Objective Traumatic spine injuries are a relatively common occurrence and are associated with functional impairment, loss of neurologic function, and spinal deformity. A number of spinal trauma classification systems have been developed with varying degrees of acceptance. This review provides a chronological overview of spinal trauma classification systems, with special consideration towards the benefits

(2020). The pursuit of cures for cerebral disease persists, even through a pandemic. Neurological Research: Vol. 42, Cures for Cerebral Disease, pp. 619-620.

Objective Cerebral blood flow (CBF) mapping of single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) is considered a gold standard for evaluating cerebral perfusion. However, invasiveness, high costs and strict technical requirements can limit its clinical use. We aimed to evaluate the concordance of CBF maps obtained from SPECT and pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling magnetic resonance (PCASL-MR) imaging

Background Post-stroke autonomic nervous dysfunction measured with heart rate variability (HRV) is correlated with the traditional risk factors and poor outcome. This study aimed to investigate the association between HRV and infarct locations, etiology subtypes, and neurological functional outcomes in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Methods In this prospective observational study, 186 consecutive

Objects Post-stroke aphasia (PSA) often have non-linguistic cognitive impairment. We aimed to ascertain its characteristics of non-linguistic cognitive impairment and the corresponding changes in white matter microstructures. Methods Ten patients with PSA and 17 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled. Loewenstein occupational therapy cognitive assessment (LOTCA) were used to assess non-linguistic cognitive

Background and aims The protective role of intracranial primary collaterals on plaque vulnerability is not well established. We aimed to explore the association of intracranial collateral status with arterial wall features including arterial remodeling and culprit plaque features in severe symptomatic intracranial vertebrobasilar atherosclerosis (sIVBAS). Methods Posterior circulation stroke or TIA

Background Patients with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) have poor functional outcomes. This study investigated the status of hospitalized patients with ICH based on multicenter inpatient information. Methods We analyzed data from the hospital information systems (HISs) of 14 tertiary hospitals, including 6 Chinese medicine hospitals and 8 western hospitals from 7 provinces and 2 municipalities

Objective Unilateral movement disorder associated with moyamoya disease is a rare finding and the mechanism remains to be fully elucidated. Theories postulated include contralateral cerebral ischemic or hemorrhagic lesions, and/or hypoperfusion. However, few studies have reported such patients without contralateral lesions nor hypoperfusion. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of those

Objective Underlying Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) complicated by Mental Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia (MSIMI) has been linked with an increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events and even sudden death. However, the underlying mechanisms of MSIMI remain unknown. In this study, we investigated cytokine levels at baseline inflammation status and during acute inflammatory responses to mental

Objective To assess the correlation between objectively measured cognitive function and apolipoprotein E polymorphism within one geographic region. Methods 61 patients, aged 55–90 years old, were enrolled in a memory clinic at the Beijing Luhe Hospital affiliated with Capital Medical University from September 2016 to September 2018. At this center, they were evaluated with neuropsychological scales

Objectives Following stroke, angiogenic strategy has been proposed to alleviate ischemia-induced injury by promoting angiogenesis and improving cerebrovascular function in the ischemic regions. Ligustilide (LGSL) is known to have neuroprotection against ischemic stroke-induced injury. But the effect of LGSL on promoting angiogenesis after ischemic stroke is unknown. The purpose of this study was to

It has been established that poor outcomes in ischemic stroke patients are associated with the post-reperfusion inflammatory response and up-regulation of TLR4. Therefore, suppression of the TLR4 signaling pathway constitutes a potential neuroprotective therapeutic strategy. Schisandrin B, a compound extracted from Schisandra chinensis, has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective

Objective Following brain injury, the neurogenic niche provides a permissive cue for iatrogenesis rather than neurogenesis; reactive astrocytes play essential roles in orchestrating this process, markedly forming a glial scar around the area of damaged brain tissue. The objective of this study was to alter the neurogenic niche at the injured cortex and study its impact on neurogenesis. Methods We constructed

In previous studies, the effects of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expressing adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) on Parkinson’s disease (PD) models have been studied but have not been elucidated. The present study aims to investigate this phenomenon and trace their differentiation in vivo. In our study, ADSCs were harvested from adult Sprague-Dawley rats, then genetically

Objectives Icariin (ICA) can be potentially used to treat Alzheimer’s disease (AD), but the mechanism was not clear. The current study explored the effects of ICA on hippocampal neural stem cells, aiming to provide a comprehensive basis for its clinical application. Methods Hippocampal neural stem cells were isolated from newborn rats and their differentiation ability was evaluated by performing immunofluorescence

