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Factors Affecting Stem Cell–Based Regenerative Approaches in Retinal Degeneration Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Sachin H. Patel, Deepak A. Lamba
Inherited and age-associated vision loss is often associated with degeneration of the cells of the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. The mammalian retina, being a postmitotic neural tissue, does not have the capacity to repair itself through endogenous regeneration. There has been considerable excitement for the development of cell replacement approaches since the isolation
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Contributions of the Basal Ganglia to Visual Perceptual Decisions Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Long Ding
The basal ganglia (BG) make up a prominent nexus between visual and motor-related brain regions. In contrast to the BG's well-established roles in movement control and value-based decision making, their contributions to the transformation of visual input into an action remain unclear, especially in the context of perceptual decisions based on uncertain visual evidence. This article reviews recent progress
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Suppressing Retinal Remodeling to Mitigate Vision Loss in Photoreceptor Degenerative Disorders Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 Richard H. Kramer
Rod and cone photoreceptors degenerate in retinitis pigmentosa and age-related macular degeneration, robbing the visual system of light-triggered signals necessary for sight. However, changes in the retina do not stop with the photoreceptors. A stereotypical set of morphological and physiological changes, known as remodeling, occur in downstream retinal neurons. Some aspects of remodeling are homeostatic
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Pathophysiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-09-15 M. Elizabeth Hartnett
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a complex disease involving development of the neural retina, ocular circulations, and other organ systems of the premature infant. The external stresses of the ex utero environment also influence the pathophysiology of ROP through interactions among retinal neural, vascular, and glial cells. There is variability among individual infants and presentations of the
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Predicting Visual Fixations Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-07-07 Matthias Kümmerer, Matthias Bethge
As we navigate and behave in the world, we are constantly deciding, a few times per second, where to look next. The outcomes of these decisions in response to visual input are comparatively easy to measure as trajectories of eye movements, offering insight into many unconscious and conscious visual and cognitive processes. In this article, we review recent advances in predicting where we look. We focus
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Disparities in Eye Care Access and Utilization: A Narrative Review Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-31 Joana E. Andoh, Agnes C. Ezekwesili, Kristen Nwanyanwu, Angela Elam
This narrative review summarizes the literature on factors related to eye care access and utilization in the United States. Using the Healthy People 2030 framework, this review investigates social determinants of health associated with general and follow-up engagement, screenings, diagnostic visits, treatment, technology, and teleophthalmology. We provide hypotheses for these documented eye care disparities
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Two Sides of the Same Coin: Efficient and Predictive Neural Coding Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-23 Michael B. Manookin, Fred Rieke
Some visual properties are consistent across a wide range of environments, while other properties are more labile. The efficient coding hypothesis states that many of these regularities in the environment can be discarded from neural representations, thus allocating more of the brain's dynamic range to properties that are likely to vary. This paradigm is less clear about how the visual system prioritizes
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Structure, Function, and Molecular Landscapes of the Aging Retina Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-17 Jeffrey D. Zhu, Sharma Pooja Tarachand, Qudrat Abdulwahab, Melanie A. Samuel
Because the central nervous system is largely nonrenewing, neurons and their synapses must be maintained over the lifetime of an individual to ensure circuit function. Age is a dominant risk factor for neural diseases, and declines in nervous system function are a common feature of aging even in the absence of disease. These alterations extend to the visual system and, in particular, to the retina
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An Expanding Role for Nonvisual Opsins in Extraocular Light Sensing Physiology Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-17 Mutahar Andrabi, Brian A. Upton, Richard A. Lang, Shruti Vemaraju
We live on a planet that is bathed in daily and seasonal sunlight cycles. In this context, terrestrial life forms have evolved mechanisms that directly harness light energy (plants) or decode light information for adaptive advantage. In animals, the main light sensors are a family of G protein–coupled receptors called opsins. Opsin function is best described for the visual sense. However, most animals
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Visual Dysfunction in Diabetes Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-10 Erika D. Eggers
Although diabetic retinopathy (DR) is clinically diagnosed as a vascular disease, many studies find retinal neuronal and visual dysfunction before the onset of vascular DR. This suggests that DR should be viewed as a neurovascular disease. Prior to the onset of DR, human patients have compromised electroretinograms that indicate a disruption of normal function, particularly in the inner retina. They
