Under lymphopenic conditions, the rapid spontaneous proliferation produces cells that robustly differentiate into effector memory T (TEM) cells, and the aberrant expansion is preferentially driven by self-antigens. The pool size of effector memory T-cell is governed by a complex homeostatic balance between proliferation and death. Perp is a critical effector involved in the p53-dependent apoptotic

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is caused by a single point mutation in the β-chain of the hemoglobin gene that results in the replacement of glutamic acid with valine in the hemoglobin protein. However, recent studies have demonstrated that alterations in several other genes, especially immune related genes, may be associated with complications of SCD. In fact, higher chronic inflammatory status is related

Biosurfactants (BSs) molecules are classically branded as emulsifiers of hydrocarbon compounds and are extensively applied in several fields including pharmaceutics, food processing, biodegradation, bioremediation, cosmetics, and pest control management. Due to the amphiphilic and surface-active properties, BS interacts with lipid membranes of the cell and alters its physio-chemical nature. As a result

BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic autoimmune disease, in which genetic polymorphisms are critically important in establishing inflammatory state. Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase (ERAP) 2 gene has been implied to be involved in AS etiopathogenesis. The current study evaluated the association of ERAP2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with susceptibility to AS in an Iranian

Investigation of the cellular metabolic pathways of immune cells, or immunometabolism, is a field of increasing interest. An understanding of immunometabolism provides routes to modifying T cell function for therapeutic purposes. Here, we review immunometabolism with a specific focus on regulatory T cells (Tregs). While T cells are known to switch their metabolic profile from oxidative phosphorylation

Endogenous retrovirus (ERV) are remnants of ancient retroviruses that have been incorporated into the genome and evidence suggests that they may play a role in the etiology of T1D. We previously identified a murine leukemia retrovirus-like ERV whose Env and Gag antigens are involved in autoimmune responses in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice. In this study, we show that the Gag antigen is present in the

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a world-wide health problem. Poor and delayed diagnoses as well as high recurrence rate resulting in high mortality rate. In this study, we established a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model from HCC patient, and continuously maintained with subcutaneous passage more than 20 times. This HCC PDX tumor exhibited the same histological characteristics with the HCC patient

The mechanism of recognition of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) by host innate immune cells is not well-understood. In this study, we first found that binary ethylenimine inactivated-FMDV (BEI-FMDV) with structurally intact capsid activated TLR2, but not other TLRs, and this specific activation was blocked by anti-TLR2 Abs or knockout of TLR2. BEI-FMDV activated NF-κB to induce cytokines, notably

Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is one of the most common and important virus causes of infectious infertility in swine throughout the world. Inactivated PPV vaccine is broadly used, however, there is no appropriate immunomodulatory adjuvant for enhancing present vaccines and developing new ones. Therefore, in this study, the water-soluble N-2-Hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan (N-2-HACC)

Complement system proteins, their regulators and endpoint effector complex significantly promote tumor growth by upregulation of oncogenic growth factors, activation of mitogenic signalling pathways and breakage of normal cell cycle. Contrastingly, complement cascades, initiated by anti-tumor therapeutic antibodies, also play a pivotal role in therapy response. This contradictory role of complement

As the most common non-traumatic disabling disease among adolescents, multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating neurological inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Research has not yet fully elucidated its pathogenesis, but it has shown MS to be a complex, multifactorial disease with many interplaying factors. One of these factors, natural killer (NK) cells, lymphocytes of the innate immune

Evidence establishes that chronic inflammation and autoimmunity are associated with cancer development and patients with a primary malignancy may develop autoimmune-like diseases. Despite immune dysregulation is a common feature of both cancer and autoimmune diseases, precise mechanisms underlying this susceptibility are not clarified and different hypotheses have been proposed, starting from genetic

Although many vaccines have been designed to induce effective mucosal immune responses against HIV-1, designing an effective HIV-1 vaccine remains a challenge. Bacterium-like particles (BLPs) are a new type of vector used to induce mucosal immune responses, and have already been used for some vaccines against respiratory tract viruses. In this study, we designed a mucosal vaccine against HIV-1 based

