Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a well-established nonmotor manifestations (NMM) of Parkinson disease (PD) which needs objective assessment for better understanding of the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this work was quantitative and qualitative assessment of olfactory performance in newly diagnosed PD patients. This study was performed on 32 recently diagnosed PD patients and 24 healthy controls subjects

The study was done to investigate the role of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) in characterization of cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) and incidence of CMBs in acute ischemic stroke obese patients. We recruited 120 acute ischemic stroke obese patients. All participants or their relatives gave written informed consent. MRI of the brain with SWI sequences was done for all patients. SWI showed 30% of

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is one of the chronic causes of elevated intracranial pressure with no evident cause in neuroimaging and normal CSF analysis. It primarily affects overweight women of childbearing age. To describe the clinical picture of IIH, neuroimaging and response to treatment after 3 months follow up in a sample of Egyptian patients. This was a prospective study carried

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common cause of neurological disabilities in adults and commonly affects the visual pathway. The objective of this study is to assess and compare the sensitivity of visual evoked potentials (VEP) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) as measures of early disability in ambulatory patients with MS. Forty-four patients with MS with Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) diagnosis could be challenging in some cases and a thorough workup should be done to rule out ALS mimics. Thus, diagnosis should be made by an experienced neurologist and should be regularly reviewed. Review challenging cases from the ALS clinic that were misdiagnosed as ALS. This is a descriptive study. We registered data of all patients coming for evaluation in

Hypertension is the commonest cause of acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) which is life-threatening with a poor prognosis. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prognosis and blood pressure monitoring and control in patients presented by acute spontaneous ICH. One hundred and fifty patients presented by acute spontaneous ICH were classified according to the modified Rankin Scale (mRS)

Essential tremor (ET) is now considered as a slowly progressive neurodegenerative disorder with a variety of motor and non-motor manifestations. The objectives of this work were to study the existence of cognitive, mood, olfactory, and balance dysfunctions in ET patients and their relation to tremor severity as well as patients’ activity of daily livings. This study was performed on 36 ET patients

Post-stroke depression (PSD) has worse functional outcomes and quality of life. Despite the extensive literature on this topic, there is no agreement on the frequency or risk factors for post-stroke depression. To establish the frequency and risk factors of post-stroke depression and its impact on quality of life. One hundred three stroke patients were recruited from the out-patient clinic of Qena

Cerebrovascular manifestations are uncommon presentations of scorpion sting in the Indian subcontinent. Encephalopathy, cerebral edema, subarachnoid hemorrhage, non-hemorrhagic strokes, and cortical necrosis are a few CNS complications described in the medical literature due to scorpion envenomation. We report a rare case of scorpion envenomation in a 40-year old, non-hypertensive farmer, who presented

Limbic encephalitis is a subacute progressive disorder characterized by disturbances in memory and behavior along with seizures. Antibodies against leucine-rich glioma-inactivated 1 (LGI1) are associated with a subtype of encephalitis which along with the abovementioned symptoms is also characterized by severe pain and autonomic dysfunction. The classical radiological presentation of LGI1 encephalitis

Anti-leucine-rich glioma inactivated protein-1 (LGI-1) encephalitis is a rare autoimmune disease with a varied neuropsychiatric clinical manifestation and have potential for reversal with immunotherapy. Early identification and treatment are therefore of paramount importance. We present the case of a 43-year-old man admitted for acute psychosis with facio-brachial dystonic seizures not responding to

The administration of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) has increased the focus on acute ischemic stroke (AIS) as an emergency condition. The emergency physicians have to rapidly recognize the patients who are candidates for rt-PA and refer them to the specialized stroke team within the proper time window. The knowledge of the emergency physicians about the benefit and the drawbacks

Cinnarizine (CNZ) and flunarizine (FNZ) belong to the calcium channel blockers class of medication. The aim of this literature review is to evaluate the clinical epidemiological profile, pathological mechanisms, and management of CNZ/FNZ-associated movement disorder (MD). Relevant reports in six databases were identified and assessed by two reviewers without language restriction. One hundred and seventeen

Anorexia nervosa, with the highest mortality rate among psychiatric diseases, is characterized by low body mass index, fear of weight gain, and disturbed body image. Even though multiple drugs have been proposed for the treatment of anorexia nervosa, current treatment modalities include nutritional support and psychotherapy. In this study, our aim is to analyze the efficiency and possible adverse effects

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common upper limb entrapment neuropathy caused by compression of the median nerve as it traverses the wrist at the carpal tunnel. To compare the effect of single dose of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injected locally with that of corticosteroid in patients with CTS. A total of 60 patients with very mild to moderate unilateral CTS were recruited to the study. PRP