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Using Natural Scenes to Enhance our Understanding of the Cerebral Cortex's Role in Visual Search Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-10 Mark A. Segraves
Using natural scenes is an approach to studying the visual and eye movement systems approximating how these systems function in everyday life. This review examines the results from behavioral and neurophysiological studies using natural scene viewing in humans and monkeys. The use of natural scenes for the study of cerebral cortical activity is relatively new and presents challenges for data analysis
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Ultra-High Field Imaging of Human Visual Cognition Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-05-03 Ke Jia, Rainer Goebel, Zoe Kourtzi
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), the key methodology for mapping the functions of the human brain in a noninvasive manner, is limited by low temporal and spatial resolution. Recent advances in ultra-high field (UHF) fMRI provide a mesoscopic (i.e., submillimeter resolution) tool that allows us to probe laminar and columnar circuits, distinguish bottom-up versus top-down pathways, and map
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Impact of Apps as Assistive Devices for Visually Impaired Persons Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-26 Shrinivas Pundlik, Prerana Shivshanker, Gang Luo
The pervasiveness of mobile devices and other associated technologies has affected all aspects of our daily lives. People with visual impairments are no exception, as they increasingly tend to rely on mobile apps for assistance with various visual tasks in daily life. Compared to dedicated visual aids, mobile apps offer advantages such as affordability, versatility, portability, and ubiquity. We have
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Perception and Memory in the Ventral Visual Stream and Medial Temporal Lobe Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-18 Chris B. Martin, Morgan D. Barense
Perception and memory are traditionally thought of as separate cognitive functions, supported by distinct brain regions. The canonical perspective is that perceptual processing of visual information is supported by the ventral visual stream, whereas long-term declarative memory is supported by the medial temporal lobe. However, this modular framework cannot account for the increasingly large body of
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Eye Morphogenesis in Vertebrates Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-11 Macaulie A. Casey, Sarah Lusk, Kristen M. Kwan
Proper eye structure is essential for visual function: Multiple essential eye tissues must take shape and assemble into a precise three-dimensional configuration. Accordingly, alterations to eye structure can lead to pathological conditions of visual impairment. Changes in eye shape can also be adaptive over evolutionary time. Eye structure is first established during development with the formation
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Visual Functions of the Primate Superior Colliculus Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-11 Ziad M. Hafed, Klaus-Peter Hoffmann, Chih-Yang Chen, Amarender R. Bogadhi
The superior colliculus (SC) is a subcortical brain structure that is relevant for sensation, cognition, and action. In nonhuman primates, a rich history of studies has provided unprecedented detail about this structure's role in controlling orienting behaviors; as a result, the primate SC has become primarily regarded as a motor control structure. However, as in other species, the primate SC is also
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Emerging Pathogenic Viral Infections of the Eye Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-04-05 Ekta Rishi, Joanne Thomas, Tolulope Fashina, Lucas Kim, Steven Yeh
Global health security threats and the public health impact resulting from emerging infectious diseases including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and recent Ebola virus disease outbreaks continuously emphasize the need for a comprehensive approach to preparedness, management of disease outbreaks, and health sequelae associated with emergent pathogens. A spectrum of associated ophthalmic manifestations
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Are Deep Neural Networks Adequate Behavioral Models of Human Visual Perception? Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-31 Felix A. Wichmann, Robert Geirhos
Deep neural networks (DNNs) are machine learning algorithms that have revolutionized computer vision due to their remarkable successes in tasks like object classification and segmentation. The success of DNNs as computer vision algorithms has led to the suggestion that DNNs may also be good models of human visual perception. In this article, we review evidence regarding current DNNs as adequate behavioral
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The Perceptual Science of Augmented Reality Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-21 Emily A. Cooper
Augmented reality (AR) systems aim to alter our view of the world and enable us to see things that are not actually there. The resulting discrepancy between perception and reality can create compelling entertainment and can support innovative approaches to education, guidance, and assistive tools. However, building an AR system that effectively integrates with our natural visual experience is hard
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What Is a Preferred Retinal Locus? Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-21 Luminita Tarita-Nistor, Irina Sverdlichenko, Mark S. Mandelcorn
This review examines the concept of the preferred retinal locus (PRL) in patients with macular diseases. Considering monocular and binocular viewing, we ( a) explain how to identify the PRL and discuss the pitfalls associated with its measurement, ( b) review the current hypotheses for PRL development, ( c) assess whether the PRL is the new reference point of the ocular motor system, and discuss (