ABSTRACT Objective Individuals who sustain a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) often have a loss of multiple body systems. Significant functional improvement can be gained by individual SCI through the use of neuroprostheses based on electrical stimulation. The most common actions produced are grasp, overhead reach, trunk posture, standing, stepping, bladder/bowel/sexual function, and respiratory

Studies on relationship between methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) gene A1298C polymorphism with the risk of ischemic as well as hemorrhagic stroke have shown discordant results. Present meta-analysis was aimed to clarify the relationship between MTHFR gene A1298C polymorphism with risk of stroke. A comprehensive literature search for all published articles was performed in electronic

Background Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a relatively infrequent vascular pathology of unknown etiology that, despite their rarity, cause the highest number of hemorrhagic strokes under the age of 30 years. They pose a challenge to all forms of treatment due to their variable morphology, location, size, and, last but not least, evolving nature. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNA strands

Objectives To determine the efficacy of paracetamol and tramadol analgesia via patient controlled pump and intermittent administration using the Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire after L4/L5 discectomy in neurosurgical patients. Methods Fourteen months prospective quantitative study with 200 neurosurgical patients’ participation who underwent elective discectomy of the L4/L5 intervertebral disc

Objectives Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively triggers apoptosis in cancer cells, but not in normal cells. Resistance of glioblastoma cells to TRAIL is a major obstacle for successful clinical treatment of TRAIL. Thus, there is an essential requirement for novel approaches to sensitize TRAIL resistance. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most promising

Objectives Agitation and aggression are common following traumatic brain injury. The challenges related to these disorders affect all stages of recovery, from the acute hospital to the community setting. The aim of this literature review is to provide an updated overview of the current state of post-traumatic agitation research. Methods We performed a PubMed literature review which included recent

Brain gliomas represent some of the most aggressive tumors encountered by modern medicine and, despite major efforts to optimize early diagnosis and treatment, the prognosis remains poor. Due to the complex structure of the brain and the unique mechanical properties of the extracellular matrix, gliomas invade and expand into the brain parenchyma, along white matter tracts and within perivascular spaces

Objective Long-term outcomes of eleven cases of facial nerve schwannoma were evaluated and the related literature was reviewed to determine the efficacy of Gamma Knife radiosurgery for treating patients with facial nerve schwannoma. Methods Eleven patients with facial nerve schwannoma (7 women and 4 men; mean age, 44.2 years; range, 19–73 years) underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery. The most common symptoms

Objective Acquired neurological diseases such as severe traumatic brain or spinal cord injury (SCI) cause irreversible disability. Olfactory ensheathing cell (OEC) transplantation has been trialed as a promising SCI treatment. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), which regulate cell–cell interactions, have recently garnered extensive research interests and emerged as a non-cell-based therapy in neurological

Objectives This study aims to systematically review the neurological complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and the methods used to diagnose both neurological complications and coronavirus infection. Methods Data from three different online databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched on 29 April 2020 and after duplicate, irrelevant, and inappropriate records were excluded

Background Hemorrhagic transformation (HT) is a common complication of ischemic stroke. We performed this study to determine whether aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio (AAR) was related to HT, as well as compare the predictive values of AAR, ALT and AST for HT in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods We included ischemic stroke patients within 7 days of onset

Objective Hemangioblastomas of the posterior cranial fossa and spinal cord in adults are excessively vascularized, well-differentiated, and scarce tumors with no metastatic potential. This paper discusses its surgical management and outcome, pointing out their morphological, radiological, and histopathological aspects. This report based on a personal series of six patients and on a literature review

ABSTRACT Objectives Hematoma expansion (HE) is an important factor of unfavorable outcome in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Imaging markers on noncontrast computed tomography (NCCT) provide increasing value in the prediction of HE due to fast and easy-to-use advantages; however, the accuracy of NCCT-based prediction of intracerebral HE remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the predictive

Objectives Botulinum toxin (BoNT) is an effective first-line treatment for cervical dystonia (CD). Despite generally good therapeutic efficacy, approximately 20–40% of CD patients do not achieve acceptable relief of the dystonic symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify factors of low patient satisfaction of long-term BoNT therapy for CD. Methods In this case-control study CD patients treated

Objectives There is conflicting evidence on the effect of physical exercise on migraine development. Present study investigated the impact of treadmill exercise on migraine – associated symptoms and changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expression in rats with and without maternal deprivation stress (MD). Methods Two days after birth, the male Wistar pups were randomly divided into four

