NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain- containing protein 3) inflammasome is involved in diverse inflammatory diseases, so the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome needs to be tightly regulated to prevent excessive inflammation. However, the endogenous regulatory mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome are still less defined. Here, we report that β-catenin, which is the central mediator of the canonical Wnt/β-catenin

Some studies have shown that maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) is modulated directly by pathogen components via pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, but also by signal like CD40 ligand (CD40 L or CD154) mediated by activated T cells. Several reports indicate that invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells up-regulate CD40 L upon stimulation and thereby induce activation and maturation

Most of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies belong to the immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) family; they interact with the Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) at the surface of immune cells to trigger effector functions. The IgG1-Fc N-glycans impact the interaction with FcγRs and are considered a critical quality attribute. Pioneer studies on FcγR N-glycans have unveiled an additional complexity in that the N-glycan linked

Methamphetamine (METH) is a major public health and safety problem worldwide. METH is psychostimulant that activates microglia via the toll-like receptor (TLR) 4/MD2 complex, modulating the abundant production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system (CNS). The TLR4/MD2 complex on the surface of microglia recognizes pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as lipopolysaccharide

The complement cascade consists of cell bound and serum proteins acting together to protect the host from pathogens, remove cancerous cells and effectively links innate and adaptive immune responses. Despite its usefulness in microbial neutralization and clearance of cancerous cells, excessive complement activation causes an immune imbalance and tissue damage in the host. Hence, a series of complement

The immune system protects from infections primarily by detecting and eliminating invading pathogens. This is predominantly mediated by innate immune cells like neutrophils, monocytes and dendritic cells (DCs) expressing specific receptors recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. DC activation by pathogens leads to the initiation of antigen-specific adaptive immune responses, thereby bridging

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an acute, severe, and highly contagious disease that affects cloven-hoofed animals and can lead to serious economic losses and social effects. Therefore, a safe and effective subunit vaccine is required to prevent and control FMD. Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of professional antigen presenting cell (APC). Immature DCs are typically stimulated by various adjuvants

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is characterized by a relapsing and remitting pattern. The remission phase may last weeks to years. It remains unclear what specific factors can cause the disease to exist the remission phase and enter an activated state. IL-10 is a cytokine best known for its anti-inflammatory roles. We hypothesized that IL-10 might have a role in suppressing disease flares in UC remission

Consumption of fermentable dietary fibres, such as inulin, or administration of helminth products (e.g. Trichuris suis ova) have independently been shown to alleviate inflammation in vivo. We recently found that dietary inulin and T. suis infection in pigs co-operatively suppressed type-1 inflammatory responses in the gut, suggesting the potential of dietary components to augment anti-inflammatory

The innate immune system is activated upon virus invasion of a host cell by recognizing viral component, such as dsRNA through specific receptors, resulting in the production of type- I IFNs, which confer an antiviral state within the invaded as well as surrounding cells. In the present study, fibroblast, monocyte and macrophage cells derived from water Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) were exposed to a synthetic

Traumatic injury to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is the most common cause of acquired nerve damage and impairs the quality of life of patients. The success of nerve regeneration depends on distal stump degeneration, tissue clearance and remodeling, processes in which the immune system participates. We previously reported improved motor recovery in sciatic nerve crush mice following adoptive

Macrophages are involved in choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central cell regulator, but mTORC1 function in macrophages in CNV is not fully understood. We explored the effect of mTORC1 pathway regulation on macrophages in CNV. A laser-induced murine CNV model was performed. Expression of phospho-S6 and F4/80 in CNV lesions was analyzed

Shigellosis is a diarrheal disease that causes high mortality every year, especially in children, elderly and immunocompromised patients. Recently, resistance strains to antibiotic therapy are in the rise and the World Health Organization prioritizes the development of a safe vaccine against the most common causal agent of shigellosis, Shigella flexneri. This pathogen uses autotransporter proteins

Tristetraprolin (TTP) regulates inflammatory and immune responses by destabilizing target mRNAs via binding to their 3′-UTR AREs. We have recently reported that TTP preferentially up-regulates the expression level of innate immunity genes involved in the type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway and viral response in cancer cells. To elucidate the role of TTP-RNA interaction in TTP-mediated upregulation