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Neuronal Representations Supporting Three-Dimensional Vision in Nonhuman Primates Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-21 Ari Rosenberg, Lowell W. Thompson, Raymond Doudlah, Ting-Yu Chang
The visual system must reconstruct the dynamic, three-dimensional (3D) world from ambiguous two-dimensional (2D) retinal images. In this review, we synthesize current literature on how the visual system of nonhuman primates performs this transformation through multiple channels within the classically defined dorsal (where) and ventral (what) pathways. Each of these channels is specialized for processing
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Envisioning a Woman Scientist Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-17 Suzanne P. McKee
I entered science at a particularly lucky time. By the mid-1960s, women were being encouraged to pursue serious scientific careers. During the 60-year span of my career, women have become equal partners with men in scientific research, particularly in the biological sciences. There also has been abundant funding for research, which allowed me to succeed in a “soft-money” position at Smith-Kettlewell
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Visual Representations: Insights from Neural Decoding Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2023-03-08 Amanda K. Robinson, Genevieve L. Quek, Thomas A. Carlson
Patterns of brain activity contain meaningful information about the perceived world. Recent decades have welcomed a new era in neural analyses, with computational techniques from machine learning applied to neural data to decode information represented in the brain. In this article, we review how decoding approaches have advanced our understanding of visual representations and discuss efforts to characterize
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Cellular and Molecular Determinants of Retinal Cell Fate Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-09-15 Eleni Petridou, Leanne Godinho
The vertebrate retina is regarded as a simple part of the central nervous system (CNS) and thus amenable to investigations of the determinants of cell fate. Its five neuronal cell classes and one glial cell class all derive from a common pool of progenitors. Here we review how each cell class is generated. Retinal progenitors progress through different competence states, in each of which they generate
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Vision Impairment and On-Road Driving Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-09-15 Joanne M. Wood
Good vision is important for safe driving. The impact of vision impairment associated with common eye diseases on driving performance, and the association between vision measures and driving performance, are discussed. Studies include those where participants drove a real vehicle on a closed road or on public roads. Closed-road studies include evaluation of both simulated and true vision impairment
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The Essential Role of the Choriocapillaris in Vision: Novel Insights from Imaging and Molecular Biology Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-09-15 Kelly Mulfaul, Jonathan F. Russell, Andrew P. Voigt, Edwin M. Stone, Budd A. Tucker, Robert F. Mullins
The choriocapillaris, a dense capillary network located at the posterior pole of the eye, is essential for supporting normal vision, supplying nutrients, and removing waste products from photoreceptor cells and the retinal pigment epithelium. The anatomical location, heterogeneity, and homeostatic interactions with surrounding cell types make the choroid complex to study both in vivo and in vitro.
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The Boston Keratoprosthesis—The First 50 Years: Some Reminiscences Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-07-14 Claes Dohlman
Millions of people worldwide are bilaterally blind due to corneal diseases including infectious etiologies, trauma, and chemical injuries. While corneal transplantation can successfully restore sight in many, corneal graft survival decreases in eyes with chronic inflammation and corneal vascularization. Additionally, the availability of donor cornea material can be limited, especially in underdeveloped
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Sensory Perception in Autism: What Can We Learn? Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-07-09 Bat-Sheva Hadad, Amit Yashar
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder of unknown etiology. Recently, there has been a growing interest in sensory processing in autism as a core phenotype. However, basic questions remain unanswered. Here, we review the major findings and models of perception in autism and point to methodological issues that have led to conflicting results. We show that popular models of perception in autism, such
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Statistical Learning in Vision Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-06-21 József Fiser, Gábor Lengyel
Vision and learning have long been considered to be two areas of research linked only distantly. However, recent developments in vision research have changed the conceptual definition of vision from a signal-evaluating process to a goal-oriented interpreting process, and this shift binds learning, together with the resulting internal representations, intimately to vision. In this review, we consider
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Do You See What I See? Diversity in Human Color Perception Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-06-16 Jenny M. Bosten
In our tendency to discuss the objective properties of the external world, we may fail to notice that our subjective perceptions of those properties differ between individuals. Variability at all levels of the color vision system creates diversity in color perception, from discrimination to color matching, appearance, and subjective experience, such that each of us lives in a unique perceptual world