Objective Population-based studies on the prevalence of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) worldwide are rare and the epidemiology of TN in Turkey is unknown. The aim of this study is to determine the prevalence of TN in Turkey. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based, descriptive epidemiological study in Ereğli, Turkey. Participants over the age of 18 were screened using a self-assessment

Objective After a neurosurgical procedure, dural closure is commonly needed to prevent cerebrospinal fluids (CSF) leakage and to reduce the risk of complications, including infections and chronic inflammatory reactions. Although several dural substitutes have been developed, their manufacturing processes are complicated and costly and that many of them have been implicated in causing postoperative

Background and aims The prognostic value of uric acid in ischemic stroke remains controversial, and it is unclear whether renal function status modifies the prognostic value of uric acid in ischemic stroke patients. Methods A total of 3284 acute ischemic stroke patients from the China Antihypertensive Trial in Acute Ischemic Stroke (CATIS) with creatinine and uric acid measurements were included in

Objectives To assess the prevalence of calcification surrounding the odontoid process (odontoid calcification) with crowned dens syndrome (CDS) and without CDS (non-CDS) and investigate factors that may related to the onset of CDS. Methods Retrospective review of consecutive patients visited Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital between 1 January 2018 and 5 November 2019 who were identified to have odontoid calcification

Objective Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders. Aside from tremor, patients may exhibit other motor features as well as non-motor features, including neuropsychiatric symptoms. The cerebellum and cerebellar connections are thought to play a key role in the pathophysiology of ET. Cognitive and affective disturbances can occur in the context of cerebellar disease. Our aim

Background and purpose The predictive effect of blood cell ratio on ischemic event has been widely confirmed. Whether PWR and PNR can assess the risk of endovascular treatment (EVT) is largely unclear. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic value of PNR and PWR in acute ischemic stroke patients treated with EVT. Methods Poor functional outcome was defined as Modified Rankin Scale (mRS) of 3-6

Background Correlation coefficients between blood pressure and cerebral oxygen saturation measured using near-infrared spectrometry may be used to derive the tissue oximetry index of cerebral autoregulation. Cerebral oxygen saturations demonstrate poor agreement between near-infrared spectrometers however it is unclear if measurements of autoregulation are similarly specific to the equipment used.

Background Many studies support the hypothesis that brain glucose dysregulation contributes to neurodegeneration and disease progression. The SLC2A3 gene encodes the Neuronal Glucose Transporter 3 (GLUT3), a critical molecule for glucose transport into the neuron. The GLUT3 rs12842 polymorphism has been associated with an increased risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Epidemiological

Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease across the world. The major cause of AD is extensive oxidative stress and inflammation in central nervous system (CNS). Vitamin D3 and E are the most known vitamins that control oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory function. They may prevent neuronal loss in AD. Few studies have been conducted to assess the

Objective Preliminary evidence has documented functional connectivity during the cognitive task in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). However, evidence of effective neural connectivity with respect to information flow between different brain regions during complex tasks is missing. The present paper aims to provide insights into the cognition-based neural dynamics reflecting information exchange in brain

Introduction The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic poses a substantial threat to the health of healthcare personnel on the front line of caring for COVID-19 patients. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services previously announced that all non-essential planned surgeries and procedures should be postponed until further notice and only urgent procedures should proceed. Methods We share

Objective Recurrent lumbar disc herniation (rLDH) is a common issue after primary discectomy and can cause severe pain, morbidity, and reoperation. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the surgical management of recurrent lumbar disc herniation. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted using Pubmed and Embase databases on 18thAugust, 2019. The inclusion and exclusion criteria

Objectives After cerebral ischaemia the blood–brain barrier (BBB) may be compromised and this has been observed in both clinical and preclinical studies. The timing of BBB disruption after ischaemia has long been considered to be biphasic, however some groups contest this view. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the BBB permeability timecourse in a rat model at both acute and

Objective:  Glioblastoma is one of the most lethal tumors in adult central nervous system with a median survival of a year and half and effective therapeutic strategy is urgently needed. For that reason, stem cell-based suicide gene therapies have attracted much interest because of potent tumor tropism of stem cells and bystander effect. In this current clinical situation, stem cells are promising

Objective The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and ERS-related neuronal apoptosis contribute to the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. (-)-Clausenamide has been reported to be nootropic and improve learning and memory in amnesia animal models. However, whether (-)-Clau could protect neurons from ischemic injury and the possible mechanism needed further study. The present study aimed to explore