Dendritic cells function in the immune system to instruct adaptive immune cells to respond accordingly to different threats. While conventional dendritic cells can be subdivided into two main subtypes, termed cDC1s and cDC2s, it is clear that further heterogeneity exists within these subtypes, particularly for cDC2s. Understanding the signals involved in specifying each of these lineages and subtypes

Introduction H Syndrome is an autosomal recessive (AR) disease caused by defects in SLCA29A3 gene. This gene encodes the equilibrative nucleoside transporter, the protein which is highly expressed in spleen, lymph node and bone marrow. Autoinflammation and autoimmunity accompanies H Syndrome (HS). Aim The aim was to further elucidate the mechanisms of disease by molecular studies in a patient with

The transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is one of the enigmatic enzymes with important functional diversity. It plays an important role in several pathologies such as celiac disease (CD). In patients with active CD, the abnormal retrotranscytosis of IgA/gliadin complexes is mediated by Transferrin Receptor 1 (TfR1). This triad association takes also place in IgA nephropathy (IgA-N). IgA-N is characterized by

Autoimmunity and cancer affect millions worldwide and both, in principal, result from dysregulated immune responses. There are many well-known molecules involved in immunological process playing as a double-edged sword, by which associating autoimmune diseases and cancer. In this regard, Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases (ERAP) 1, which belongs to the M1 family of aminopeptidases, plays a central

To study the interrelationship between the signaling adaptors of innate pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways including toll-like receptor (TLR), retinoic acid-inducible gene-1-like receptor (RLR), nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor (NLR), and cytoplasmic DNA recognition receptors (CDR) pathways. The coding genes of porcine TRIF, MAVS, STING, MyD88, RIPK2, and ASC were isolated

Dendritic cells (DCs) orchestrate adaptive immune responses. In healthy individuals, DCs are drivers and fine-tuners of T cell responses directed against invading pathogens or cancer cells. In parallel, DCs control autoreactive T cells, thereby maintaining T cell tolerance. Under various disease conditions, a disruption of this delicate balance can lead to chronic infections, tumor evasion, or autoimmunity

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The complement system plays an important role in the development of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Complement C1q is an important initial component of the classical complement pathway and closely related to many chronic inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis (AS). We aimed to determine whether there was association between serum complement C1q and the severity of

Evasion of the immune system is often associated with malignant tumors. The cancer cell microenvironment plays an important role in tumor progression, but its mechanism is largely unknown. Here we show that an extracellular compound derived from gastric cancer (GC-EC) selectively suppresses CD161+CD3- natural killer (NK) cells. Splenocytes treated with GC-EC showed considerable proliferation and the

Litopenaeus vannamei, as an important marine aquaculture species, has attracted more and more attentions in past several years. More recently people got its genome fine mapping, which unveiled a gene treasure. In this study, we have identified a novel trypsin-like protein which came from previous WSSV-infected shrimp plasma iTRAQ data. This protein is a 39 kDa protein with 363 amino acids. It contains

Histocompatibility Leukocyte Antigens, or HLAs, are one of the most polymorphic molecules in humans. This high degree of polymorphism endows HLA molecules with the ability to present a vast array of peptides, an essential trait for responding to ever-evolving pathogens. Unlike classical HLA molecules (HLA-Ia), some non-classical HLA-Ib molecules, including HLA-E, are almost monomorphic. Several studies

Spontaneous DNA-PKcs deficiencies in animals result in a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) phenotype because DNA-PKcs is required to activate Artemis for V(D)J recombination coding end hairpin opening. The impact on signal joint formation in these spontaneous mutant mammals is variable. Genetically engineered DNA-PKcs null mice and cells from them show a >1,000-fold reduction in coding joint

Pulmonary fibrosis is a progressive chronic inflammatory lung disease whose pathogenesis is complicated. Platelets and neutrophils play important roles in the progression of pulmonary inflammation. We have reported that cangrelor, a non-sepesific GPR17 antagonist, alleviates pulmonary fibrosis partly by inhibiting macrophage inflammation in mice. Cangrelor is also a well-known anti-platelet agent.

