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Predictive Processing: A Circuit Approach to Psychosis Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Georg B. Keller, Philipp Sterzer
Predictive processing is a computational framework that aims to explain how the brain processes sensory information by making predictions about the environment and minimizing prediction errors. It can also be used to explain some of the key symptoms of psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. In recent years, substantial advances have been made in our understanding of the neuronal circuitry that
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Circuit-Specific Deep Brain Stimulation Provides Insights into Movement Control Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Aryn H. Gittis, Roy V. Sillitoe
Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a method in which electrical stimulation is delivered to specific areas of the brain, is an effective treatment for managing symptoms of a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. Clinical access to neural circuits during DBS provides an opportunity to study the functional link between neural circuits and behavior. This review discusses how the use of DBS
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Keeping Your Brain in Balance: Homeostatic Regulation of Network Function Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Wei Wen, Gina G. Turrigiano
To perform computations with the efficiency necessary for animal survival, neocortical microcircuits must be capable of reconfiguring in response to experience, while carefully regulating excitatory and inhibitory connectivity to maintain stable function. This dynamic fine-tuning is accomplished through a rich array of cellular homeostatic plasticity mechanisms that stabilize important cellular and
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Harmony in the Molecular Orchestra of Hearing: Developmental Mechanisms from the Ear to the Brain Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 Sonja J. Pyott, Gabriela Pavlinkova, Ebenezer N. Yamoah, Bernd Fritzsch
Auditory processing in mammals begins in the peripheral inner ear and extends to the auditory cortex. Sound is transduced from mechanical stimuli into electrochemical signals of hair cells, which relay auditory information via the primary auditory neurons to cochlear nuclei. Information is subsequently processed in the superior olivary complex, lateral lemniscus, and inferior colliculus and projects
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A Whole-Brain Topographic Ontology Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2024-02-16 Michael Arcaro, Margaret Livingstone
It is a common view that the intricate array of specialized domains in the ventral visual pathway is innately prespecified. What this review postulates is that they are not. We explore the origins of domain specificity, hypothesizing that the adult brain emerges from an interplay between a domain-general map-based architecture, shaped by intrinsic mechanisms, and experience. We argue that the most
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Cortical Integration of Vestibular and Visual Cues for Navigation, Visual Processing, and Perception Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Sepiedeh Keshavarzi, Mateo Velez-Fort, Troy W. Margrie
Despite increasing evidence of its involvement in several key functions of the cerebral cortex, the vestibular sense rarely enters our consciousness. Indeed, the extent to which these internal signals are incorporated within cortical sensory representation and how they might be relied upon for sensory-driven decision-making, during, for example, spatial navigation, is yet to be understood. Recent novel
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How Do You Build a Cognitive Map? The Development of Circuits and Computations for the Representation of Space in the Brain Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Flavio Donato, Anja Xu Schwartzlose, Renan Augusto Viana Mendes
In mammals, the activity of neurons in the entorhinal-hippocampal network is modulated by the animal's position and its movement through space. At multiple stages of this distributed circuit, distinct populations of neurons can represent a rich repertoire of navigation-related variables like the animal's location, the speed and direction of its movements, or the presence of borders and objects. Working
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Specialized Networks for Social Cognition in the Primate Brain Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Ben Deen, Caspar M. Schwiedrzik, Julia Sliwa, Winrich A. Freiwald
Primates have evolved diverse cognitive capabilities to navigate their complex social world. To understand how the brain implements critical social cognitive abilities, we describe functional specialization in the domains of face processing, social interaction understanding, and mental state attribution. Systems for face processing are specialized from the level of single cells to populations of neurons
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Neural Networks for Navigation: From Connections to Computations Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Rachel I. Wilson