Glioblastoma is one of the most lethal tumors in adult central nervous system with a median survival of a year and half and effective therapeutic strategy is urgently needed. For that reason, stem cell-based suicide gene therapies have attracted much interest because of potent tumor tropism of stem cells and bystander effect. In this current clinical situation, stem cells are promising delivery tool

OBJECTIVE The endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and ERS-related neuronal apoptosis contribute to the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. (-)-Clausenamide has been reported to be nootropic and improve learning and memory in amnesia animal models. However, whether (-)-Clau could protect neurons from ischemic injury and the possible mechanism needed further study. The present study aimed to explore

Objective An adequate knowledge of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) is oriented to the morphological sciences, clinical management and surgical planning of the posterior fossa. We aimed to determine the morphology of AICA in a sample from Colombian population. Method We studied 92 AICA from fresh cadavers. For each specimen, the vertebral arteries were injected with 100 cc of semi-synthetic

Objective The influence of disability-perception on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remains unclear. This study investigated impact of disability and disability-perception on HRQoL of stroke survivors and explores the moderating effect of disability-severity. Methods Post-stroke disability, disability-perception/acceptance and HRQoL were assessed in 102 stroke survivors using the World Health

Objectives To explore clinical features and compare of the difference between conservative treatment and surgical treatmentin prognosis of intracranial aneurysms associated with moyamoya disease (MMD). Methods 104 patients with MMD a ssociated with intracranial aneurysms diagnosed by digital subtraction angiography (DSA) or computed tomography angiography (CTA) were retrospectively analyzed. Results

Objective Migraine is a complex episodic disease manifested by dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system along with numerous neuropsychiatric symptoms. The aim of this study was to identify the dissociative symptoms with neurobiological similarities in episodic and chronic migraine patients and to evaluate their correlation with migraine frequency and severity of attacks. Methods The study included

Objective An investigation of the prevalence of medication persistence and associated factors in order to inform effective strategies for improving medication persistence. Methods A systematic review of the literature from 2010 to the present was performed, using the PRISMA protocol. Primary and empirical observational studies of adult ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack patients were included

Objectives Patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) concomitant with extracranial and intracranial atherosclerotic disease (EICAD) may have an increased risk of stroke and myocardial ischemic events. This study aimed to evaluate the concomitant atherosclerotic lesions in extra- and intracranial arterial beds in patients with CAD. Methods A total of 1274 patients who underwent coronary angiography

Objectives Opioid analgesics have been used for a long time in the treatment of acute and chronic pain. However, they have many side effects including tolerance development to a significant extent. Agomelatine, an atypical antidepressant, has been demonstrated to be effective in experimental studies on pain. However, the effect of agomelatine on morphine tolerance development and its mechanism of action

Objectives The purpose of this research is to predict the cognitive impairment and to determine its correlation with retinal thickness, mainly (RFNL and GCIPL) in cases of multiple sclerosis. Methods 60 multiple sclerosis patients and 30 age and sex-matched healthy controls were included in this study. Cognitive functions were evaluated in all study participants by the Montreal Cognitive Assessment

Objectives Cognitive impairment is common in multiple sclerosis, but the brain MRI correlates in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis remain controversial. The current study aimed to investigate whether cognitive decline can be predicted by global and/or regional brain atrophy. Methods Sixty-three patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (36 men, mean age 39.9 ± 9.4 years old, mean EDSS

Objectives Epidemiological trends for major causes of death and disability, such as stroke, may be monitored using administrative data to guide public health initiatives and service delivery. Methods We calculated admissions rates for ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage between 1 January 2005 and December 31st, 2013 and rates of 30-day mortality and 365-day mortality

Objectives In this study, we aimed to verify the neuroprotective effects of pycnogenol (PYC) on spinal cord injury (SCI) and to determine the underlying mechanisms. Methods Male Wistar rats were selected to establish a model of SCI in accordance with the Allen’s protocol. The rats in the PYC group were treated with 100 mg/kg PYC by intraperitoneal injection 15 minutes after SCI. The Basso, Beattie

Objective Some hyperacute stroke patients have unfavorable outcomes after endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) despite successful recanalization. We hypothesized that a cardiac parameter, moderate-to-severe mitral regurgitation (MR), might decrease the rate of favorable clinical outcome after EVT in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Method From our prospective EVT registry, AF patients who underwent

Background/Aims Both of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disease (NMOSDs) and idiopathic transverse myelitis (ITM) could present as acute transverse myelitis. However, long-term immunological treatment and prognosis are different for high recurrence of NMOSDs. In this study, we summarized clinical differences between acute attack myelitis of NMOSDs and ITM, we further screened serum auto-antibodies to