Understanding ischemic stroke pathogenesis helps in prevention, prognosis, and treatment. Stroke is greatly related to inflammation and thrombo-genesis as inflammatory cells (as neutrophils-lymphocytes) and thrombo-genic agents as von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF: Ag) and epicardial fat. Evaluation of epicardial fat thickness (EFT), neutrophil/lymphocytic ratio (NLR), and (VWF: Ag) levels as predisposing

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is characterized by gradual disturbance of both upper and lower motor neurons (LMN). In ALS, muscle wasting favors the abductor pollicis brevis (APB) and first dorsal interosseous (FDI), with relative preservation of abductor digiti minimi (ADM). To interpret F wave changes in the context of upper and LMN dysfunction and the differences in dysfunction between spinal

Nationally, information regarding risk factors for early and late recurrence of ischemic stroke is limited. The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for early and late recurrent ischemic stroke. We prospectively compared data from 58 patients with early (within 1 year after the index stroke) recurrent ischemic stroke with 64 patients with late (1 year or more after the index stroke) recurrent

Papillary tumor of the pineal region is an unusual, recently described entity with potential for misinterpretation as either an ependymoma or choroid plexus papilloma. With few reported cases, there is little data regarding the biologic behavior, natural course and optimal treatment for these patients. Further accumulation of reports will assist with defining this entity and may provide further insight

Though parenchymal neurocysticercosis is common and a major contributor to burden of seizures in most parts of the world, intraventricular neurocysticercosis (IVNCC) comprises 10–20% of cases and poses a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. We report an adult female presenting with intermittent occipital headache, used to be worse in lying down position, and aggravated with head movements, and there

Microvascular decompression of facial nerve provides definitive and long-term cure for hemifacial spasm. We review our experience of treating hemifacial spasm by microvascular decompression. To evaluate the results of microvascular decompression of facial nerve for hemifacial spasm and to discuss the critical steps during surgery necessary to achieve a good result. Twenty-one cases of hemifacial spasm

Stroke can affect any portion of the central nervous system leading to a wide variety of symptoms depending on the part that is involved. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is an emerging neuroimaging technique that allows measuring the integrity of white matter tracts. The objective of this study is to find out if the diffusion tensor tractography technique can provide prognostic information regarding

Atherosclerotic intracranial arterial stenosis (ICAS) is one of the most common causes of stroke worldwide and is associated with a high risk of recurrent stroke. Patients with a recent transient ischemic attack (TIA) or stroke and severe stenosis (70 to 99% of the diameter of a major intracranial artery) are at particularly high risk for recurrent stroke in the territory of the stenotic artery (approximately

Recovery of upper extremity (UE) motor function after stroke is variable from one to another due to heterogeneity of stroke pathology. Structural and biochemical magnetic resonance imaging of the primary motor cortex (M1) have been used to document reorganization of neural activity after stroke. To assess cortical biochemical and structural causes of delayed recovery of UE motor function impairment

Cognitive impairment is a common finding epileptic children. Studies have linked nocturnal epileptic discharges to delayed cognitive abilities in children. The study aims to evaluate the effect of nocturnal epileptic seizures on cognitive functions in children with idiopathic epilepsy. The study was conducted on 70 children with idiopathic generalized or benign focal epilepsy. Based on seizures semiology

Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is the most common peripheral nerve entrapment syndrome worldwide. The current work aimed at determining the effect of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on different severities of carpal tunnel syndrome. Sixty patients with unilateral carpal tunnel syndrome were participated in this study. They were divided into three equal groups according to severity (mild, moderate

Urinary dysfunction is a common symptom during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS). Long-term follow-up of the natural history of bladder dysfunction in MS has been seldom addressed. To identify the type and the course of voiding dysfunction in MS patients in relation to the urodynamic changes of the lower urinary tract (LUT) An observational prospective study including 120 MS patients with urinary

Autoimmune encephalitis presents with subacute neurological, psychiatric, and behavioral symptoms. In many cases, MRI and CSF studies return normal. Laboratory testing for pathogenic neuronal antibodies is limited by accessibility and sensitivity issues. Finally, the different diagnostic approaches lack consensus and have until recently been largely retrospective. Collectively, these factors predispose

Vitamin D is suggested to play an important role in neurodegenerative disorders. To examine the association between serum 25 vitamin D3 and Parkinson’s disease (PD). Fifty patients suffering from PD and fifty age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects were included in the study. Patients were subjected to complete clinical assessment, and Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was done to