This study aimed to research the effect of miR-149 on endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-induced inflammation and apoptosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The mouse model with NAFLD was established by feeding with a high-fat diet, and the model establishment was subsequently confirmed by H&E staining and oil red O staining. MiR-149 agomir was injected into NAFLD mice to observe changes

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are one of the attractive candidates in regenerative medicine of many clinical applications because of their low immunogenicity and immunomodulatory property. Our previous studies provided that mouse bone marrow-derived Sca-1+MSCs could drive the differentiation of regulatory DC (regDCs) (Scal-1+ BM-MSC-driven DC [sBM-DCs]) from hemopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) and

Master CD4+ T cell lineage determined transcription factors are found to be dysregulated in pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. CD4+ T cells categorized into different lineages based on their functions, cell surface markers and master transcription factors those required for expression of lineage specific cytokines. T-bet, GATA3, RORγt and Foxp3 are major transcription regulators

To develop anti-tumor agents for lung cancer, we aim to characterize a herbal compound, daidzein-rich isoflavones aglycone (DRIA), in inhibiting the proliferation and NF-κB signaling pathway of lung cancer. MTT and colony formation assays were used to analyze the proliferation of lung cancer cells in presence of DRIA treatment, which showed that DRIA dose-dependently inhibited the proliferation and

Follicular helper CD4+ T-cells (Tfh) control humoral immunity by driving affinity maturation and isotype-switching of activated B-cells. Tfh localize within B-cell follicles and, upon encounter with cognate antigen, drive B-cell selection in germinal centers (GCs) as GC-Tfh. Tfh functionality is controlled by Foxp3-expressing Tfh, which are known as regulatory T follicular cells (Tfr). Thus far, it

Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer in the world. Nanoscale forms of cellulose, including cellulose nanofibers (CNF), cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and bacterial nanocellulose (BC), are very attractive in industry, medicine and pharmacy. Biomedical applications of nanocellulose in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and controlled drug delivery are the most promising. Nanocellulose

Natural circulating antibodies (NAbs) to endogenous regulators have shown to be potential biomarkers in medicine. Due to the lack of reliable assays, only few of them have been well studied. To employ NAbs as biomarkers, an evaluation of changes over the course of a treatment is required. This paper describes our work to analyze the dynamics of NAbs titer to interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) among healthy children

Foxp3+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are essential for the maintenance of tolerance to self. Therefore, it is expected that lower numbers and/or less than optimal function could impact on the functioning of the immune system, and thereby contributing to the development of autoimmune diseases. In the present report, by comparing Tregs from most frequently used mouse strains in immunological research (C57BL/6

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). It is well known that TLRs play an essential role in activating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are involved in mediating inflammatory responses and maintaining epithelial barrier homeostasis, and they are highly likely to activate various signalling pathways during cancer chemotherapy. For a long time

In spite of impressive results in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic B cell leukemia (B-ALL) with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, the clinical outcome of some hematological cancers like follicular lymphoma (FL) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not been very promising likely due to immunosuppressive networks within tumor microenvironment. Hypoxia in the microenvironment of hematological

Within the past decade, immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs), including anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), anti-programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) antibodies, are undoubtfully the most remarkable advances in cancer therapy. The immune responses are modulated by these ICPIs via blocking the inhibitory PD-1/PD-L1 path and result in immune activation

The adaptive immune response in jawed vertebrates relies on the huge diversity and specificity of the B cell and T cell antigen receptors, the immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies and the T cell receptors (TR), respectively. The high level of diversity has represented a barrier to a comprehensive analysis of the adaptive immune response before the emergence of high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies

NADPH oxidase 2 is a superoxide-generating enzymatic complex based on the catalytic subunit gp91phox that is also known as Nox2. Initially identified in neutrophils, NADPH oxidase 2 was long considered responsible only for the killing of phagocytized microorganisms. However, advances in knowledge about redox signalling and the discovery of Nox2 expression in different cell types, including macrophages

