-
Expression of SARS-CoV-2 Host Cell Entry Factors in Immune System Components of Healthy Individuals and Its Relevance for COVID-19 Immunopathology Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2021-01-21 Ashutosh Kumar; Sujeet Kumar; Ravi K. Narayan; Chiman Kumari; Vikas Pareek; Pranav Prasoon
Intense immunological dysregulation including immune cell lesions has been characteristically observed in severe cases of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), for which molecular mechanisms are not properly understood. A study of physiological expressions of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) host cell entry-related factors in immune system components may help explain molecular
-
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Cell Apoptotic Pathways in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis: A Systematic Review Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2021-01-19 Ana Patrícia Bastos Ferreira; Ana Paula Pimentel Cassilhas; Patrícia Moura; Pedro Augusto Sampaio Rocha-Filho
We aimed to verify the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic cell apoptotic pathways on the inhibition of cellular apoptosis in patients with tropical spastic paralysis/myelopathy related to human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1. The databases accessed were PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Web of Science. Neither the time of publishing nor the language of the articles was limited. The descriptors
-
The Improvement of Immune Effect of Recombinant Human Beta-Defensin 2 on Hepatitis B Vaccine in Mice Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-28 Meizhen Wang; Wenxing Zeng; Zhigang Zhang; Weidong Zhang; Hong Su; Zhiyong Zhang; Lixia Jiang; Yulin Liu; Qiaofa Shi
Immunization with hepatitis B vaccine is an effective measure for prevention and control of hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection. Although lots of efforts to improve the effect of hepatitis B vaccine have been made, the function of human beta defensin 2 (hBD2) on hepatitis B vaccine keeps unclear. In this article, we report that hBD2 not only promoted the activation and maturation of immature dendritic
-
How to Understand Herd Immunity in the Context of COVID-19 Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-21 Minghao Dong; Feng He; Yu Deng
COVID-19 is an emerging rapidly evolving situation, which is widely disseminated all over the world. During this period, the concept of herd immunity is often mentioned, but it is easily misunderstood. In the context of COVID-19, this article comprehensively expounds the concept and purpose of herd immunity, the necessary conditions for realizing the herd immunity, the restrictive conditions for the
-
Transcriptomic Analysis of Interferon Response in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand-Treated and Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-22 Yashvant D. Bansode; Debprasad Chattopadhyay; Bhaskar Saha
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection causes cold sores and keratitis. Upon infection, it forms lesions at the epithelium and enters neurons where it establishes a latent infection. Host innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 recognizes HSV by sensing its glycoproteins and induces an innate immune response. Upon activation, TLR2 forms a dimer with TLR1, TLR2, or TLR6 and signals inducing
-
Genetic Association of Interleukin-6 Polymorphism (rs1800796) with Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Chinese Han Population Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-10 Mengmeng Li; Yang Zhuo; Ying Xu; Hao Chen; Zheng Cheng; Li Zhou
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health care burden that can lead to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. We conducted this study to identify the association between interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene rs1800796 (−572G/C) polymorphism and the risk of chronic HBV infection in adults. A total of 1,048 participants including 518 cases and 530 controls were recruited for
-
Are Epitopic Sites of 3AB and 3D Nonstructural Proteins Sufficient for Detection of Foot and Mouth Disease? Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-08 Parvin Moghaddam; Azadeh Zahmatkesh; Masoumeh Bagheri; Homayoon Mahravani
An efficient method for detection of foot and mouth disease (FMD) and, particularly, differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals is the use of nonstructural (NS) proteins as antigens in Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) Kits. In this study, only epitopic regions of 3AB and 3D NS proteins were used for recombinant protein production, as a cost-effective method instead of peptide synthesis
-
Cytokine, Genotype, and Viral Load Profile in the Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-07 Camilla Rodrigues de Almeida Ribeiro; Katrini Guidolini Martinelli; Vinícius da Motta de Mello; Bruna da Silva Baptista; Natália Spitz Toledo Dias; Iury Amancio Paiva; Lia Laura Lewis-Ximenez; Luzia Maria de Oliveira Pinto; Vanessa Salete de Paula
