Fibulin-5 and ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) levels increase in acute phase of cerebrovascular diseases, yet data regarding their levels in various stroke subtypes and correlation with severity and prognosis are still insufficient. This work aims to evaluate serum IMA and fibulin-5 as markers for early detection and predicting prognosis in acute cerebrovascular disease. This case-control study was

Traditionally, non-invasive and invasive techniques were used for the treatment of cervicogenic headache (CH). Greater occipital nerve block is the most frequent peripheral nerve block invasive technique used for the management of cervicogenic headache. The purpose of this prospective, double-blinded study was to compare the efficacy of two different techniques: multifidus cervicis plane block and

The prevalence of cervical canal stenosis alone is estimated to be present in 4.9% of the adult population. Co-existence of dual pathology may complicate clinical presentation and necessitates a wise and individually based decision process. To estimate the co-existence of cervical canal stenosis in surgical lumbar canal stenosis patients and its reflection on decision-making regarding surgery. It is

To test the nature of the ocular side effects induced by topiramate (TPM) whether dose dependent or idiosyncratic, and to test various predictors that might influence the occurrence of those side effects. Twenty patients treated with TPM were included in this study. Patients underwent ophthalmic assessment before and after 4 weeks of treatment by stable doses of oral TPM. We examined non-cycloplegic

With the spread of SARS-CoV-2, contingency measures and plans to facilitate the screening of infected patients are needed. Changes in olfaction have been cited as symptoms of the disease, and it is important to prove or exclude its association with this condition to refine the symptomatic criteria for early isolation. This article aims to analyze the association between olfactory disorders and SARS-CoV-2

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is one of the most serious treatment-related complications that is encountered in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). PML is a serious complication of MS treatment which is most commonly related to natalizumab. We report clinical course of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in a 40-year-old man who was on treatment for highly active

Cardiac arrhythmias are expected among patients with epilepsy due to the effect of anti-epileptic drugs. Temporal lobe epilepsy also causes autonomic seizures that may affect heart rhythm. Prolongation of the corrected QT interval and QT dispersion is a risk factor for cardiac arrhythmia. We aimed to assess corrected QT interval and QT dispersion in patients with epilepsy and if there is a difference

Clinical applications of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) have shown promising results in the treatment of headache disorders, with migraine being one of the most encountered. To assess the role of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation as a preventive treatment of migraine (with and without aura) and correlate the results with the serum level of the inflammatory biomarker

Prognostic significance of troponin-I (T-I) elevation for poor short-term outcome in thrombolyzed ischemic stroke patients remains uncertain. To evaluate its role as a predictive biomarker of short-term outcome in thrombolyzed ischemic stroke patients. This study included 72 acute ischemic stroke patients who were treated with intravenous thrombolytic therapy. All patients were subjected to clinical

Acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and postpartum women presenting as headache, visual disturbances, seizures, and elevated blood pressure are usually attributed to preeclampsia and eclampsia. However cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) are two important, rare conditions which should be considered. PRES is a rare neuroradiological

The concepts of brain excitability are still re-wiring in response to changes in environment. Ambulation is often limited in stroke patients. To determine the effect of cycling exercise on motor excitability and consequences on spatiotemporal gait parameters in stroke patients. Forty male ischemic stroke patients were included; their age ranged from 45 to 60 years. The patients were assigned into two

Stroke represents the second leading cause of death in the world after myocardial infarction. Intravenous (IV) thrombolysis with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase, rt-PA) is the only pharmacological therapy that was approved for treatment within 4.5 h of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) onset. We aimed to predict the 3-month outcome of AIS patients who received alteplase regarding mortality

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a current global pandemic. The case number has increased since December 31, 2019. It has been reported that COVID-19 patients have been giving pain complaints, one of which is muscular pain. Other types of pain that have also been reported by COVID-19 patients are joint pain, stomach pain, and testicular pain. Neuropathic pain is the rarest case among others.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel virus that has been reported to have various neurological manifestations. Cerebrovascular disorders have been encountered as a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presentation in our center during the pandemic. We are presenting 10 cases with cerebrovascular manifestations after having COVID-19 few days prior to stroke. Cerebrovascular

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of increased intracranial pressure without a clear cause and can have serious visual effects. Previous research work suggests that transcranial Doppler measurements of pulsatility index correlate accurately with elevated intracranial pressure. To assess the cerebrovascular hemodynamic changes in patients with IIH using transcranial Doppler before