Many animals can navigate toward a goal they cannot see based on an internal representation of that goal in the brain's spatial maps. These maps are organized around networks with stable fixed-point dynamics (attractors), anchored to landmarks, and reciprocally connected to motor control. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding these networks, focusing on studies in arthropods. One
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Therapeutic Potential of PTB Inhibition Through Converting Glial Cells to Neurons in the Brain Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Xiang-Dong Fu, William C. Mobley
Cell replacement therapy represents a promising approach for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Contrary to the common addition strategy to generate new neurons from glia by overexpressing a lineage-specific transcription factor(s), a recent study introduced a subtraction strategy by depleting a single RNA-binding protein, Ptbp1, to convert astroglia to neurons not only in vitro but also in the brain
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How Flies See Motion Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Alexander Borst, Lukas N. Groschner
How neurons detect the direction of motion is a prime example of neural computation: Motion vision is found in the visual systems of virtually all sighted animals, it is important for survival, and it requires interesting computations with well-defined linear and nonlinear processing steps—yet the whole process is of moderate complexity. The genetic methods available in the fruit fly Drosophila and
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Cholesterol Metabolism in Aging and Age-Related Disorders Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-07-10 Gesine Saher
All mammalian cell membranes contain cholesterol to maintain membrane integrity. The transport of this hydrophobic lipid is mediated by lipoproteins. Cholesterol is especially enriched in the brain, particularly in synaptic and myelin membranes. Aging involves changes in sterol metabolism in peripheral organs and also in the brain. Some of those alterations have the potential to promote or to counteract
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Striosomes and Matrisomes: Scaffolds for Dynamic Coupling of Volition and Action Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Ann M. Graybiel, Ayano Matsushima
Striosomes form neurochemically specialized compartments of the striatum embedded in a large matrix made up of modules called matrisomes. Striosome-matrix architecture is multiplexed with the canonical direct-indirect organization of the striatum. Striosomal functions remain to be fully clarified, but key information is emerging. First, striosomes powerfully innervate nigral dopamine-containing neurons
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Deep Brain Stimulation for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Depression Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-04-05 Sameer A. Sheth, Helen S. Mayberg
The field of stereotactic neurosurgery developed more than 70 years ago to address a therapy gap for patients with severe psychiatric disorders. In the decades since, it has matured tremendously, benefiting from advances in clinical and basic sciences. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for severe, treatment-resistant psychiatric disorders is currently poised to transition from a stage of empiricism to one
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Neural Control of Sexually Dimorphic Social Behavior: Connecting Development to Adulthood Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Margaret M. McCarthy
Rapid advances in the neural control of social behavior highlight the role of interconnected nodes engaged in differential information processing to generate behavior. Many innate social behaviors are essential to reproductive fitness and therefore fundamentally different in males and females. Programming these differences occurs early in development in mammals, following gonadal differentiation and
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The Computational and Neural Bases of Context-Dependent Learning Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-27 James B. Heald, Daniel M. Wolpert, Máté Lengyel
Flexible behavior requires the creation, updating, and expression of memories to depend on context. While the neural underpinnings of each of these processes have been intensively studied, recent advances in computational modeling revealed a key challenge in context-dependent learning that had been largely ignored previously: Under naturalistic conditions, context is typically uncertain, necessitating
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Integration of Feedforward and Feedback Information Streams in the Modular Architecture of Mouse Visual Cortex Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-27 Andreas Burkhalter, Rinaldo D. D'Souza, Weiqing Ji, Andrew M. Meier
Radial cell columns are a hallmark feature of cortical architecture in many mammalian species. It has long been held, based on the lack of orientation columns, that such functional units are absent in rodent primary visual cortex (V1). These observations led to the view that rodent visual cortex has a fundamentally different network architecture than that of carnivores and primates. While columns may