Several hepatitis B virus (HBV) factors, including viral load, genotype, genome mutations, and cytokine production, have been reported to be associated with different risks of progression of liver disease. The aim of this study was to verify if there is an association among the levels of cytokines (interleukin [IL]-35, IL-6, IL-17A, interferon [IFN]-γ) in the plasma, viral load, and the different genotypes
-
Alteration in Hepatitis B Serology in Children Receiving Chemotherapy Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-07 Sebahat Cam; Mustafa Asim Yoruk
Chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression can lead to hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation in cancer patients. Both HBV carriers and individuals with serological signs of previously resolved HBV exposure are under the risk of severe hepatitis and liver failure during and after chemotherapy. The objective of this largest retrospective study was to analyze the consequences of HBV status in children receiving
-
IFITMs of African Green Monkey Can Inhibit Replication of SFTSV but Not MNV In Vitro Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-07 Huanwei Xing; Li Ye; Junwen Fan; Tingting Fu; Chang Li; Suhua Zhang; Linzhu Ren; Jieying Bai
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are transmembrane proteins induced by interferon that can provide broad-spectrum antiviral activities. However, there are few reports on the antiviral activity of monkey-derived IFITMs. In this study, the IFITM1 and IFITM3 genes of African green monkey (AGM) were cloned and overexpressed in Vero cells, followed by infection with mouse norovirus (MNV)
-
Hepatitis B Virus Might Be Sensed by STING-Dependent DNA Sensors and Attenuates the Response of STING-Dependent DNA Sensing Pathway in Humans with Acute and Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-07 Hongtao Chen; Guirong He; Yue Chen; Xiaoyong Zhang
DNA-dependent activator of interferon regulatory factors (DAIs), interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16), DEAD-box polypeptide 41 (DDX41), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), meiotic recombination 11 homolog A (MRE11), and cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) have been identified as intracellular STING-dependent DNA sensors in recent years. Studies have shown that the DNA sensor-STING-interferon
-
FOXP3 Genetic Variants Do Not Impact Circulating and Cervical Interleukin-10 Levels in Human Papillomavirus Infection in Women. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-07 Fernando Cezar-Dos-Santos,Fernanda Costa Brandão Berti,Nádia Calvo Martins Okuyama,Kleber Paiva Trugilo,Andréa Name Colado Simão,Maria Angélica Ehara Watanabe,Karen Brajão de Oliveira
Regulatory T cell (Treg) lineage plays a central role in inflammation and autoimmunity control. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) has been described as a pleiotropic cytokine that is mainly released by CD4+ CD25+ FOXP3+ Treg cells and has a potent immunosuppressive activity. Forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) transcription factor expression is crucial for Treg to function as a suppressor cell, and FOXP3 gene single nucleotide
-
Structural Perspectives of Beak and Feather Disease Virus and Porcine Circovirus Proteins Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-04 Babu Kanti Nath; Shubhagata Das; Justin A. Roby; Subir Sarker; Daniel Luque; Shane R. Raidal; Jade K. Forwood
Circoviruses represent a rapidly expanding group of viruses that infect both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. Members are responsible for diseases of veterinary and economic importance, including postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs, and beak and feather disease (BFD) in birds. These viruses are associated with lymphoid depletion and immunosuppressive conditions in infected animals
-
COVID-19 Infection: Data Gaps for Diagnostic Laboratory Preparedness and Tasks on Hand Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-12-01 Subrata Biswas; Piyali Ghosh; Debjit Chakraborty; Ananya Chatterjee; Shanta Dutta; Malay Kumar Saha
Emergence of the 2019 novel coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]) and its spread, with life-threatening outcomes, have caused a pandemic burden worldwide. Studies of emerging diseases under outbreak conditions have focused on the complete spectrum of pathogens, transmissibility, shedding kinetics in relation to infectivity, epidemiological causes, and interventions
-
Lymphocyte Subset Alteration and Monocyte CD4 Expression Reduction in Patients with Severe COVID-19 Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-23 Sumeyye Kazancioglu; Fatma Meric Yilmaz; Aliye Bastug; Arzu Sakallı; Bahadır Orkun Ozbay; Cansu Buyuktarakci; Hurrem Bodur; Gulsen Yilmaz
