Background The purpose of the current study was to compare levels of anxiety sensitivity (AS) across a treatment-seeking sample of individuals primarily using opioids, stimulants, or cannabis. Consistent with the idea that individuals high in AS may be motivated to use substances with real or perceived anxiolytic properties, it was hypothesized that individuals primarily using opioids or cannabis would

The visual probe paradigm allows for evaluating attentional bias (AB), distinguishing between approach vs avoidance patterns of attention and assessing two different processes when the exposure time to images is manipulated: initial orienting and maintenance of attention. The present study aimed to analyze the predictive capacity of these two processes for substance use disorder severity and therapeutic

Introduction Anxiety sensitivity (AS) as well as negative cognitions about one’s ability to quit smoking represent cognitive-affective vulnerabilities implicated in smoking cessation success. However, the extent to which one’s perceived sensitivity to anxiety and cessation-related cognitions uniquely and interactively affect acute abstinence outcomes has not been examined. The current study examined

Adolescents have access to a wide range of cannabis products with patterns of use becoming increasingly diverse. This study aimed to identify subgroups of adolescents in the general population who use similar types of cannabis and their association with psychotic experiences. Data on cannabis use were obtained from 467 adolescents aged between 16-17 years. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified groups

Objective This study reports the prospectively estimated age of initiation of susceptibility to, ever, past 30-day, and fairly regular hookah use. Design Secondary data analyses of the first four waves (2013-2017) of the PATH study, a nationally representative longitudinal cohort study of US youth (ages 12–17). Methods Youth who were never hookah users at their first wave of participation were identified

Introduction The impact of psychiatric comorbidity and addiction features throughout the course of addiction has been widely studied. This is a naturalistic study conducted in an outpatient unit, where treatment follow-up studies are scarce compared to studies including inpatients or those under experimental conditions. Therefore, this follow-up study aims to analyze the treatment adherence and abstinence

Introduction Few studies examine the impact of objective exposure to point-of-sale (POS) marketing for cigars including little cigars and cigarillos (LCCs) on tobacco use. The present study aimed to examine the relationship between exposure to LCC marketing at the POS and current and future use of LCCs and cigarettes among young adult college students. Method Data on LCC and cigarette use from 4201

Introduction Knowledge on methamphetamine use among a new generation of sexual minority men (SMM) is limited. This study describes the event-level patterns of methamphetamine use and characteristics of methamphetamine users across time among Millennial SMM emerging into adulthood. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in two waves: 2009-2014 (Wave I) and 2014-2019 (Wave II) in the New York

Background Alcohol-related motor vehicle crashes are a major preventable cause of death in the United States. One potential factor that may modulate the influence of alcohol on driving-related cognitions and decision-making is trauma-related stress. Indeed, in addition to compelling research indicating that both acute trauma-related stress and acute alcohol consumption may independently affect driving-related

Background Team sport participation contributes to positive outcomes, including increased physical activity, better mental health, and enhanced social engagement. However, longitudinal studies show that team sport participation during adolescence is also associated with unhealthy lifestyle habits, including harmful substance use behaviors. Our objectives were to examine these associations in an adolescent

Schizotypy and its associated features—negative schizotypy, disorganization, and positive schizotypy—are correlated with increased cannabis use. Yet, it is unclear whether cannabis users with schizotypy are at greater risk of developing cannabis problems. Individuals with elevated schizotypy may be particularly vulnerable to cannabis problems. It is important to understand this association given the

The use of Social Networking Sites (SNSs) has exponentially increased over the past decade, leading to warnings about the addictive potential of this technology. Yet, the idea of SNS addiction remains controversial and more theory-driven research is required to understand the mechanisms of excessive and compulsive SNS use and to facilitate the development of targeted interventions helping affected

Whereas some prior studies have explored whether alcohol increases the risk for victimization and/or whether distress resulting from victimization increases the risk for alcohol use, few studies have simultaneously tested these bidirectional hypotheses among a high-risk sample (i.e., undergraduate women), while including both sexual assault (SA) and intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization, and

Rates of alcohol consumption are substantially higher among persons with pain, and recent research has focused on elucidating bidirectional pain-alcohol effects. Expectancies for alcohol analgesia could influence the degree to which alcohol confers acute pain-relieving effects, and may amplify the propensity to respond to pain with drinking behavior. However, no validated measures of expectancies for