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) technique is important for exploring more sensitive imaging-based biomarkers in prevention and early treatment of cognitive dysfunction induced by type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). To predict early cognitive dysfunction and detection of microstructural white matter changes in patients with type 2 DM by diffusion tensor imaging. A case-control study included thirty patients

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive procedure used in a small targeted region of the brain via electromagnetic induction and used diagnostically to measure the connection between the central nervous system (CNS) and skeletal muscle to evaluate the damage that occurs in MS. The study aims to investigate whether single-pulse TMS measures differ between patients with MS and healthy

Depression and anxiety are non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that are often overlooked and underrated. This study aimed to highlight the frequency and risk factors of depression and anxiety among subjects with PD. Sixty-four patients with PD who were diagnosed according to United Kingdom Parkinson’s Disease Society (UKPDS) Brain Bank Criteria and 50 sex- and age-matched healthy control

Apolipoprotein A1 and B and their ratio are considered a better biomarker for cardiovascular diseases than a lipid profile, but this previous finding is not proved to cerebrovascular ischemic diseases. The aim of this study is to assess the relation between apolipoprotien A1 and B and their ratio to intra- and extracranial carotid atherosclerosis in patients with ischemic acute stroke. 90 Egyptian

Intracranial vessel wall imaging can detect non-stenotic lesions with further characterization of stenotic lesions that have already been detected with common angiographic methods. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the intracranial vessel wall can describe the presence of both large and small atherosclerotic lesions and to characterize the lesions based on enhancement, plaque content, and vulnerability

Benzodiazepines (BDZ) are a class of psychoactive drugs that have been widely used for the treatment of many medical conditions. In this paper, a case of an atypical pattern of diazepam dependence in a patient with epilepsy is presented. The article may be an interesting proposition for rational management in the treatment of benzodiazepine dependence in a patient with non-withdrawal and withdrawal

Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain, and it is considered as the 4th common neurological disorder. Epilepsy is associated with an economic burden by imposing a significant burden on both the individuals who have the condition and on those around them, as well as for the society. Our objective is to study and evaluate the direct costs associated with the medical management of epilepsy, one of

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may have a potential for improving post-stroke dysphagia. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of tDCS on improving dysphagia in stroke patients. Forty stroke patients were divided randomly into two equal groups (the study (group A) and control groups (group B). Group A received a physical therapy program and active (tDCS), and group B received

The coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) has disrupted the routine neurosurgical education and practice worldwide and so more in developing countries. Continuing the neurosurgical training while maintaining the well-being of our residents should be the primary concern of leaders of training programs. The aim of this cross-sectional study was the evaluation of the impact of COVID-19 on neurosurgical residency

It has been demonstrated experimentally that the coronavirus can enter the central nervous system through olfactory nerves and can even reach medulla. Neurological manifestations are observed more frequently in patients with coronavirus disease. The aim of the review is to seek evidence for infection of the nervous system by the human coronavirus and study the neurological manifestations of the coronavirus

Focal epilepsy is the most common form of epilepsy in adults. Advances in brain imaging allowed better identification of different structural lesions underlying focal epilepsy. However, the response to antiepileptic drugs in lesional epilepsy is heterogeneous and difficult to anticipate. This study aimed to evaluate the response to antiepileptic drugs (AED) in patients with lesional epilepsy and to

The adipose tissues release pro-inflammatory cytokines such as leptin that can be considered a link between obesity and autoimmunity. This study aimed to investigate a possible correlation between BMI, serum leptin, and multiple sclerosis (MS). This case-control study recruited consecutively 169 patients from our MS Unit and 50 healthy controls. Clinical history and examination with Expanded Disability

To the Editor, The current pandemic that has paralyzed the world economy is caused by a new coronavirus [severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)]. Although the lung is a major target organ of the virus, it can also strike other parts of the body including the nervous system. Neurologic presentations of COVID-19 are ranging from nonspecific and moderate to severe. Most patients

Pain is a common health problem all around the world. The pain symptoms are various depending on the underlying disease or the direct cause of pain itself. Viral infection could cause arthralgia or acute-onset arthritis, moreover in pandemic era of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The patients might experience arthritis, arthralgia, joint pain, or musculoskeletal pain. Viral infection including parvovirus B19

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common upper limb entrapment neuropathy; severe cases are treated surgically and mild to moderate can be managed conservatively. The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to define the efficacy of gabapentin as an adjuvant to splinting in the treatment of mild to moderate CTS. A systematic search through 13 databases, randomized clinical trials (RCTs)