The spectrum of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) severity, related to cellular immune functions, has not been fully clarified yet. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the alteration of peripheral blood cells in patients with COVID-19. The flow cytometric characterization of immune cell subset was performed on 69 COVID-19 patients and 21 healthy controls. These data were evaluated based on
-
Probiotic Lactobacilli Enhance Immunogenicity of an Inactivated H9N2 Influenza Virus Vaccine in Chickens Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-25 Nadiyah Alqazlan; Jake Astill; Khaled Taha-Abdelaziz; Éva Nagy; Byram Bridle; Shayan Sharif
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and many avian species. Efforts have been made to control this pathogen in chickens using vaccination programs, but that has been met with varying degrees of success. Therefore, identification of more efficacious vaccination strategies is warranted. This study was undertaken to investigate the potential effects of probiotics
-
Enterovirus 2C Protein Suppresses IKKα Phosphorylation by Recruiting IKKβ and IKKα into Viral Inclusion Bodies Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-23 Lianfu Ji; Enhui Yang; Susu He; Yu Jin; Deyan Chen
The nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling network constitutes a first line of defense against the invading viruses. However, viruses also adopted multiple strategies to interfere with NF-κB activation. Enterovirus 71 (EV71), in the family Picornaviridae, has become the main pathogen responsible for hand, foot, and mouth disease. Recent studies have reported that the nonstructural protein 2C of EV71
-
Cytokine Storm May Not Be the Chief Culprit for the Deterioration of COVID-19 Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-17 Yang Gao; Changsong Wang; Kai Kang; Yahui Peng; Yunpeng Luo; Haitao Liu; Wei Yang; Mingyan Zhao; Kaijiang Yu
COVID-19 is spreading and ravaging all over the world, and the number of deaths is increasing day by day without downward trend. However, there is limited knowledge of pathogenesis on the deterioration of COVID-19 at present. In this study we aim to determine whether cytokine storm is really the chief culprit for the deterioration of COVID-19. The confirmed COVID-19 patients were divided into moderate
-
Type I IFNs: A Blessing in Disguise or Partner in Crime in MERS-CoV-, SARS-CoV-, and SARS-CoV-2-Induced Pathology and Potential Use of Type I IFNs in Synergism with IFN-γ as a Novel Antiviral Approach Against COVID-19 Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-11 Faisal Rasheed Anjum; Sidra Anam; Ghazanfar Abbas; Muhammad Shahid Mahmood; Sajjad ur Rahman; Mohsan Ullah Goraya; Rana Muhammad Abdullah; Muhammad Luqman; Ashiq Ali; Muhammad Kamran Akram; Tamoor Hamid Chaudhry
Since the end of 2019, the emergence of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has accelerated the research on host immune responses toward the coronaviruses. When there is no approved drug or vaccine to use against these culprits, host immunity is the major strategy to fight such infections. Type I interferons are an integral
-
Modulation of Memory B Cell Phenotypes and Toll-Like Receptor-7 in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection During Direct-Acting Antiviral Interferon-Free Therapy: Correlation with Interleukin-7 Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-11 Hanan Moustafa; Marwa Madkour; Fathi Hamed; Salma Abouelnazar; Reham Abo Elwafa; Mai Moaaz
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major worldwide problem with the highest incidence rates in Egypt. It affects B cells that serve as reservoirs for persistent HCV, resulting in phenotypic B cell alterations. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine with antiviral activity, important for B cell physiology. In addition, B cell-intrinsic toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7) signaling is required for optimal B
-
COVID-19: Way Forward With Serosurveillance Without Overemphasizing Neutralizing Antibodies Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-11 Martin Krsak; Andrés F. Henao-Martínez; Carlos Franco-Paredes
Serosurveillance of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is lagging due to concerns regarding testing performance and interpretation of what represents protective immunity. The scientific community has pointed out concerns related to suboptimal performance of certain tests, although a selection of tests with sensitivity and specificity of >99% is available. Neutralizing antibodies represent a generally
-
Protective Potentials of Type III Interferons in COVID-19 Patients: Lessons from Differential Properties of Type I- and III Interferons Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-04 Abdollah Jafarzadeh; Maryam Nemati; Bhaskar Saha; Yashwant D. Bansode; Sara Jafarzadeh
While an appropriately regulated production of interferons (IFNs) performs a fundamental role in the defense against coronaviruses such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), dysregulated overproduction of inflammatory mediators can play an important role in the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection-related complications, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome. As the principal