Migraine, although, is a prevalent disease; its pathogenesis is complex and still not fully elucidated. The effect of vitamin D on various neurological disorders is thought to be exerted either directly via its specific receptors or through the related minerals. We investigated the possible relationship between vitamin D level and its related minerals (calcium and magnesium) and migraine characteristics

The novel coronavirus which emerged in Wuhan province of China has taken world by surprise. Since been diagnosed in December 2019, it has been termed a “Pandemic” and there is a growing concern in physicians across the globe. As new evidence is emerging, there are various preventative strategies which are being deployed. Multiple sclerosis patients who are on disease modifying therapies (DMTs) might

To evaluate the role of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the evaluation of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) compared to clinical scores and nerve conduction studies (NCS). We included 30 patients with diabetes mellitus complaining of neuropathy symptoms and 15 healthy volunteers. All subjects underwent evaluation using 1.5-T DTI of median nerves and NCS. Patients underwent clinical evaluation

Stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability in developing countries. The burden of stroke has varied widely in different areas, and there is a paucity of information about stroke in the selected study area. To assess the burden, risk factors, and outcomes of stroke at Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia A hospital-based retrospective observational study was conducted

The annual incidence of Bell’s palsy (BP) is 15 to 20 per 100,000 with 40,000 new cases each year, and the lifetime risk is 1 in 60. For decades, clinicians have searched the prognostic tests of sufficient accuracy for acute facial paralysis. The present study was designed to verify in BP which clinical or electrophysiological parameters could be considered as predictive of the degree of recovery of

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is an imaging modality using multi-section single-shot spin echo planar imaging (EPI) sequence which is extremely sensitive for detection of water motion within intra, extra, and transcellular regions. This character is important to differentiate between brain tumors either low (benign) or highly (malignant) cellular tumors. To evaluate the role of DWI and apparent

Approximately half of stroke patients show impaired upper limb and hand function. Task-oriented training focuses on functional tasks, while joint mobilization technique aims to restore the accessory movements of the joints. To investigate the effect of adding joint mobilization to task-oriented training to help the patients in reaching a satisfactory level of recovery for their hand function. Thirty

Dear Editor, We read the article with interest titled “The effects of Kinesio taping of lower limbs on functional mobility, spasticity, and range of motion of children with spastic cerebral palsy” published in The Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery on 29th October (2019) 55:70 [1]. We want to commend the authors for this useful clinical study and a significant contribution towards

Recently, an exceptional increase was witnessed in cell phone users. The brain has greater exposure to the electromagnetic field (EMF) created during mobile phone use than the rest of the body, which may impair its function. In persons with epilepsy, the brain has more tendencies towards electrical instability. The current study aims at investigating the effect of mobile phone radiation (MPR) on the

Nearly one-third of epilepsy patients are refractory/resistant to medical treatment. Developments made in surgical techniques have significantly increased the effectiveness and safety of these techniques, as such techniques have been demonstrated to improve seizure control/freedom outcomes. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the complications of epilepsy surgery. The

Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by convulsions. Identification of biological pathways underlying epilepsy and novel genes may shed light on the pathogenesis of epilepsy as well as new targets for treatment. Amylin is cosecreted with insulin from the pancreatic β-cells in a pulsatile manner as a response to nutrient stimuli. In vitro studies have shown the neurotoxicity potential of

High-resolution ultrasonography (US) is a non-invasive, readily applicable imaging modality capable of depicting real-time static and dynamic information concerning the peripheral nerves and their surrounding tissues. Although electrophysiological studies are the gold standard in the evaluation of nerve injuries, US can be used also to evaluate the morphological changes of nerve injuries. To evaluate

Though both anterior and posterior approach are used for the management of multilevel cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), the choice between both approaches remains to be of considerable debate. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of patients with multiple level CSM who underwent posterior laminectomy (PL) versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF)

Horner’s syndrome (HS) is characterized by unilateral ptosis, ipsilateral miosis with normally reactive pupil, and in some cases, ipsilateral facial anhidrosis. We report an adult male presenting with ptosis. Neurological examination revealed ptosis and miosis in the right eye. Anhidrosis was not observed, and the patient did not complain about it. Laboratory tests were within normal limits. He had

Lumbar interbody fusion procedure is a recognized surgical technique in management of a variety of lumbar pathologies including recurrent lumbar disc prolapse. Interbody fusion augmented by pedicle screw fixation has been considered to improve fusion rates and clinical outcomes. Interbody fusion is commonly associated with better fusion potentials through applying the bone graft in the load bearing