Many smartphone users spend excessive amounts of time online and cannot control their behavior, and the addictive overuse of social-networking services has been shown to be associated with diminished executive control. Attentional control is a cognitive process crucial to exerting executive functions. The purpose of this study was to investigate functional connectivity (FC) characteristics of attention

Introduction Cigarette smoking prevalences are very high in persons living with HIV (PLWH). Identifying variables among PLWH that are linked to smoking in community samples (e.g., self-control) can inform smoking treatments for PLWH. The current study examined the association of self-reported self-control and smoking (e.g., smoking status, cigarette dependence) in a sample of PLWH. Methods Adult PLWH

Introduction Smoking is believed partially reinforcing via immediate sensory perceptions. Yet, unknown is whether a cigarette’s relative reinforcing efficacy can be predicted by these perceptions and whether this relationship may vary due to constituents known to alter those perceptions. Methods Sensory perceptions of acute smoking were examined as predictors of subsequent cigarette choice behavior

Background and aims Gambling Disorder (GD) is considered a heterogeneous, multidimensional pathology with high personal and social consequences. The transition time (TT) between problematic gaming and pathological gambling, which varies significantly across patients, may predict the disorder’s severity. As only limited studies have investigated the factors implicated in the TT, the current study set

Aim To examine differences in the psychometric characteristics of diagnostic criteria for Substance Use Disorders (SUD) between substance users in harm reduction settings (HR) and substance users seeking treatment (Tx). Methods Differential Item and Test Functioning (DIF & DTF) analysis were performed to examine differences in the difficulty of endorsement and in discrimination of the 11 diagnostic

Background Rates of alcohol use disorder (AUD) have increased in women in the last decade. Women may be more likely to engage in alcohol use to regulate stress and negative affect compared to men. Findings from our group found that life event stress was more strongly associated with new AUD in women vs. men. Our aim was to extend these findings to psychological distress, a potentially related construct

Cross-sectional research has demonstrated that endorsing, or acknowledging, and frequently thinking about having a drinking identity are uniquely and positively associated with alcohol consumption and risk for hazardous drinking. In the current investigation, we evaluated whether these facets of drinking identity indicated a latent drinking identity variable. We also investigated whether greater identification

Purpose The present study aims to examine trends in cannabis views and use among US adults who are alcohol abstainers, non-binge drinkers, and binge drinkers. Methods We used data from the 2002–2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (US adults ages 18 and older, n = 664,152). Consistent with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines, we conducted survey-adjusted logistic regression

Over the years, various models have been proposed to explain the psychology and biology of drug addiction, built primarily around the habit and compulsion models. Recent research indicates drug addiction may be goal-directed, motivated by excessive valuation of drugs. Drug consumption may initially occur for the sake of pleasure but may transition to a means of escaping withdrawal, stress and negative

Introduction E-cigarettes may have the potential to be an effective cessation aid for some cigarette smokers. However, the extent to which smokers’ experiences using e-cigarettes (vaping) to quit smoking impact their cessation outcomes is unclear. In this cross-sectional survey study, we develop a multidimensional measure of vaping experiences in adults who quit smoking by vaping and test its association

Introduction To understand the heterogeneous longitudinal trends in adolescent nicotine product use risk, we investigated the trajectories and determinants of nicotine product use among adolescents. Methods Using Waves 1–4 (Years 2013–2018) data of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study, we conducted group-based trajectory modeling to identify groups of individuals who followed homogeneous

This study examined sexual orientation and gender identity differences in co-occurring depressive symptoms and substance use disorders (SUDs) among young adults in the Growing Up Today Study national cohort (n=12,347; ages 20-35; 93% non-Hispanic white). Self-administered questionnaires assessed recent co-occurring depressive symptoms and probable nicotine dependence, alcohol use disorder, and drug

Alcohol abuse and dependence remain significant public health issues, and yet the brain circuits that are involved in the rewarding effects of alcohol are poorly understood. One promising way to study the effects of alcohol on neural activity is to examine its effects on functional connectivity between brain areas involved in reward and other functions. Here, we compared the effects of two doses of

Background While exposure to traumatic events and subsequent post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are common among people who use drugs (PWUD), little is known about gender-based differences associated with PTSD in this population. We explore gender-based differences in factors associated with a probable PTSD diagnosis in a cohort of PWUD from Vancouver, Canada. Methods Data were collected through

The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and the resulting lockdown measures have raised concerns regarding their effect on alcohol consumption. We investigated alcohol use during lockdown in a population of college students, usually characterized by social and heavy drinking. We also tested the predictive role of pre-lockdown drinking motives on alcohol consumption during lockdown