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Cognition from the Body-Brain Partnership: Exaptation of Memory Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-14 György Buzsáki, David Tingley
Examination of cognition has historically been approached from language and introspection. However, human language–dependent definitions ignore the evolutionary roots of brain mechanisms and constrain their study in experimental animals. We promote an alternative view, namely that cognition, including memory, can be explained by exaptation and expansion of the circuits and algorithms serving bodily
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How Instructions, Learning, and Expectations Shape Pain and Neurobiological Responses Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-14 Lauren Y. Atlas
Treatment outcomes are strongly influenced by expectations, as evidenced by the placebo effect. Meta-analyses of clinical trials reveal that placebo effects are strongest in pain, indicating that psychosocial factors directly influence pain. In this review, I focus on the neural and psychological mechanisms by which instructions, learning, and expectations shape subjective pain. I address new experimental
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Neural Circuits for Emotion Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-14 Meryl Malezieux, Alexandra S. Klein, Nadine Gogolla
Emotions are fundamental to our experience and behavior, affecting and motivating all aspects of our lives. Scientists of various disciplines have been fascinated by emotions for centuries, yet even today vigorous debates abound about how to define emotions and how to best study their neural underpinnings. Defining emotions from an evolutionary perspective and acknowledging their important functional
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Meningeal Mechanisms and the Migraine Connection Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-03-13 Dan Levy, Michael A. Moskowitz
Migraine is a complex neurovascular pain disorder linked to the meninges, a border tissue innervated by neuropeptide-containing primary afferent fibers chiefly from the trigeminal nerve. Electrical or mechanical stimulation of this nerve surrounding large blood vessels evokes headache patterns as in migraine, and the brain, blood, and meninges are likely sources of headache triggers. Cerebrospinal
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Spinal Interneurons: Diversity and Connectivity in Motor Control Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-28 Mohini Sengupta, Martha W. Bagnall
The spinal cord is home to the intrinsic networks for locomotion. An animal in which the spinal cord has been fully severed from the brain can still produce rhythmic, patterned locomotor movements as long as some excitatory drive is provided, such as physical, pharmacological, or electrical stimuli. Yet it remains a challenge to define the underlying circuitry that produces these movements because
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Astrocyte Endfeet in Brain Function and Pathology: Open Questions Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-28 Blanca Díaz-Castro, Stefanie Robel, Anusha Mishra
Astrocyte endfeet enwrap the entire vascular tree within the central nervous system, where they perform important functions in regulating the blood-brain barrier (BBB), cerebral blood flow, nutrient uptake, and waste clearance. Accordingly, astrocyte endfeet contain specialized organelles and proteins, including local protein translation machinery and highly organized scaffold proteins, which anchor
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Circadian Rhythms and Astrocytes: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-28 Michael H. Hastings, Marco Brancaccio, Maria F. Gonzalez-Aponte, Erik D. Herzog
This review explores the interface between circadian timekeeping and the regulation of brain function by astrocytes. Although astrocytes regulate neuronal activity across many time domains, their cell-autonomous circadian clocks exert a particular role in controlling longer-term oscillations of brain function: the maintenance of sleep states and the circadian ordering of sleep and wakefulness. This
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Therapeutic Potential of PTBP1 Inhibition, If Any, Is Not Attributed to Glia-to-Neuron Conversion Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2023-02-08 Lei-Lei Wang, Chun-Li Zhang
A holy grail of regenerative medicine is to replenish the cells that are lost due to disease. The adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) has, however, largely lost such a regenerative ability. An emerging strategy for the generation of new neurons is through glia-to-neuron (GtN) conversion in vivo, mainly accomplished by the regulation of fate-determining factors. When inhibited, PTBP1, a factor
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The Cerebellar Cortex Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Court Hull, Wade G. Regehr
The cerebellar cortex is an important system for relating neural circuits and learning. Its promise reflects the longstanding idea that it contains simple, repeated circuit modules with only a few cell types and a single plasticity mechanism that mediates learning according to classical Marr-Albus models. However, emerging data have revealed surprising diversity in neuron types, synaptic connections