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) can have serious consequences related to vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Serum biomarkers have emerged as a promising assessment tool to facilitate earlier diagnosis of cerebral vasospasm (CV) and to identify pre-clinical vessel narrowing. Our aim was to detect the predictive value of serum biomarkers such as von Willebrand factor (vWF), vascular

Although anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is considered a gold standard approach for surgical management of cervical disc herniation syndromes, the use of dynamic cervical implant (DCI) provided a novel technique that aims at reconstruction of the anterior column while facilitating controlled neck motion and reducing stress across the facet joints. The objective of this study is to evaluate

One of the most prevalent sleep disorders is obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Patients with OSA have increased risk of car and work place accidents which may be attributed to cognitive impairment due to poor sleep quality. Thus, there is an increasing need to implement simple, reliable and rapid screening for cognitive impairment in OSA patients. To assess auditory event-related potentials (ERPs) and

We report an unusual manifestation of anti-GAD-associated limbic encephalitis in a 59-year-old man following pacemaker insertion for cardiac pauses. Clinically, the association of anti-GAD antibody with limbic encephalitis is rare. He presented with a complex constellation of symptoms, posing a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common degenerative diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Alpha-synuclein (A-syn) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of PD. The close relation between the salivary glands and the CNS could render the A-syn secretions in the saliva useful biomarkers for PD. To study the salivary A-syn levels in a cohort of PD Egyptian patients and to correlate

The most common respiratory complications in cerebrovascular strokes were respiratory infection, pulmonary edema, acute lung injury (ALI) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and pulmonary embolism (PE). The inhalation cough challenge facilitates the quantification of cough. To detect the level of cough reflex that is enough to protect against respiratory infection in stroke patients, and to

Speech and language are one of the higher cognitive brain functions. Language delay is one of the major concerns of child health in Egypt. Speech therapy is the standard management in language delay. We aimed to investigate the potential role of dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in improving specific language impairment. A total of 220 children (ages 3–4) were included

The aim of the study was to examine the prophylactic role of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on the frequency, and severity of migraine attacks in episodic migraineurs who failed medical treatment. A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled study was designed to assess the effect of 5 Hz rTMS applied over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (LDLPFC ) in 33 migraineurs. Patients

Currently, little is known regarding the association of metabolic comorbidities and disability among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. To evaluate insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in multiple sclerosis patients and their effect on disease progression and disability. This case-control study was conducted on 50 MS patients and 25 healthy individuals. They were subjected to clinical

Guillain–Barré Syndrome (GBS) is one of the most severe neurological diseases that causes marked disability and even death. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as a prognostic marker for GBS and response to treatment with plasmapheresis. Seventy-five subjects (35 GBS patients and 40 healthy controls) were recruited. Complete general and neurological

Tension-type headache is the most common headache to be seen in clinical practice. Depression is highly prevalent in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) patients attending the clinical settings. Cognitive impairment and neuroendocrine dysregulation had been reported in patients with depression and patients with CTTH. To assess the cognitive performance and investigate its possible relations to neuroendocrine

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a connective tissue disorder, which causes complex multi organ involvement. Neurological and cardiac manifestations have been well noted but complications such as status epilepticus and acute myocarditis with heart failure at presentation remains uncommon. A 15-year-old, previously healthy, South Asian, Sri Lankan female presented with status epilepticus and the seizures

Ictal asystole is a rare phenomenon. Most reported cases are in persons with long-standing focal epilepsy originating from the temporal lobe. Its occurrence may complicate the clinical presentation or delay diagnosis, and it is thought to be associated with increased risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. We report the case of a 55-year-old female person with epilepsy who suffered ictal asystole

Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide with grave morbidity and mortality. Sleep and stroke have a definite intermingling neuropathological relationship, so along with expeditious acute management, efficient secondary prevention and consistent rehabilitation, sleep disorders’ management has a hand in offering a medical service up to the mark. Screening of sleep disorders’ prevalence in patients

High levels of inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin (IL)-6 are associated with worse outcome after ischemic stroke. To study whether the level of IL-6 following ischemic stroke is related to the severity of stroke, infarct volume, stroke subtype, and its impact on stroke outcome. A total of 90 patients of acute ischemic stroke were enrolled with calculation of infarct

Detect the occurrence and characteristics of A-waves in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and demyelinating neuropathies (DN). Nerve conduction studies (NCS) of 28 patients (14 patients with ALS and 14 patients with DN) were reanalyzed to look for A-waves. We studied 61 nerves of the ALS group and 64 nerves of DN. In the ALS group, A-waves were detected in 21 nerves out of 61 nerves (34.4%). In the