-
An Improved DNA Vaccine Against Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Using CD40L and a Chemical Adjuvant Induces Specific Cytotoxicity in Mice Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-11-03 Cecilia A. Langellotti; Mariela Gammella; Ivana Soria; Carolina Bellusci; Valeria Quattrocchi; Monica Vermeulen; Claudia Mongini; Patricia I. Zamorano
Bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) uses many mechanisms to elude the immune system; one of them is spreading intracellularly, even in the presence of specific antiviral antibodies. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are necessary to eliminate the virus. The main preventive strategy is vaccination based on inactivated virus. These vaccines are poor inducers of cellular immune responses, and complicate serological
-
Metabolic Profiles in Madin–Darby Canine Kidney Cell Lines Infected with H3N2 Canine Influenza Viruses Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 Pan Tao; Weiqi Xiao; Pei Zhou; Gang Lu; Shoujun Li
Virus replication and host cell growth require host cell metabolic networks to provide energy and precursors for the synthesis of macromolecules. The aim of this study was to investigate the most direct changes in energy metabolism and small-molecule metabolism of Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells infected with H3N2 canine influenza virus (CIV) and to determine whether small metabolites contribute
-
Induction of Profibrotic Microenvironment via TLR4 MyD88-Dependent and -Independent Inflammatory Signaling in Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 Sobia Manzoor,Sarah Khalil,Maliha Ashraf Malik,Kandeel Shafique,Sara Gul,Farakh Javed
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a well-known pathogen to establish chronic infection leading to end-stage liver disease. The destruction of liver tissues takes its roots under chronic inflammation and proinflammatory signaling in liver microenvironment. The viral proteins interact with certain pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors, activating the innate immune system to clear the
-
Effectiveness of Antivirals in a Type 1 Diabetes Model and the Move Toward Human Trials. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 Bo Niklasson,William Klitz,Lisa Juntti-Berggren,Per-Olof Berggren,Lars Lindquist
A Picornavirus (Ljungan virus [LV]) originally found in bank voles has been associated with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in its wild rodent reservoir, but also associated with T1D in a laboratory rat model for the disease, the diabetes prone (DP) Bio Breeding (BB) rat. Successful treatment of diabetes in this rat model, using experimental antiviral compounds directed against picornavirus, has been reported
-
Peripheral Follicular T Helper Cells and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Represent Activated Phenotypes During the Febrile Phase of Acute Dengue Virus Infection Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 Sathappan U. Preeyaa; Amudhan Murugesan; Surliappan Sopnajothi; Yean K. Yong; Hong Y. Tan; Marie Larsson; Vijayakumar Velu; Esaki M. Shankar
Peripheral follicular helper T (pTfh) cells represent specialized CD4+ T cells that help B cells to secrete antibodies. Dengue infection appears to cause immune activation in a wide array of immune cells. Herein, we investigated the signatures of immune activation of circulating Tfh cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells in adult subjects with confirmed acute clinical dengue virus (DENV)
-
Evidence for Increased Inflammatory Cytokine Profile in Hepatitis E Virus-Infected Obese Patients: Implications for Chronic Liver Disease Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-28 Oliver Viera-Segura; Arturo Panduro; Jorge L. Trujillo-Ochoa; Edgar Copado-Villagrana; Rafael Torres-Valadez; Maricruz Sepulveda-Villegas; Sonia Roman; Nora A. Fierro
We aimed to characterize the contribution of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in perpetuating the cytokine-mediated inflammatory setting related to liver damage in the context of obesity. Herein, serum samples from patients with liver disease were retrospectively analyzed and categorized as normal-weight patients (NW), overweight patients (OW), obese patients (ObP), and high alcohol consumer patients (HAC)
-
Detection of IgM and IgG Antibodies to Human Parvovirus B19 in Sera of Patients with Thymoma-Associated Myasthenia Gravis Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-30 Xueying Jia; Li Gong; Jiarui Zhang; Fang Lin; Fuqin Zhang; Ke Dong; Shumei Wang; Miao Lan; Gaosheng Huang; Wei Zhang
Much uncertainty still exists about the viral etiology of myasthenia gravis (MG). To address this, we explored the relationship between human parvovirus B19 (PVB19) infection and MG by investigating the presence of PVB19-specific antibodies in serum. A total of 131 patients with MG (including 47 with thymoma-associated MG, 14 with hyperplasia-associated MG, and 70 with unknown thymic lesions) and 172