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Theory of the Multiregional Neocortex: Large-Scale Neural Dynamics and Distributed Cognition Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Xiao-Jing Wang
The neocortex is a complex neurobiological system with many interacting regions. How these regions work together to subserve flexible behavior and cognition has become increasingly amenable to rigorous research. Here, I review recent experimental and theoretical work on the modus operandi of a multiregional cortex. These studies revealed several general principles for the neocortical interareal connectivity
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Cross-Modal Plasticity in Brains Deprived of Visual Input Before Vision Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Guillermina López-Bendito, Mar Aníbal-Martínez, Francisco J. Martini
Unimodal sensory loss leads to structural and functional changes in both deprived and nondeprived brain circuits. This process is broadly known as cross-modal plasticity. The evidence available indicates that cross-modal changes underlie the enhanced performances of the spared sensory modalities in deprived subjects. Sensory experience is a fundamental driver of cross-modal plasticity, yet there is
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Neuroscientific Evidence for Processing Without Awareness Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Liad Mudrik, Leon Y. Deouell
The extent to which we are affected by perceptual input of which we are unaware is widely debated. By measuring neural responses to sensory stimulation, neuroscientific data could complement behavioral results with valuable evidence. Here we review neuroscientific findings of processing of high-level information, as well as interactions with attention and memory. Although the results are mixed, we
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Functional Ultrasound Neuroimaging Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Gabriel Montaldo, Alan Urban, Emilie Macé
Functional ultrasound (fUS) is a neuroimaging method that uses ultrasound to track changes in cerebral blood volume as an indirect readout of neuronal activity at high spatiotemporal resolution. fUS is capable of imaging head-fixed or freely behaving rodents and of producing volumetric images of the entire mouse brain. It has been applied to many species, including primates and humans. Now that fUS
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Signaling Pathways in Neurovascular Development Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-07-08 Amir Rattner, Yanshu Wang, Jeremy Nathans
During development, the central nervous system (CNS) vasculature grows to precisely meet the metabolic demands of neurons and glia. In addition, the vast majority of the CNS vasculature acquires a unique set of molecular and cellular properties—collectively referred to as the blood–brain barrier—that minimize passive diffusion of molecules between the blood and the CNS parenchyma. Both of these processes
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Synaptic Mechanisms Regulating Mood State Transitions in Depression Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-05-04 Puja K. Parekh, Shane B. Johnson, Conor Liston
Depression is an episodic form of mental illness characterized by mood state transitions with poorly understood neurobiological mechanisms. Antidepressants reverse the effects of stress and depression on synapse function, enhancing neurotransmission, increasing plasticity, and generating new synapses in stress-sensitive brain regions. These properties are shared to varying degrees by all known antidepressants
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Adeno-Associated Virus Toolkit to Target Diverse Brain Cells Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-20 Rosemary C. Challis, Sripriya Ravindra Kumar, Xinhong Chen, David Goertsen, Gerard M. Coughlin, Acacia M. Hori, Miguel R. Chuapoco, Thomas S. Otis, Timothy F. Miles, Viviana Gradinaru
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) are commonly used gene delivery vehicles for neuroscience research. They have two engineerable features: the capsid (outer protein shell) and cargo (encapsulated genome). These features can be modified to enhance cell type or tissue tropism and control transgene expression, respectively. Several engineered AAV capsids with unique tropisms have been identified
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Human Cerebellar Development and Transcriptomics: Implications for Neurodevelopmental Disorders Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-20 Parthiv Haldipur, Kathleen J. Millen, Kimberly A. Aldinger
Developmental abnormalities of the cerebellum are among the most recognized structural brain malformations in human prenatal imaging. Yet reliable information regarding their cause in humans is sparse, and few outcome studies are available to inform prognosis. We know very little about human cerebellar development, in stark contrast to the wealth of knowledge from decades of research on cerebellar
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Beyond Wrapping: Canonical and Noncanonical Functions of Schwann Cells Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-20 Carla Taveggia, M. Laura Feltri
Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are essential for the support and myelination of axons, ensuring fast and accurate communication between the central nervous system and the periphery. Schwann cells and related glia accompany innervating axons in virtually all tissues in the body, where they exhibit remarkable plasticity and the ability to modulate pathology in extraordinary, and
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Microglia and Neurodevelopmental Disorders Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-18 John R. Lukens, Ukpong B. Eyo
Mounting evidence indicates that microglia, which are the resident immune cells of the brain, play critical roles in a diverse array of neurodevelopmental processes required for proper brain maturation and function. This evidence has ultimately led to growing speculation that microglial dysfunction may play a role in neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) pathoetiology. In this review, we first provide
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Considering Organismal Physiology in Laboratory Studies of Rodent Behavior Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-08 Patricia Rubio Arzola, Rebecca M. Shansky
Any experiment conducted in a rodent laboratory is done so against the backdrop of each animal's physiological state at the time of the experiment. This physiological state can be the product of multiple factors, both internal (e.g., animal sex, strain, hormone cycles, or circadian rhythms) and external (e.g., housing conditions, social status, and light/dark phases). Each of these factors has the
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Subcortical Cognition: The Fruit Below the Rind Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Karolina Janacsek, Tanya M. Evans, Mariann Kiss, Leela Shah, Hal Blumenfeld, Michael T. Ullman
Cognitive neuroscience has highlighted the cerebral cortex while often overlooking subcortical structures. This cortical proclivity is found in basic and translational research on many aspects of cognition, especially higher cognitive domains such as language, reading, music, and math. We suggest that, for both anatomical and evolutionary reasons, multiple subcortical structures play substantial roles
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Neuroimmune Interactions in Peripheral Organs Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Roel G.J. Klein Wolterink, Glendon S. Wu, Isaac M. Chiu, Henrique Veiga-Fernandes
Interactions between the nervous and immune systems were recognized long ago, but recent studies show that this crosstalk occurs more frequently than was previously appreciated. Moreover, technological advances have enabled the identification of the molecular mediators and receptors that enable the interaction between these two complex systems and provide new insights on the role of neuroimmune crosstalk
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Neuromodulation and Neurophysiology on the Timescale of Learning and Decision-Making Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-04-01 Cooper D. Grossman, Jeremiah Y. Cohen
Nervous systems evolved to effectively navigate the dynamics of the environment to achieve their goals. One framework used to study this fundamental problem arose in the study of learning and decision-making. In this framework, the demands of effective behavior require slow dynamics—on the scale of seconds to minutes—of networks of neurons. Here, we review the phenomena and mechanisms involved. Using
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A Theoretical Framework for Human and Nonhuman Vocal Interaction Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-22 Gregg A. Castellucci, Frank H. Guenther, Michael A. Long
Vocal communication is a critical feature of social interaction across species; however, the relation between such behavior in humans and nonhumans remains unclear. To enable comparative investigation of this topic, we review the literature pertinent to interactive language use and identify the superset of cognitive operations involved in generating communicative action. We posit these functions comprise
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Fluorescence Imaging of Neural Activity, Neurochemical Dynamics, and Drug-Specific Receptor Conformation with Genetically Encoded Sensors Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-22 Chunyang Dong, Yu Zheng, Kiran Long-Iyer, Emily C. Wright, Yulong Li, Lin Tian
Recent advances in fluorescence imaging permit large-scale recording of neural activity and dynamics of neurochemical release with unprecedented resolution in behaving animals. Calcium imaging with highly optimized genetically encoded indicators provides a mesoscopic view of neural activity from genetically defined populations at cellular and subcellular resolutions. Rigorously improved voltage sensors
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Neural Algorithms and Circuits for Motor Planning Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-22 Hidehiko K. Inagaki, Susu Chen, Kayvon Daie, Arseny Finkelstein, Lorenzo Fontolan, Sandro Romani, Karel Svoboda
The brain plans and executes volitional movements. The underlying patterns of neural population activity have been explored in the context of movements of the eyes, limbs, tongue, and head in nonhuman primates and rodents. How do networks of neurons produce the slow neural dynamics that prepare specific movements and the fast dynamics that ultimately initiate these movements? Recent work exploits rapid