Intravenous thrombolytic therapy remains the guideline-recommended treatment to improve outcomes after acute ischemic stroke. However, the functional outcome among patients with acute ischemic stroke after receiving intravenous thrombolytic therapy is influenced by huge variety of factors, and this was the aim of our study to evaluate the outcome predictors of intravenous thrombolytic therapy in a

There are large numbers of inflammatory molecules and humoral mediators that can be involved in the epileptogenesis such as cytokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP), and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). We aimed to evaluate serum levels and the diagnostic value of MMP-2 and HMGB1 in Iraqi patients with epilepsy. One hundred epileptic patients comprised 60 controlled epileptics and 40 refractory

Lentiform fork sign is a neuroradiological abnormality which is encountered in the clinical practice associated with uremic encephalopathy, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome and metabolic acidosis. We describe here a case of this neuro-radiological abnormality which was encountered in a patient with uraemia and high anion gap metabolic acidosis who presented with generalised convulsion and later had

Dysphagia is a common symptom among various neurological diseases. Guidelines recommend gastrostomy insertion for prolonged dysphagia with lower rate of intervention failure encountered with percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) as compared to nasogastric tube insertion. Neurology consultants only were included and completed a self-administered questionnaire concerning their practice backgrounds

Intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator is the only golden approved medical therapy for acute ischemic stroke, guidelines for its injection relay on reducing or preventing associated hemorrhage as a side effect, yet hemorrhage is not the only possible complication, further embolization following injection is also a possibility; in this case report, peripheral embolization following intravenous

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) can be an important predictor of comorbid cerebrovascular disease (CVD). However, it is not sufficiently investigated or considered in the management and prevention of stroke. To study the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in large artery ischemic stroke patients and its impact on prognosis. This is a prospective cohort study. A total of 100 patients with large

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) is the most frequent type of cerebral small vessel diseases and a common incidental finding in MRI films of the geriatric population. The objectives of this work were to study the existence of occult cognitive and balance impairments in subjects with accidentally discovered WMHs. The study was conducted on 44 subjects with accidentally discovered WMHs and 24 non-WMHs

Most stroke survivors (more than 60%) suffer from persistent neurological impairments that significantly affect activities of daily living. Hand functions are essential for doing daily living and working activities. Mirror therapy is shown to be effective in improving hand functional recovery in stroke patients. This study aimed to determine the effect of mirror therapy on improving hand functions

The high illiteracy rates in the North African and Middle Eastern region make direct cognitive testing challenging. Validated instruments for dementia in Arabic language are lacking specially those targeting low-educated subjects. The aim of this study was to develop a cognitive evaluation battery suitable for both educated and illiterate Egyptian elderly people. A cross-sectional study was conducted

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) mainly affects overweight women in the middle age period. The pathophysiology of IIH stays unclear, but suggested mechanisms include excess CSF production, reduced CSF absorption, increased brain water content, and increased cerebral venous pressure To assess the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow dynamic changes in aqueduct of Sylvius in patients of idiopathic

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) for the treatment of acute stroke has been under the radar for a long time. Previous studies have not been able to prove efficacy. Several factors might have contributed to such inconsistent results. The timing of delivering the hyperbaric oxygen in relation to the stage of stroke evolution may be an important factor. This was not taken into account in the previous

Post-stroke aphasia (PSA) is an impairment of the generation or comprehension of language due to acute cerebrovascular lesions. Subacute phase span the 7th day to 24 weeks post-onset while > 6 months is termed chronic phase. Language recovery does not arise immediately in chronic PSA, unlike the acute phase. The majority of the treatment modalities in these two PSA phases are still in the infancy stage

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized with symmetric synovitis and occasional extra articular involvement; also, some neurologic disorders can be observed during the disease course. Myasthenia gravis (MG) is one of them and it is an autoimmune disease of neuromuscular junction. It is caused by autoantibodies against neuromuscular junction proteins: the nicotinic acetylcholine

Morphological variations (MV) in the course of the internal carotid artery (ICA) are commonly identified. Their prevalence and relationship with ischemic stroke (IS) remain unclear. The present study attempted to estimate the prevalence and pattern of MV of ICA among Egyptian patients and to detect whether these MV associated with increased risk of IS or not. Out of the recruited 550 acute ischemic

