo; Araceli Alonso-Canovas
Background: Urinary symptoms are common, disabling and generally unresponsive to treatment in Parkinson´s disease (PD). Safinamide is approved as an add-on therapy to levodopa to improve fluctuations. Methods: Retrospective analysis of electronic records of nondemented PD patients seen consecutively in a Movement Disorders Unit (November 2018–February 2019). All were assessed with Scale for Outcomes
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Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte, Platelet-to-Lymphocyte and Monocyte-to-Lymphocyte Ratio in Bipolar Disorder Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Laura Fusar-Poli; Antimo Natale; Andrea Amerio; Patriciu Cimpoesu; Pietro Grimaldi Filioli; Eugenio Aguglia; Mario Amore; Gianluca Serafini; Andrea Aguglia
Background: Several inflammatory hypotheses have been suggested to explain the etiopathogenesis of bipolar disorder (BD) and its different phases. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte (PLR), and monocyte-to-lymphocyte (MLR) ratios have been proposed as potential peripheral biomarkers of mood episodes. Methods: We recruited 294 patients affected by BD, of which 143 were experiencing
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Are Linguistic Prediction Deficits Characteristic of Adults with Dyslexia? Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Paul E. Engelhardt; Michelle K. Y. Yuen; Elise A. Kenning; Luna Filipovic
Individuals with dyslexia show deficits in phonological abilities, rapid automatized naming, short-term/working memory, processing speed, and some aspects of sensory and visual processing. There is currently one report in the literature that individuals with dyslexia also show impairments in linguistic prediction. The current study sought to investigate prediction in language processing in dyslexia
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Impulsivity as Early Emerging Vulnerability Factor—Prediction of ADHD by a Preschool Neuropsychological Measure Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Ursula Pauli-Pott; Katja Becker
Impulsivity, comprising deviations of brain-based bottom-up and top-down control processes, has been regarded as a crucial, early emerging marker of a developmental pathway to attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) and externalizing disorders. In two independent studies (a cross-sectional study and a longitudinal study), we analyzed the concurrent and predictive validity of a task-based neuropsychological
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The Relationship between Life Course Socioeconomic Conditions and Objective and Subjective Memory in Older Age Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Morgane Künzi; Emilie Joly-Burra; Sascha Zuber; Maximilian Haas; Doriana Tinello; Chloé Da Silva Coelho; Alexandra Hering; Andreas Ihle; Gianvito Laera; Greta Mikneviciute; Silvia Stringhini; Bogdan Draganski; Matthias Kliegel; Nicola Ballhausen
While objective memory performance in older adults was primarily shown to be affected by education as indicator of life course socioeconomic conditions, other life course socioeconomic conditions seem to relate to subjective memory complaints. However, studies differ in which life course stages were investigated. Moreover, studies have explored these effects in an isolated way, but have not yet investigated
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Dimensions of Craving Interact with COMT Genotype to Predict Relapse in Individuals with Alcohol Use Disorder Six Months after Treatment Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Claudia B. Padula; Annika Hansen; Rachel L. Hughes; M. Windy McNerney
(1) Background: Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is associated with poor medical, psychological, and psychosocial outcomes and approximately 60% of individuals with AUD relapse six months after treatment. Craving is a core aspect of AUD and associated with high risk of relapse. One promising avenue to improve outcomes may be in understanding the relationship between COMT genotype, craving, and treatment
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Effects of 6-Month Multimodal Physical Exercise Program on Bone Mineral Density, Fall Risk, Balance, and Gait in Patients with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Controlled Clinical Trial Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 A. Silvia Puente-González; M. Carmen Sánchez-Sánchez; Eduardo J. Fernández-Rodríguez; J. Elicio Hernández-Xumet; Fausto J. Barbero-Iglesias; Roberto Méndez-Sánchez
We aimed to determine the short- and medium-term effects of a multimodal physical exercise program (MPEP) on bone health status, fall risk, balance, and gait in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. A single-blinded, controlled clinical trial was performed where 72 subjects were allocated in a 3:1 ratio to an intervention group (IG; n = 53) and control group (CG; n = 19), where the IG’s subjects were