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Neural Signaling in Cancer Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-09 Michael B. Keough, Michelle Monje
Nervous system activity regulates development, homeostasis, and plasticity of the brain as well as other organs in the body. These mechanisms are subverted in cancer to propel malignant growth. In turn, cancers modulate neural structure and function to augment growth-promoting neural signaling in the tumor microenvironment. Approaching cancer biology from a neuroscience perspective will elucidate new
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Breathing Rhythm and Pattern and Their Influence on Emotion Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-03-09 Sufyan Ashhad, Kaiwen Kam, Christopher A. Del Negro, Jack L. Feldman
Breathing is a vital rhythmic motor behavior with a surprisingly broad influence on the brain and body. The apparent simplicity of breathing belies a complex neural control system, the breathing central pattern generator (bCPG), that exhibits diverse operational modes to regulate gas exchange and coordinate breathing with an array of behaviors. In this review, we focus on selected advances in our understanding
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Clearing Your Mind: Mechanisms of Debris Clearance After Cell Death During Neural Development Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-02-28 Kendra E. Liu, Michael H. Raymond, Kodi S. Ravichandran, Sarah Kucenas
Neurodevelopment and efferocytosis have fascinated scientists for decades. How an organism builds a nervous system that is precisely tuned for efficient behaviors and survival and how it simultaneously manages constant somatic cell turnover are complex questions that have resulted in distinct fields of study. Although neurodevelopment requires the overproduction of cells that are subsequently pruned
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Mesoaccumbal Dopamine Heterogeneity: What Do Dopamine Firing and Release Have to Do with It? Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-02-28 Johannes W. de Jong, Kurt M. Fraser, Stephan Lammel
Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons are often thought to uniformly encode reward prediction errors. Conversely, DA release in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the prominent projection target of these neurons, has been implicated in reinforcement learning, motivation, aversion, and incentive salience. This contrast between heterogeneous functions of DA release versus a homogeneous role for
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Melding Synthetic Molecules and Genetically Encoded Proteins to Forge New Tools for Neuroscience Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-02-28 Pratik Kumar, Luke D. Lavis
Unraveling the complexity of the brain requires sophisticated methods to probe and perturb neurobiological processes with high spatiotemporal control. The field of chemical biology has produced general strategies to combine the molecular specificity of small-molecule tools with the cellular specificity of genetically encoded reagents. Here, we survey the application, refinement, and extension of these
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Brainstem Circuits for Locomotion Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-01-05 Roberto Leiras, Jared M. Cregg, Ole Kiehn
Locomotion is a universal motor behavior that is expressed as the output of many integrated brain functions. Locomotion is organized at several levels of the nervous system, with brainstem circuits acting as the gate between brain areas regulating innate, emotional, or motivational locomotion and executive spinal circuits. Here we review recent advances on brainstem circuits involved in controlling
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Challenges of Organoid Research Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-01-05 Madeline G. Andrews, Arnold R. Kriegstein
Organoids are 3D cell culture systems derived from human pluripotent stem cells that contain tissue resident cell types and reflect features of early tissue organization. Neural organoids are a particularly innovative scientific advance given the lack of accessibility of developing human brain tissue and intractability of neurological diseases. Neural organoids have become an invaluable approach to
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Receptor-Ribosome Coupling: A Link Between Extrinsic Signals and mRNA Translation in Neuronal Compartments Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2022-01-05 Max Koppers, Christine E. Holt
Axons receive extracellular signals that help to guide growth and synapse formation during development and to maintain neuronal function and survival during maturity. These signals relay information via cell surface receptors that can initiate local intracellular signaling at the site of binding, including local messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Direct coupling of translational machinery to receptors
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Multiple-Timescale Representations of Space: Linking Memory to Navigation. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-12-22 Wenbo Tang,Shantanu P Jadhav