Introduction Increasing marijuana use among young adults is a concern due to substantial acute and chronic health risks. More widespread use of marijuana may also lead to increased use of nicotine and tobacco products. California legalized commercial sales of marijuana for recreational use as of January 2018. To our knowledge no studies to date have examined subsequent changes in marijuana use. The

The purpose of the present investigation was to examine the unique explanatory role of alcohol use motives above the effects of each other, using a multiple mediation model, for the relationship between obsessive–compulsive symptomatology and problematic alcohol use among a young ethno-racially diverse sample of college students with current (past-month) alcohol use. Participants were 454 college students

Purpose Past 30-day tobacco and marijuana use commonly occur among adolescents. It is unclear whether use of one product precedes the other, especially given the new climate surrounding marijuana legalization and the increasing popularity of e-cigarettes. Methods Six-panel cross-lagged regression models, with six months between each panel/Wave (2014–17), were used to model stability paths, bi-directional

Background There is an established link between depression and tobacco use among adults; however, to date, research has not explored the association of use of dual/poly tobacco products with symptoms and use of medication for depression. Methods Data were derived from a 2018 Texas population health assessment survey (n = 2034). Multivariable logistic and multinomial regressions were used to examine

Childhood maltreatment is a strong risk factor for increased alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. One possible explanation for these associations is the influence of dysfunctional attachment styles and interpersonal problems in adulthood. Individuals who have experienced childhood maltreatment are likely to develop maladaptive interpersonal styles due to insecure attachment. Maladaptive interpersonal

Exposure to childhood trauma increases the risk of tobacco use during adolescence. Recent studies have also reported potentially increased vulnerabilities to electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) use among youth with a history of childhood trauma. While empirical evidence supporting the relationship between childhood trauma and adolescent e‐cigarette use is emerging, few effective preventive interventions

Despite heightened consumer interest in cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), little is known about public perceptions regarding their medical use and potential for abuse, particularly relative to commonly used medications. Using data from 1,050 U.S. adult respondents from a national survey conducted in 2019, this study found that more than half of respondents perceived

Young adult frequent cannabis use has increased in prevalence and some frequent users have problems reducing their use. A strong link between momentary craving and subsequent use behaviors among individuals with problematic cannabis use has been reported in the literature, including young adults. In treatment contexts, interventions based on associative learning and reinforcement aim to reduce the

Aims Among people with cancer, dual alcohol and tobacco use increases risk for morbidity and mortality. Most smoking cessation clinical trials with this patient population have excluded individuals with problematic alcohol use. This investigation examined whether problematic alcohol use affects smoking cessation in cancer patients. Methods Mixed-methods secondary analysis of data from the Smokefree

Background Adult smokers with symptoms of any mental illness (AMI) are highly dependent on nicotine and may face additional difficulty quitting smoking. While there is evidence that adult smokers with AMI have high dependence, there is insufficient evidence regarding the unique role that AMI may play in moderating the relationship between dependence and cessation outcomes over time. Methods 7290 current

Objectives Inhalants are substances with underestimated abuse potential associated with cardiac problems, dizziness, seizures, and decreased level of consciousness. Inhalants are commonly used by the LGB population, who are vulnerable to their harms. US epidemiologic inhalants data are scarce. The aims of this study are to: i) investigate associations between inhalant use and sexual identity groups;

Introduction E-cigarette use has increased rapidly over the last 10 years, mostly among smokers and ex-smokers. Although there may be some degree of dependency on nicotine via e-cigarette use, the nature of this dependency is poorly understood. The aim of this paper is to use tasks from behavioural economics to compare the value that smokers place on tobacco cigarettes to the value that vapers place

We used structural equation modeling to assess the role of impaired emotional awareness and clarity (Impaired Awareness/Clarity) and inability to control behaviors when experiencing emotional distress (Inability to Control Behaviors) as an account for the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and negative affect (NA) in individuals with Substance Use Disorders (SUDs) and healthy controls

We examined tobacco use changes in young adult college students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on smoking and vaping. First, we evaluated changes in tobacco use from pre to post campus closure focusing on smoking and electronic nicotine vaping frequency (days) and quantity (cigarettes/cartridges per day). Also, given the potential protective effects of pausing (temporarily or permanently

Objectives Preadolescence substance exposure, which increases the risk of regular substance use, has been a public health concern. Although studies found that impulsivity is a predisposing factor of early substance exposure, the pathways through which impulsivity is associated with early substance exposure remain unclear. This study examined how family conflict mediates this association among U.S.