-
The Role of Tape Measure Protein in Nucleocytoplasmic Large DNA Virus Capsid Assembly Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-19 Yuejiao Xian; Ricardo Avila; Anil Pant; Zhilong Yang; Chuan Xiao
Nucleocytoplasmic large DNA viruses (NCLDVs) are a group of large viruses that infect a wide range of hosts, from animals to protists. These viruses are grouped together in NCLDV based on genomic sequence analyses. They share a set of essential genes for virion morphogenesis and replication. Most NCLDVs generally have large physical sizes while their morphologies vary in different families, such as
-
Seroprevalence of Neutralizing Antibodies Against Candidate Serotypes of Enterovirus Vaccines Among Korean Children Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 Sol Kim; Kil Seong Bae; Jong-Hyun Kim; Jin Han Kang; Ui Yoon Choi
Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a pediatric public health concern in Asia. Surveillance data on the circulating serotypes of HFMD suggest that Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackieviruses A6, A10, and A16 (CVA6, CVA10, and CVA16) are the major serotypes causing HFMD. Asian countries, including Korea, are currently developing a multivalent vaccine targeting these serotypes. However, the immunity
-
The Structural Features of Henipavirus Matrix Protein Driving Intracellular Trafficking Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-06 Camilla M. Donnelly; Justin A. Roby; Christopher J. Scott; Shane R. Raidal; Jade K. Forwood
Henipaviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses that have recently emerged as zoonotic pathogens, capable of causing severe acute respiratory disease and encephalitis in humans. The prototypical henipaviruses, Hendra henipavirus and Nipah henipavirus, are a major health concern as they have high mortality rates and no currently approved human vaccine or drug therapy. Understanding the mechanisms of viral
-
COVID-19: Between Past and Present Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-10-05 Areej M. Assaf; Randa N. Haddadin; Amal A. Akour
Since the WHO declared coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic, huge efforts were made to understand the disease, its pathogenesis, and treatment. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2), which is closely related to SARS-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV). This article attempts to provide a timely and comprehensive review of the coronaviruses
-
Variation of CCR5AS lncRNA Enhances HIV-1 Infection Through Regulation of CCR5 Expression. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Sen Zou
The long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), which could bind to target DNA, RNA, or protein, plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of viral replication and disease progression. Exploring how lncRNA regulates HIV infection is crucial for studying the pathogenesis, disease progression, and effective treatment of AIDS. Recently, Kulkarni et al. convincingly provided a molecular basis for association between CCR5AS
-
New Insights of Human Parvovirus B19 in Modulating Erythroid Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Shuwen Feng,Dongxin Zeng,Junwen Zheng,Dongchi Zhao
Human parvovirus B19 (B19), a human pathogen of the erythroparvovirus genus, is responsible for a variety of diseases. B19 cause less symptoms in healthy individuals, also cause acute and chronic anemia in immunodeficiency patients. Transient aplastic crisis and pure red cell aplasia are two kinds of anemic hemogram, respectively, in acute and chronic B19 infection phase, especially occurring in patients
-
Prevalence of Porcine Pseudorabies Virus and Its Coinfection Rate in Heilongjiang Province in China from 2013 to 2018. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Han Zhou,Yan Pan,Mengda Liu,Zifeng Han
Pseudorabies (PR) is a highly contagious disease affecting a wide range of animals, which annually causes great economic losses in China. In this study, a total number of 18,815 serum samples and 1,589 tissue samples were collected from 311 intensive pig farms (≥350 sows) located in eight cities in Heilongjiang province, and tested by ELISA and PCR. Overall, the serum positive rates of gE and gB protein
-
Efficacy of Infectious Bronchitis GI-13 (793B) Vaccine Candidate Tested According to the Current European Union Requirements and for Cross-Protection Against Heterologous QX-Like Challenge. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Leonida Kutle,Lana Ljuma Skupnjak,Anto Vrdoljak,Davor Janković,Gert Jan Boelm,Ferenc Kelemen,Olga Zorman Rojs,Joske Millecam
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious viral disease of chickens, known to cause severe economic losses. Vaccination against IB virus (IBV) is an important control measure against the disease. The objective of the present study was to test Avishield IB GI-13, the vaccine candidate against IBV, strain V-173/11 (GI-13 genotype), according to European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) efficacy requirements