CD8 T cells are among the most vigorous soldiers of the immune system that fight viral infections and cancer. CD8 T cell development, maintenance, activation and differentiation are under the tight control of multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional networks. Over the last two decades it has become clear that non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), which consist of microRNAs (miRNAs) and long ncRNAs (lncRNAs)

OBJECTIVE To investigate the impact of death-associated protein kinase 1 (Dapk1) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) via p38MAPK/NF-κB pathway. METHODS Dapk1+/+ and Dapk1-/- mice were randomized into Control, LPS, SB203580 (a p38MAPK pathway inhibitor) + LPS, and PDTC (a NF-κB pathway inhibitor) + LPS groups. Cell counts, lung wet to dry weight ratio (W/D weight ratio), as well

Mus m 1.0102 is a member of the mouse Major Urinary Protein family, belonging to the Lipocalins superfamily. Major Urinary Proteins (MUPs) are characterized by highly conserved structural motifs. These include a disulphide bond, involved in protein oxidative folding and protein structure stabilization, and a free cysteine residue, substituted by serine only in the pheromonal protein Darcin (MUP20)

Acne is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease, and the inflammation immune response runs through all stages of acne lesions. In this study, we use a combination of multiplex-PCR and high-throughput sequencing technologies to analyze T cell receptor β chain CDR3 (complementarity-determining region 3) in peripheral blood isolated from severe acne patients. Once compared with healthy controls, we

Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is an acute, highly infectious and contagious viral disease of chickens caused by avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) belonging to the genus Coronavirus and family Coronaviridae. It can affect all age groups of birds. The toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors that have a key role in immune response and defense

Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack is a deadly event with high prevalence. In the present study, we investigated the effects of the polypeptide copolymer glatiramer acetate (GA) in H9c2 rat cardiomyocytes exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury. Immediately following MI, an acute inflammatory response is triggered that causes activation of various proinflammatory cytokines

To understand the role of human natural IgM known as antibodies against the carbohydrate epitope Tn, the antibodies were isolated using GalNAcα-Sepharose affinity chromatography, and their specificity was profiled using microarrays (a glycan array printed with oligosaccharides and bacterial polysaccharides, as well as a glycopeptide array), flow cytometry, and inhibition ELISA. The antibodies bound

A genome-wide profiling of microRNA (miRNA) in endotoxin tolerant buffalo granulosa cells identified miR-326 amongst top-10 upregulated miRNAs. In this study, we have elucidated the role of miR-326 in granulosa cells in vitro. In-silico analysis revealed that miR-326 have binding site for 3'UTR of TLR-4 (Toll-like receptor 4). Transfection experiments showed that there was a significant inhibition

Our knowledge on the development and functions of CXCR5+ CD8 T cells is rudimentary when confronted to other extensively studied CD8 T cell subsets. A decade ago, it became apparent that CD8 T cells possess two additional and rather unexpected functional properties other than cytotoxicity, one involving what is known as B cell helper activity and the other involving suppression of self-reactive responses

Regulatory B10 cells have been shown to exhibit impaired functions in autoimmune diseases. However, the underlying mechanism is still obscure. In the present study, we aimed to understand the regulatory characteristics of regulatory B10 cells and how these cells are involved in the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we chose CD19+CD24hiCD27+ as the phenotype of regulatory B10 cells. We

A licensed vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection has not become available up to now. Hence, it is more rational to use immune-informatics tools for prediction of T cell epitopes (in silico study) and development of an effective epitope-driven vaccine against hypervariable pathogens. Multiepitope vaccines were considered as the next generation of an effective vaccine against

Investigations into the molecular immune response of dromedary camel, a key livestock species of the arid, have been limited due to the lack of species-specific reagents. Here we describe for the first time, the identification and characterization of type I IFNs of dromedary camel, which are the most important cytokines in the innate host immune response against viruses. We cloned camel IFN-α coding

The five-year survival rate of melanoma worsens significantly with advancing tumor stage. We hypothesized that regulatory B cells (Breg) might have participated in the pathogenesis of melanoma. In this study, the PD-L1+ Breg cells were investigated. The expression of PD-L1 by circulating B cells was very low in healthy controls. In melanoma patients, on the other hand, the expression of PD-L1 by circulating

SRSF1, a member of the SR protein family, is an important splicing factor and regulator of splicing. Multiple splicing isoforms have been reported for this gene. SRSF1-3, a splicing isoform of SRSF1, is necessary for AID-dependent SHM of IgV genes. However, its precise role in SHM remains enigmatic. Transcriptomic analysis of SRSF1-3 reconstituted cells shows upregulation of transcription factor SATB2

Dendritic cells(DCs) were once considered as a single cell type closely related developmentally to macrophages. Now we recognise several subtypes of DCs and have outlined several different pathways that potentially lead to their development. This article outlines some of the research findings that led to these changes in perspective, from the point of view of one of the participants.