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Cranio-Vertebral Junction Triangular Area: Quantification of Brain Stem Compression by Magnetic Resonance Images Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Chih-Chang Chang; Ching-Lan Wu; Tsung-Hsi Tu; Jau-Ching Wu; Hsuan-Kan Chang; Peng-Yuan Chang; Li-Yu Fay; Wen-Cheng Huang; Henrich Cheng
(1) Background: Most of the currently used radiological criteria for craniovertebral junction (CVJ) were developed prior to the popularity of magnetic resonance images (MRIs). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a novel triangular area (TA) calculated on MRIs for pathologies at the CVJ. (2) Methods: A total of 702 consecutive patients were enrolled, grouped into three: (a) Those with pathologies
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New Approaches Based on Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation and Mental Representation Techniques Targeting Pain in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: Two Study Protocols for Two Randomized Controlled Trials Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Yeray González-Zamorano; Josué Fernández-Carnero; Francisco José Sánchez-Cuesta; Aida Arroyo-Ferrer; Athanasios Vourvopoulos; Patricia Figueiredo; José Ignacio Serrano; Juan Pablo Romero
Pain is an under-reported but prevalent symptom in Parkinson’s Disease (PD), impacting patients’ quality of life. Both pain and PD conditions cause cortical excitability reduction and non-invasive brain stimulation. Mental representation techniques are thought to be able to counteract it, also resulting effectively in chronic pain conditions. We aim to conduct two independent studies in order to evaluate
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Comparison of Three Physical—Cognitive Training Programs in Healthy Older Adults: A Study Protocol for a Monocentric Randomized Trial Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Marta Maria Torre; Antoine Langeard; Nicolas Hugues; Jérôme Laurin; Jean-Jacques Temprado
(1) Combining aerobic, coordination and cognitive training allows for more improved physical and cognitive performance than when performed separately. A Nordic walking (NW) and two cognitive-motor circuit training programs (CT-c and CT-fit) are compared. CT-c and CT-fit stimulate cognition differently: CT-c, is through conventional complex coordination training performed in single and dual-task conditions;
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Effects of Lifelong Musicianship on White Matter Integrity and Cognitive Brain Reserve Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-06 Edna Andrews; Cyrus Eierud; David Banks; Todd Harshbarger; Andrew Michael; Charlotte Rammell
There is a significant body of research that has identified specific, high-end cognitive demand activities and lifestyles that may play a role in building cognitive brain reserve, including volume changes in gray matter and white matter, increased structural connectivity, and enhanced categorical perception. While normal aging produces trends of decreasing white matter (WM) integrity, research on cognitive
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Reduced Visual Magnocellular Event-Related Potentials in Developmental Dyslexia Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 John Stein
(1) Background—the magnocellular hypothesis proposes that impaired development of the visual timing systems in the brain that are mediated by magnocellular (M-) neurons is a major cause of dyslexia. Their function can now be assessed quite easily by analysing averaged visually evoked event-related potentials (VERPs) in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Such analysis might provide a useful, objective
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Development of the Mechanisms Underlying Audiovisual Speech Perception Benefit Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 Kaylah Lalonde; Lynne A. Werner
The natural environments in which infants and children learn speech and language are noisy and multimodal. Adults rely on the multimodal nature of speech to compensate for noisy environments during speech communication. Multiple mechanisms underlie mature audiovisual benefit to speech perception, including reduced uncertainty as to when auditory speech will occur, use of correlations between the amplitude
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Musical Training and Brain Volume in Older Adults Brain Sci. (IF 3.332) Pub Date : 2021-01-05 Laura Chaddock-Heyman; Psyche Loui; Timothy B. Weng; Robert Weisshappel; Edward McAuley; Arthur F. Kramer