-
Histopathological Lesions Accompanied with First-Time Isolation of a PRRSV-2 Strain in Greece Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-25 Vasileios Papatsiros; Ioanna Stylianaki; Georgios Papakonstantinou; Nikolaos Tsekouras; Dimitra Bitchava; Georgios Christodoulopoulos; Nikolaos Papaioannou
Genotype 2 strains of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV-2) have been reported sporadically in Europe. Even if, PRRSV-2 reported to be genetically homogenous in Europe due to the introduction of an MLV vaccine strain, independent introductions of PRRSV-2 field strains have been reported. The aim of the present study was to report the complete genome sequence and evaluate the
-
Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccine Development: An Overview. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-23 Riyadi Sumirtanurdin,Melisa Intan Barliana
To this day, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has not shown signs of abating. Moreover, the virus responsible for the pandemic, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, has evolved into three different variants. This phenomenon highlights an even greater need to develop drugs and vaccines to control the rate of infection and spread of the disease. As of July 7, 2020, at least
-
Equity, Diversity, and Inclusion in Science. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-22 Rodney S Russell
-
Coxsackievirus B4 Exposure Results in Variable Pattern Recognition Response in the Kidneys of Female Non-Obese Diabetic Mice Before Establishment of Diabetes. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Debra L Walter,Sarah E Benner,Rosemary J Oaks,Jean R Thuma,Ramiro Malgor,Frank L Schwartz,Karen T Coschigano,Kelly D McCall
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is described by four primary diagnoses, diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis, and cystic kidney disease, all of which have viruses implicated as causative agents. Enteroviruses, such as coxsackievirus (CV), are a common genus of viruses that have been implicated in both diabetes and cystic kidney disease; however, little is known about how CVs cause kidney injury
-
Indeterminate Prediction of Hepatitis C Virus Genotype by Commercial Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay Resolving by Sequencing to Avoid the Consequence of Inaccurate Typing. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Hafsa Aziz,Shazia Fatima,Mohammad Faheem
Pakistan is ranked second highest after Egypt in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Accurate typing is mandatory to be compliant with the World Health Organization strategy to eliminate HCV infection in 2030. We characterized the HCV genotypes using Abbott real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and indeterminate samples were sequenced. We also investigated the distribution of HCV genotype among
-
Proinflammatory Cytokines Are Modulated in Vietnamese Patients with Dengue Fever. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Tran Thi Tuyen,Nguyen Thanh Viet,Ngo Thu Hang,Ngo Truong Giang,Do Duc Anh,Do Tuan Anh,Hoang Vu Hung,Do Quyet,Nguyen Linh Toan,Truong Dinh Cam,Hoang Van Tong
The clinical outcome of dengue is due to a complex interplay between dengue virus (DENV) and host immune factors, including complement and cytokine systems. Proinflammatory cytokines are mainly produced by monocytes in response to infectious pathogens. This study investigated the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and IL-12 in
-
Isolation and Characterization of a Lytic Salmonella paratyphi Phage and Its Antibiofilm Activity Individually or Collaborative with Kanamycin Sulfate. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Liming Jiang,Rui Zheng
Salmonella is among the most serious of foodborne pathogens worldwide and distributed widely in the natural environment; in addition, it has caused severe medical problems and foodborne diseases. Bacterial biofilm was the multicellular community of microorganisms that attached to nonbiological and biological surfaces. Phages and their derivatives are ideal candidates for replacing and compensating
-
Increased Proinflammatory Cytokine Production by Chronic Hepatitis B Patients with Mutant Hepatitis B Virus: Plausible Mechanisms Underlying Severe Liver Diseases in These Patients. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Ruksana Raihan,Sheikh Mohammad Fazle Akbar,Mamun Al Mahtab,Md Sakirul Islam Khan,Shahina Tabassum,Kok Keng Tee,Rosmawati Binti Mohamed
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a noncytopathic virus and billions of HBV-infected patients live uneventful lives and do not suffer from notable liver damage. However, HBV also causes progressive liver diseases characterized by hepatic inflammation, hepatic fibrosis, and liver cancer in millions of HBV-infected patients. The goal of this study was to evaluate the role of mutant HBV in HBV pathogenesis.