The majority of patients with metastatic breast cancer who are treated with the anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody, trastuzumab, generally develop resistance to the drug within a year after initiation of the treatment. Here we describe a new anti-HER2 humanized monoclonal antibody, 19H6-Hu, which binds to HER2 extracellular domain (ECD) with high affinity and inhibits proliferation of multiple HER2-overexpressing

Loss of CD58 is a common mechanism for tumor immune evasion in lymphoid malignancies. CD58 loss is known to occur due to both genetic and non-genetic causes; therefore, we hypothesized that restoring CD58 expression in lymphoma cells may be an effective treatment approach. To explore the potential for restoring CD58 expression, we first screened 11 B-cell lymphoma lines and found that 3 had decreased

Mutations in Factor XII, plasminogen gene, angiopoietin-1 gene and kininogen 1 gene have been found in some patients with hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor (HAE-nl-C1inh), but the underlying disease mechanisms remain unclear. Additionally, there are no accepted biomarkers for this disease. Because the contact system has been implicated in hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency

Fish interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral innate immunity is the first line of defense against virus invasion. In the present study, we identify two fish IFN genes (here tentatively named IFNa and IFNc) with different-sized 3' UTRs from clone F strain of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio. Carp IFNa has a relatively short 3'UTR without AU-rich elements (AREs) but IFNc has a long one with 9 AREs. Functionally

Motile sperm domain containing 2 (MOSPD2) is a single-pass membrane protein to which until recently little function had been ascribed. Although its mammalian homologs have been identified, the status of the mospd2 gene in lower vertebrates is still unknown. In the present study, cDNA of the mospd2 gene of barbel steed (Hemibarbus labeo) was cloned and sequenced to characterize its potential involvement

Interferon-epsilon (IFN-ε) is a type I IFN playing an essential role in innate and adaptive immunity against viral infection. Ovis aries IFN-ε (OvIFN-ε), consisting of 582 bp and which encodes a protein of 193 amino acids containing a signal peptide of 21 amino acids, was cloned and characterized. OvIFN-ε shares 51.6∼ 86.5% similarity to other species of IFN-ε, and evolves from the IFN-ε branch but

Preeclampsia, a pregnancy-specific disorder, is characterized by abnormal vascular remodeling of the spiral arteries due to deficient trophoblast invasion. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration to pregnant rats on day 5 of pregnancy could induce excessive immune response at the maternal-fetal interface contributing to poor early placentation that culminate in the preeclampsia-like syndrome. Furthermore

In our previous studies, we found that extracellular vesicles in mesenchymal stem cells can alleviate ulcerative colitis. In view of the fact that extracellular vesicles have the same immunomodulatory effects as their maternal cells and considering the important role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, we aimed to investigate whether extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem

Trigonelline, one of the alkaloids contained in coffee, is important not only as one of the constituents of aroma and flavor in coffee but also as a useful source of nutrition. Its anti-microbial, anti-carcinogenic, and anti-hyperglycemic effects have been investigated in previous studies. However, there have not been any studies examining the anti-degranulation effect of trigonelline. In this study

Control of Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in endemic countries has been based on early immunization of chicks using conventional live or inactivated vaccines that became not fully effectual and have biosafety concerns. This endeavor seeks generating a recombinant chimeric protein merging the projection domain (PD) of IBDV VP2 capsid with the fragment crystallizable (Fc) of avian IgY (FcIgY)

The adaptive immune system is essential for host defense against pathogenic challenges, and a major constituent is the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell. Ordinarily, CD8+ T cells are endowed with a unique ability to specifically recognize and destroy their targets. However, in cases where disease emerges, especially in cancer, the efficacy of the CD8+ T cell response is frequently counterbalanced in a 'tug-of-war'

The role of naturally occurring regulatory T cells (Treg) in the control of the immune tolerance of ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) has not been well defined. Therefore, we separate the phenotypically heterogeneous Treg cells into different subsets based on the expression of FOXP3 and CD45RA during AAV pathogenesis. Fifty-four AAV patients (38 patients with renal involvement) and 19 healthy controls