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Retinal Encoding of Natural Scenes Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Dimokratis Karamanlis, Helene Marianne Schreyer, Tim Gollisch
An ultimate goal in retina science is to understand how the neural circuit of the retina processes natural visual scenes. Yet most studies in laboratories have long been performed with simple, artificial visual stimuli such as full-field illumination, spots of light, or gratings. The underlying assumption is that the features of the retina thus identified carry over to the more complex scenario of
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Visual Attention in the Prefrontal Cortex Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Julio Martinez-Trujillo
Voluntary attention selects behaviorally relevant signals for further processing while filtering out distracter signals. Neural correlates of voluntary visual attention have been reported across multiple areas of the primate visual processing streams, with the earliest and strongest effects isolated in the prefrontal cortex. In this article, I review evidence supporting the hypothesis that signals
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Eye Movements as a Window into Decision-Making Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 Miriam Spering
For over 100 years, eye movements have been studied and used as indicators of human sensory and cognitive functions. This review evaluates how eye movements contribute to our understanding of the processes that underlie decision-making. Eye movement metrics signify the visual and task contexts in which information is accumulated and weighed. They indicate the efficiency with which we evaluate the instructions
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Binocular Integration in the Primate Primary Visual Cortex Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-06-09 A. Maier, M.A. Cox, J.A. Westerberg, K. Dougherty
Our brains devote substantial resources to creating a singular, coherent view from the two images in our eyes. Both anatomical and functional studies have established that the underlying fusion of monocular signals into a combined binocular response starts within the first synapses downstream from our eyes. Long-standing consensus held that the two eyes’ signals remain largely segregated until they
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Spike–Gamma Phase Relationship in the Visual Cortex Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-06-06 Supratim Ray
Gamma oscillations (30–70 Hz) have been hypothesized to play a role in cortical function. Most of the proposed mechanisms involve rhythmic modulation of neuronal excitability at gamma frequencies, leading to modulation of spike timing relative to the rhythm. I first show that the gamma band could be more privileged than other frequencies in observing spike–field interactions even in the absence of
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Calcium Channels in Retinal Function and Disease Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-06-02 Brittany Williams, J. Wesley Maddox, Amy Lee
Voltage-gated Ca2+ (Cav) channels play pivotal roles in regulating gene transcription, neuronal excitability, and neurotransmitter release. To meet the spatial and temporal demands of visual signaling, Cav channels exhibit unusual properties in the retina compared to their counterparts in other areas of the nervous system. In this article, we review current concepts regarding the specific subtypes
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More Than the Face: Representations of Bodies in the Inferior Temporal Cortex Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-05-25 Rufin Vogels
Visual representations of bodies, in addition to those of faces, contribute to the recognition of con- and heterospecifics, to action recognition, and to nonverbal communication. Despite its importance, the neural basis of the visual analysis of bodies has been less studied than that of faces. In this article, I review what is known about the neural processing of bodies, focusing on the macaque temporal
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Patient-Reported Measures of the Effects of Vision Impairments and Low Vision Rehabilitation on Functioning in Daily Life Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-04-13 Robert W. Massof
The quantification of vision impairments dates to the mid-nineteenth century with standardization of visual acuity and visual field measures in the eye clinic. Attempts to quantify the impact of vision impairments on patients’ lives did not receive clinical attention until the close of the twentieth century. Although formal psychometric theories and measurement instruments were well developed and commonplace
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Critical Periods in Vision Revisited Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Donald E. Mitchell, Daphne Maurer
For four decades, investigations of the biological basis of critical periods in the developing mammalian visual cortex were dominated by study of the consequences of altered early visual experience in cats and nonhuman primates. The neural deficits thus revealed also provided insight into the origin and neural basis of human amblyopia that in turn motivated additional studies of humans with abnormal
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Feature Detection by Retinal Ganglion Cells Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-04-06 Daniel Kerschensteiner
Retinal circuits transform the pixel representation of photoreceptors into the feature representations of ganglion cells, whose axons transmit these representations to the brain. Functional, morphological, and transcriptomic surveys have identified more than 40 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) types in mice. RGCs extract features of varying complexity; some simply signal local differences in brightness