-
Virology and Immunology Researchers Evolve with the Viruses We Study. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-09-01 Rodney S Russell
-
Is There a Rationale for Using Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Vaccine in Coronavirus Infection? Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-08-26 Nidhi Maheshwari,Ayush Jain
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has become a global pandemic in 2020. The pathogen responsible for the COVID-19 has been found to be coronavirus (2019-nCoV) with human transmission through droplets, airway secretions, and even direct contact with host. Currently multiple drugs and their combinations are being tried for the treatment of the COVID-19 disease, but none approved. In absence of definitive
-
-
Vaccines Against Dengue and West Nile Viruses in India: The Need of the Hour. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 Milind M Gore
The circulation of flaviviruses, dengue (DEN), Japanese encephalitis (JE) and West Nile (WN) viruses, and others, is generating a major concern in many countries. Both JE along with DEN have been endemic in large regions of India. WN virus infection, although circulating in southern regions for many years, in recent years, WN encephalitis patients have been demonstrated. While vaccines against JE have
-
Reduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome-Associated Clinical Symptoms by Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Against Porcine Parvovirus and Porcine Circovirus Type 2. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 Guoyang Liu,Xuwen Qiao,Chen Chang,Tao Hua,Jichun Wang,Bo Tang,Daohua Zhang
The porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) capsid (Cap) protein and porcine parvovirus (PPV) VP2 protein have been studied in vaccines to control postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are nonreplicative vectors that deliver epitopes and induce immune responses. However, most VLP vaccines are recombinant proteins expressed in eukaryotic systems and are expensive
-
Administration with Vaccinia Virus Encoding Canine Parvovirus 2 vp2 Elicits Systemic Immune Responses in Mice and Dogs. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 Wanbo Zhao,Xiaomei Wang,Yi Li,Yaoming Li
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV2) is a highly contagious cause of serious and often fatal disease in young dogs. Despite the widespread availability of attenuated vaccines, safer, more stable, and more effective CPV2 vaccine candidates are still under exploration. Vaccinia virus (VV) has already been proved to be a safe, stable, and effective vaccine vector. In this study, we generated a VV-based CPV2
-
IL-10 Polymorphisms and Haplotypes Predict Susceptibility to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Occurrence in Patients with Hepatitis C Virus Infection from Northeast India. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 Prajjalendra Barooah,Snigdha Saikia,Manas Jyoti Kalita,Rituraj Bharadwaj,Preeti Sarmah,Mallika Bhattacharyya,Bhabadev Goswami,Subhash Medhi
Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection leads to variable outcomes, ranging from prolonged slow hepatic damage leading to cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Polymorphism in cytokines IL-10 and IL-12 that impact the immune response to HCV infection may play a role in determining this outcome. This study was aimed to determine if polymorphisms in IL-10 and IL-12B contribute to HCV susceptibility
-
Orf Virus VIR Antagonizes p53-Mediated Antiviral Effects to Facilitate Viral Replication. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 Ming-Hao Yan,Ling-Ling Wang,Jun-Hong Hao,Xue-Gang Zhang,Chao-Chao Shen,Da-Jun Zhang,Hai-Xue Zheng,Xiang-Tao Liu,Ke-Shan Zhang
As a zoonotic disease, ovine contagious pustular dermatitis (Orf) is a serious threat to sheep as well as humans. Orf virus (ORFV) interferon resistance protein (VIR) is the principal virulence protein that encodes a dsRNA-binding protein to inhibit host antiviral response. p53 is one of the key proteins of the host antiviral innate immunity. It not only enhances type I interferon secretion but also
-