When navigating through space, we must maintain a representation of our position in real time; when recalling a past episode, a memory can come back in a flash. Interestingly, the brain's spatial representation system, including the hippocampus, supports these two distinct timescale functions. How are neural representations of space used in the service of both real-world navigation and internal mnemonic
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Spatial Transcriptomics: Molecular Maps of the Mammalian Brain Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Cantin Ortiz, Marie Carlén, Konstantinos Meletis
Maps of the nervous system inspire experiments and theories in neuroscience. Advances in molecular biology over the past decades have revolutionized the definition of cell and tissue identity. Spatial transcriptomics has opened up a new era in neuroanatomy, where the unsupervised and unbiased exploration of the molecular signatures of tissue organization will give rise to a new generation of brain
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How Cortical Circuits Implement Cortical Computations: Mouse Visual Cortex as a Model Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Cristopher M. Niell, Massimo Scanziani
The mouse, as a model organism to study the brain, gives us unprecedented experimental access to the mammalian cerebral cortex. By determining the cortex's cellular composition, revealing the interaction between its different components, and systematically perturbing these components, we are obtaining mechanistic insight into some of the most basic properties of cortical function. In this review, we
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Neurophysiology of Human Perceptual Decision-Making Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Redmond G. O'Connell, Simon P. Kelly
The discovery of neural signals that reflect the dynamics of perceptual decision formation has had a considerable impact. Not only do such signals enable detailed investigations of the neural implementation of the decision-making process but they also can expose key elements of the brain's decision algorithms. For a long time, such signals were only accessible through direct animal brain recordings
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Adaptive Prediction for Social Contexts: The Cerebellar Contribution to Typical and Atypical Social Behaviors Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Catherine J. Stoodley, Peter T. Tsai
Social interactions involve processes ranging from face recognition to understanding others’ intentions. To guide appropriate behavior in a given context, social interactions rely on accurately predicting the outcomes of one's actions and the thoughts of others. Because social interactions are inherently dynamic, these predictions must be continuously adapted. The neural correlates of social processing
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Perceptual Inference, Learning, and Attention in a Multisensory World Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Uta Noppeney
Adaptive behavior in a complex, dynamic, and multisensory world poses some of the most fundamental computational challenges for the brain, notably inference, decision-making, learning, binding, and attention. We first discuss how the brain integrates sensory signals from the same source to support perceptual inference and decision-making by weighting them according to their momentary sensory uncertainties
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The Cortical Motor Areas and the Emergence of Motor Skills: A Neuroanatomical Perspective Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Peter L. Strick, Richard P. Dum, Jean-Alban Rathelot
What changes in neural architecture account for the emergence and expansion of dexterity in primates? Dexterity, or skill in performing motor tasks, depends on the ability to generate highly fractionated patterns of muscle activity. It also involves the spatiotemporal coordination of activity in proximal and distal muscles across multiple joints. Many motor skills require the generation of complex
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The Geometry of Information Coding in Correlated Neural Populations Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Rava Azeredo da Silveira, Fred Rieke
Neurons in the brain represent information in their collective activity. The fidelity of this neural population code depends on whether and how variability in the response of one neuron is shared with other neurons. Two decades of studies have investigated the influence of these noise correlations on the properties of neural coding. We provide an overview of the theoretical developments on the topic
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Physiology and Pathophysiology of Mechanically Activated PIEZO Channels Annu. Rev. Neurosci. (IF 13.9) Pub Date : 2021-07-08 Ruhma Syeda
Nearly all structures in our body experience mechanical forces. At a molecular scale, these forces are detected by ion channels that function as mechanotransducers converting physical forces into electrochemical responses. Here we focus on PIEZOs, a family of mechanically activated ion channels comprising PIEZO1 and PIEZO2. The significance of these channels is highlighted by their roles in touch and