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Recent Treatment Advances in Amblyopia Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2022-04-04 Kimberly Meier, Kristina Tarczy-Hornoch
Occlusion therapy has a long history as the gold standard treatment for amblyopia. Over the past two decades, large multicenter randomized controlled trials and objective dose-monitoring studies have characterized the effects of refractive correction, patching, and atropine penalization, providing insights into the impact of factors such as age and treatment dose. More recent approaches, whose development
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Best Practices for the Design of Clinical Trials Related to the Visual System Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Maureen G. Maguire
Clinical trials for conditions affecting the visual system need to not only conform to the guidelines for all clinical trials, but also accommodate the possibility of both eyes of a single patient qualifying for the trial. In this review, I present the interplay of the key components in the design of a clinical trial, along with the modifications or options that may be available for trials addressing
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Precision Medicine Trials in Retinal Degenerations Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Sarah R. Levi, Joseph Ryu, Pei-Kang Liu, Stephen H. Tsang
The beginning of the twenty-first century was marked by the innovative use of pharmacochemical interventions, which have since expanded to include gene-based molecular therapies. For years, treatment has focused on tackling the pathophysiology of monogenic orphan diseases, and one of the first applications of these novel genome editing technologies was the treatment of rare inherited retinal dystrophies
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Axonal Growth Abnormalities Underlying Ocular Cranial Nerve Disorders Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Mary C. Whitman
Abnormalities in cranial motor nerve development cause paralytic strabismus syndromes, collectively referred to as congenital cranial dysinnervation disorders, in which patients cannot fully move their eyes. These disorders can arise through one of two mechanisms: (a) defective motor neuron specification, usually by loss of a transcription factor necessary for brainstem patterning, or (b) axon growth
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Functional Organization of Extraocular Motoneurons and Eye Muscles Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Anja K.E. Horn, Hans Straka
Eye movements are indispensable for visual image stabilization during self-generated and passive head and body motion and for visual orientation. Eye muscles and neuronal control elements are evolutionarily conserved, with novel behavioral repertoires emerging during the evolution of frontal eyes and foveae. The precise execution of eye movements with different dynamics is ensured by morphologically
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Eye Movements in Macular Degeneration Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Preeti Verghese, Cécile Vullings, Natela Shanidze
In healthy vision, the fovea provides high acuity and serves as the locus for fixation achieved through saccadic eye movements. Bilateral loss of the foveal regions in both eyes causes individuals to adopt an eccentric locus for fixation. This review deals with the eye movement consequences of the loss of the foveal oculomotor reference and the ability of individuals to use an eccentric fixation locus
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Measures of Function and Structure to Determine Phenotypic Features, Natural History, and Treatment Outcomes in Inherited Retinal Diseases Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Artur V. Cideciyan, Arun K. Krishnan, Alejandro J. Roman, Alexander Sumaroka, Malgorzata Swider, Samuel G. Jacobson
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are at the forefront of innovative gene-specific treatments because of the causation by single genes, the availability of microsurgical access for treatment delivery, and the relative ease of quantitative imaging and vision measurement. However, it is not always easy to choose a priori, from scores of potential measures, an appropriate subset to evaluate efficacy outcomes
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Genetic Determinants of Intraocular Pressure Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Zihe Xu, Pirro Hysi, Anthony P. Khawaja
Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the cardinal and only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, the leading cause of irreparable blindness worldwide. Twin and family studies estimate the heritability of IOP to be 40–70%, and linkage studies for IOP have identified numerous loci. Mutations in MYOC can cause markedly elevated IOP and aggressive glaucoma often requiring surgical intervention. However, the majority
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Optical Coherence Tomography and Glaucoma Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Alexi Geevarghese, Gadi Wollstein, Hiroshi Ishikawa, Joel S. Schuman
Early detection and monitoring are critical to the diagnosis and management of glaucoma, a progressive optic neuropathy that causes irreversible blindness. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become a commonly utilized imaging modality that aids in the detection and monitoring of structural glaucomatous damage. Since its inception in 1991, OCT has progressed through multiple iterations, from time-domain
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Retina Metabolism and Metabolism in the Pigmented Epithelium: A Busy Intersection Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 James B. Hurley
The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2, glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells to fuel the retina. Recent studies of energy metabolism have revealed striking differences between retinas and RPE cells in the ways that they extract energy from fuels. The purpose