Granulocyte/Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor-Derived Macrophages Exhibit Distinctive Early Immune Response to Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 Torki Alothaimeen,Kyle Seaver,Rylend Mulder,Katrina Gee,Sameh Basta
Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and macrophage CSF (M-CSF) modulate differentiation and immune functions of macrophages (MΦ). Our aim was to evaluate how different MΦ differentiation conditions influence the MΦ response to virus infection. To address this, we differentiated bone marrow-derived MΦ in either GM-CSF or M-CSF and measured the cytokine responses to two different
-
New Challenge for Zika Virus Infection: Human Reservoirs? Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-07-28 Gubio Soares Campos,Rejane Hughes Carvalho,Antonio Carlos Bandeira,Luciana Reboredo-Oliveira,Ryan Dos Santos Costa,Camila Alexandrina Figueiredo,Silvia Ines Sardi
Zika virus (ZIKV) is considered to cause an acute self-limited infection in adults, and microcephaly in fetus. Presence of the virus for long periods has been detected in body fluids; however, persistent viremia in serum for more than 1 year has not yet been reported. We have investigated persistence of ZIKV in serum samples of 77 subjects who were infected by the virus between 18 months and 3 years
-
Review of the SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan and Analysis as Well as Prediction of Therapeutic Drugs. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-07-02 Ruiyi Zhang,Yanmei Tang
Due to the worldwide impact of SARS-CoV-2, people have carried out in-depth research on the virus to fight against this highly contagious disease. In this article, many articles published recently are summarized vertically, from the structure and sites of SARS-Cov-2, the mode of transmission, the mathematical model of transmission, the mechanism of the virus itself, the symptoms of patients after infection
-
H1N1 Infection Reduces Glucose Level in Human U937 Monocytes Culture. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-06-04 Tarek Kamal Motawi,Nancy Nabil Shahin,Amany Sayed Maghraby,Michael Kirschfink,Dina Nadeem Abd-Elshafy,Kareem Awad,Mahmoud Mohamed Bahgat
Infection with influenza A (H1N1) virus contributes significantly to the global burden of acute respiratory diseases. Glucose uptake and metabolic changes are reported in different cell types after infections with different virus types, including influenza A virus. Alteration of glucose metabolism specifically in immune cells has major health consequences. The aim of this study was to monitor glucose
-
Generation and Application of Mouse Monoclonal Antibody Against Human Cytomegalovirus UL23. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-06-04 Wenjing Li,Huizi Chai,Linyuan Feng,Jinfeng Deng,Xiaoping Yang,Yanhong Ran,Hongjian Li
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a paradigm for pathogen-mediated immune evasion. The immune response to HCMV has been intensively studied for many years and still remains the focus of attention for numerous research groups. UL23 is an early gene of HCMV, belonging to the US22 gene family, encoding protein UL23. However, no monoclonal antibodies against to HCMV UL23 protein have been reported to prepare
-
Possibility of Immediate Introduction of a Single-Dose Antibody Induction Test as a Refinement of the NIH Test for Inactivated Rabies Vaccine Potency Determination. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-06-04 Srđan Stankov,Nemanja Obradović,Dragana Vujin,Nenad Vranješ
Antibody induction test (AIT) is a promising candidate as a refinement of the troublesome National institutes of Health (NIH) test in the sense of animal welfare 3R approach for determination of potency of inactivated rabies vaccines for veterinary and human use. In this study, we initially try to develop AIT as a suitable alternative to NIH test, to achieve a reduction of test duration and diminish
-
Inhibition of IL-2 or NF-κB Subunit c-Rel-Dependent Signaling Inhibits Expansion of Regulatory T Cells During Acute Friend Retrovirus Infection. Viral Immunol. (IF 1.695) Pub Date : 2020-06-04 Jean Alexander Ross,Anna Malyshkina,Lucas Otto,Jia Liu,Ulf Dittmer