Background There is a lack of understanding of what contributes to attitudes toward individuals with an opioid addiction and preferences for policies that support them. Methods This study aimed to investigate stigmatization of an opioid addiction and support for publicly funded drug treatment. A randomized, between-subjects case vignette study (N = 1998) was conducted with a nation-wide online survey

Background Cigarette smoking disproportionately affects homeless individuals, who have a higher smoking prevalence, fewer resources, and increased stressors compared to domiciled smokers. Little is known about how to facilitate smoking cessation among this population although some findings support focusing efforts on affective variables as well as alternate outcomes in order to optimize interventions

Introduction Functional models of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) underscore the role of internally-driven negative reinforcement. However, with the focus of these models being on negative emotions broadly, there is limited understanding of the effect of alcohol use to down-regulate specific forms of negative emotions or positive emotions generally. Among populations

Introduction the association between Posttraumatic Stress symptoms (PTSS) and Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) among combat veterans is well established. However, little is known concerning the intertwining effect of distress oriented coping mechanisms on this association. In this study, we sought to explore the moderating role of experiential avoidance (EA), cognitive reappraisal (CR) and expressive suppression

Objective: Hazardous drinking is a prevalent form of alcohol misuse. Past research has examined emotion regulation difficulties as a risk factor for hazardous drinking; however, the majority of prior studies have focused on regulation of negative emotions. Recent work has implicated difficulties regulating positive emotions in relation to alcohol misuse, yet, it is largely unknown if difficulties regulating

Introduction Young adults’ e-cigarette use is associated with perceptions that e-cigarettes are less harmful or addictive than cigarettes, socially acceptable, and appealing. This study developed and tested vaping educational messages addressing these factors: 1) Harm Perceptions, 2) Addictiveness, 3) Social Use, and 4) Flavors. Methods Two message trials were conducted in U.S. Amazon Mechanical Turk

Background This study examined the trajectories of alcohol use, cannabis use, suicide planning (SP), and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) prior to hospitalization and examined the role of alcohol and cannabis use, independently and jointly, in predicting NSSI on a daily level and over time. Methods Participants included 71 adolescents hospitalized for suicide risk (75% female; 25% male; Mage = 15.79)

Background The FDA’s policies restricting sale of sweet flavored cartridge-based and disposable electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) comprise important steps toward curbing adolescent ENDS use. However, additional evidence is needed about the contribution of specific flavors to adolescents’ ENDS use. This study investigated the effects of flavor use on same day vaping behaviors, and next day

Aims To estimate the difference in delay discounting (DD) between subjects with Internet addiction (IA) and those without as well as to identify significant variables involved in DD. Methods Using the keywords related to IA (e.g., “excessive Internet use”, “Internet dependence”) AND “delayed reward discounting” OR “delay discounting” OR “temporal discounting” OR “delayed gratification” OR time discounting

Substance Use Disorder (SUD) is a chronic and relapsing disease characterized by craving, loss of control, tolerance and physical dependence. At present, the combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial intervention is the most effective management strategy in preventing relapse to reduce dropout rates and promote abstinence in SUD patients. However, only few effective medications are available

Background While it is generally recognised that cognitive attributes can predict behaviour change outcomes in the field of addiction this question is typically studied in treatment seeking samples (to predict treatment outcomes and relapse). However the concept of behaviour change applies to the entire spectrum of addiction-like behaviours and initiatives such as temporary abstinence challenges offer

Objective The current study examined the developmental interrelationships between alcohol and marijuana use trajectories from ages 10 to 18 years in a sample of North American Indigenous adolescents. Distinct co-use groups were formed to create profiles of young adult outcomes. Method Dual group-based trajectory models of marijuana and alcohol frequency were estimated using data from a longitudinal

Introduction Protective Behavioral Strategies (PBS) are an alcohol-specific cognitive-behavioral strategies that may be employed before, during and/or after drinking, in order to reduce alcohol consumption and related consequences, particularly in the at-risk populations. Previous research on PBS was limited to North American college students. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of PBS

Introduction Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among adolescents is associated with increased risk of subsequent cigarette smoking initiation in observational research. However, the existing research was not designed to answer causal questions about whether adolescent e-cigarette users would have initiated cigarette smoking if they had never used e-cigarettes. The current study used a causal inference