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Aging of the Retina: Molecular and Metabolic Turbulences and Potential Interventions Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Laura Campello, Nivedita Singh, Jayshree Advani, Anupam K. Mondal, Ximena Corso-Díaz, Anand Swaroop
Multifaceted and divergent manifestations across tissues and cell types have curtailed advances in deciphering the cellular events that accompany advanced age and contribute to morbidities and mortalities. Increase in human lifespan during the past century has heightened awareness of the need to prevent age-associated frailty of neuronal and sensory systems to allow a healthy and productive life. In
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Lexical Color Categories Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Delwin T. Lindsey, Angela M. Brown
Color is a continuous variable, and humans can distinguish more than a million colors, yet world color lexicons contain no more than a dozen basic color terms. It has been understood for 160 years that the number of color terms in a lexicon varies greatly across languages, yet the lexical color categories defined by these terms are similar worldwide. Starting with the seminal study by Berlin and Kay
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Mobile Computational Photography: A Tour Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Mauricio Delbracio, Damien Kelly, Michael S. Brown, Peyman Milanfar
The first mobile camera phone was sold only 20 years ago, when taking pictures with one's phone was an oddity, and sharing pictures online was unheard of. Today, the smartphone is more camera than phone. How did this happen? This transformation was enabled by advances in computational photography—the science and engineering of making great images from small-form-factor, mobile cameras. Modern algorithmic
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Face Recognition by Humans and Machines: Three Fundamental Advances from Deep Learning Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Alice J. O'Toole, Carlos D. Castillo
Deep learning models currently achieve human levels of performance on real-world face recognition tasks. We review scientific progress in understanding human face processing using computational approaches based on deep learning. This review is organized around three fundamental advances. First, deep networks trained for face identification generate a representation that retains structured information
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Eyewitness Identification Is a Visual Search Task Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 John T. Wixted, Edward Vul, Laura Mickes, Brent M. Wilson
The simultaneous six-pack photo lineup is a standard eyewitness identification procedure, consisting of one police suspect plus five physically similar fillers. The photo lineup is either a target-present array (the suspect is guilty) or a target-absent array (the suspect is innocent). The eyewitness is asked to search the six photos in the array with respect to a target template stored in memory (namely
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Reading: The Confluence of Vision and Language Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Jason D. Yeatman, Alex L. White
The scientific study of reading has a rich history that spans disciplines from vision science to linguistics, psychology, cognitive neuroscience, neurology, and education. The study of reading can elucidate important general mechanisms in spatial vision, attentional control, object recognition, and perceptual learning, as well as the principles of plasticity and cortical topography. However, literacy
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The Certainty of Ambiguity in Visual Neural Representations Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Jan W. Brascamp, Steven K. Shevell
Some images evoke bistable percepts: two different visual experiences seen in alternation while continuously viewing an unchanged stimulus. The Necker Cube and Rubin's Vase are classic examples, each of which gives alternating percepts of different shapes. Other bistable percepts are alternating colors or directions of motion. Although stimuli that result in salient bistability are rare and sometimes
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Quantifying Visual Image Quality: A Bayesian View Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Zhengfang Duanmu, Wentao Liu, Zhongling Wang, Zhou Wang
Image quality assessment (IQA) models aim to establish a quantitative relationship between visual images and their quality as perceived by human observers. IQA modeling plays a special bridging role between vision science and engineering practice, both as a test-bed for vision theories and computational biovision models and as a powerful tool that could potentially have a profound impact on a broad
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Lightness Perception in Complex Scenes Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Richard F. Murray
Lightness perception is the perception of achromatic surface colors: black, white, and shades of grey. Lightness has long been a central research topic in experimental psychology, as perceiving surface color is an important visual task but also a difficult one due to the deep ambiguity of retinal images. In this article, I review psychophysical work on lightness perception in complex scenes over the
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Binocular Vision and Stereopsis Across the Animal Kingdom Annu. Rev. Vis. Sci. (IF 6.0) Pub Date : 2021-09-15 Jenny C.A. Read
Most animals have at least some binocular overlap, i.e., a region of space that is viewed by both eyes. This reduces the overall visual field and raises the problem of combining two views of the world, seen from different vantage points, into a coherent whole. However, binocular vision also offers many potential advantages, including increased ability to see around obstacles and increased contrast