Raising the general population knowledge of Alzheimer’s disease is crucial for optimizing care and ultimately enhancing the quality of life of people diagnosed and their caregivers. To assess knowledge among the general population in Makkah Region about symptoms, diagnosis, causes, course, life impact, care giving, and management of Alzheimer disease. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) accounts for approximately 90% of peripheral entrapment neuropathy cases. Treatments of CTS as splinting, corticosteroid injection, and surgery are not 100% effective, and alternative treatments are worth exploring. Surgery indicated in patients with persistent numbness, pain, and motor dysfunction. Empirical evidence indicates that many patients with CTS respond to anti-inflammatory

Beside common risk factors for stroke such as diabetes and hypertension, single-nucleotide variants occurring within micro RNA genes have been identified as susceptibility loci for ischemic stroke risk. Investigate the possible association of two variants in pre miRNA sequences, rs11614913 within miR-196a2 C > T and rs2292832 within miR-149 T > C, with ischemic stroke. One hundred ischemic stroke patients

Migraine is a prevalent, chronic, and multifactorial neurovascular disease. Our work aimed to investigate if the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness are affected in patients with chronic migraine to improve the understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of migraine. A case-control study conducted on 30 patients with chronic migraine and 30 aged and sex-matched

Migraine in children and adolescents is very common and can be associated with equivalents, psychiatric disorders, or abnormal electroencephalogram findings. Neurogenic inflammation is involved in migraine pathogenesis where pro-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role. Recent studies have demonstrated that serum bilirubin can be considered as an antioxidant and cytoprotective agent and that

Isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy is an infrequent condition that usually appears in connection to an underlying disease. Rarely, the cause cannot be determined, and there is no symptom remission. We report two cases of male patients who developed persistent idiopathic isolated unilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy. The younger patient complained of involuntary movements of the tongue, while

Somatic cough syndrome is a somatization disorder that usually presents in children and which is often diagnosed late after an extensive search for organic causes. The condition was redefined by the DSM-5 criteria and grouped with the other conditions under the umbrella of somatoform disorders. Nonetheless, clinical presentation is heterogeneous, and etiology is still not clearly defined. Several management

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease. A suitable biomarker for epilepsy diagnosis remains lacking. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were pronounced as promising biomarkers for epileptogenesis. To analyze the expression levels of miR 194-5p, miR 106b, and miR 146a in Egyptian epileptic patients compared to control subjects and to detect their correlation to clinical characteristics. We evaluated the expression

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major public health problem and represents commonest form of dementia that affects many aspects of brain functions and contributes to 60–70% of dementia cases. No study has been conducted in Saudi Arabia to measure the prevalence of AD. However, approximately there are at least 50,000 patients in Saudi Arabia based on an expert’s estimation. Public knowledge and awareness

Telemedicine remains an important tool of healthcare services delivery especially in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. Its advantages include saving the time and money of the patients and the prevention of infection among healthcare providers. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of telemedicine visits in providing postoperative care of neurosurgical patients. We conducted

Epilepsy is among the most common disabling neurological disorders among children. Altered serum levels of zinc and copper may facilitate seizure occurrence and repetition, and antiepileptic drugs may disturb their serum levels affecting disease control and outcome. To investigate the association between serum levels of zinc and copper and epilepsy and antiepileptic treatment in a group of Egyptian

Migraine, tension type headache (TTH), and hypothyroidism are clinical problems that affect patient daily activities and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential association between hypothyroidism in patients with migraine and TTH. Two hundred and twelve patients with migraine and TTH and one hundred control subjects underwent clinical evaluation, assessment of thyroid

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder that affects the central nervous system (CNS) of females more than males. The objective of the current study was to assess serum level of prolactin (PRL) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and to explore their role in disease activity. Fifty females were included in this

Headache with a neurological deficit and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytosis (HaNDL) is usually under-recognized and under-reported. HaNDL is a self-limiting condition, but the grave symptoms require a large-scale differential diagnosis. We report a case of a 24-year-old female who developed dysarthria for several hours and decreased use of the right arm with right-sided facial weakness. After

Peripheral vestibular disorders are common disorders among population with increased prevalence with age advancement, manifested by balance disorders and postural instability that negatively affect daily activities and social participation. To investigate the effect of transmastoidal galvanic stimulation added to a designed vestibular rehabilitation program on recovery outcomes in Egyptian patients

Cerebral ischemia initiates an oxidative stress response in the brain which is a composite process that involves many oxidative stress biomarkers. High levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) in patients with acute ischemic stroke had been found. The evaluation of oxidative stress in the acute stage may contribute to improve the post ischemic stroke outcome. The aim of the current study to assess MDA level