Myeloperoxidase is an enzyme present in neutrophils and has been demonstrated to be an important molecule for neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and function. Yet, it is also a source of autoantigens for anti-neutrophil or anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies (ANCAs), which are capable of activating these immune cells and provoke tissue damage in a sterile microenvironment. The presence of

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is an important hematopoietic growth factor and immunregulatory cytokine. Although activated T helper cells represent a main source of IL-3, other cell types have been reported to express this cytokine. However, precise identification and quantification of the cells that produce IL-3 in vivo have not been performed. Therefore, we used a CRISPR/Cas approach to engineer mice containing

BACKGROUND Anti-centromere auto-antibodies (ACA) have been described as a marker in Systemic sclerosis (SSc) disease. CENP-B is the major centromere auto-antigen recognized by SSc patients with positive ACA. Our aim was to characterize the major epitope involved in the anti-CENP-B immune response of Moroccan SSc patients. PATIENTS AND METHOD For identification of SSc biomarkers, 80 sera from patients

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a world-wide pro-inflammatory based disease, which is prevalent among young individuals. The etiology of the disease and its related complications are yet to be clarified. It has been hypothesized that environmental factors, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the internal factors such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), may be the most

S.aureus induced septic arthritis remains a serious medical concern due to its rapidly progressive disease profile. The multidrug resistant nature of S.aureus demands the development of new strategies for the treatment of S.aureus arthritis. Since monocyte/macrophage population has been recognized as an important axis in joint inflammation and destruction, selective depletion of peripheral blood monocytes

BACKGROUND Human proteins such as interleukin-24 (IL24), thyroperoxidase (TPO) and thyroglobulin (Tg) are targets of IgE or IgG autoantibodies. Why these proteins are recognized by autoantibodies in some patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) or hypothyroidism is unknown. OBJECTIVE Through in silico analysis, identify antigen patches of TPO, Tg and IL24 and compare the sequences of these

BACKGROUND Red blood cells (RBCs) can have a modulatory effect on immune cells; so changes in their dynamism could considerably influence their physiology, and consequently the immune activities of neighbouring cells, like natural killer (NK) cells. Herein, we studied the effect of both RBCs and lack of cell movement on the proliferation, survival and regulation of peripheral IL-2-stimulated NK cells

Autoinflammation and PLCG2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation (APLAID) is an autosomal dominant autoinflammatory disease characterized by episodic skin, musculoskeletal, ophthalmic and gastrointestinal tract symptoms. Here we report an 11-year-old girl with a history of repeated episodes of fever, myalgia, arthralgia, abdominal pain, and urticarial rash in the trunk and limbs.

BACKGROUND CD3 and CD19 are the characteristic surface markers of mature T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes of human respectively. A special subset of immune cells that characteristically expressed the surface markers CD19+ of B lymphocytes and CD3+ of T lymphocytes simultaneously (CD19+CD3+ cells, hereinafter referred to as B-T cells) was found in the peripheral blood of human, yet it has not been reported

Despite the prominent progress in understanding cancer immunosurveillance mechanisms, there are some types of problems which have been identified to hinder effective and successful immunotherapy of cancers. Such problems have been ascribed to the tumor abilities in the creation of a tolerant milieu that can impair immune responses against cancer cells. In the present study, we represent possible approaches

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a highly neglected disease that is present in several countries worldwide. Present-day treatments against this disease are unsuitable, mainly due to the toxicity and/or high cost of drugs. In addition, the development of vaccines is still insufficient. In this scenario, a prompt VL diagnosis was deemed necessary, although sensitivity and/or specificity values of the tests

Yolkin is a product of proteolytic degradation of vitellogenin, a protein contained in eggs' yolk, with already described procognitive properties. Here, we investigated effects of yolkin on the humoral and cellular immune response in mice, phenotype of cells from lymphoid organs and function of innate immunity cells. In vitro studies included effects of yolkin on mitogen-induced thymocyte proliferation

BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by chronic and progressive inflammation that can cause a high degree of disability in affected individuals. Proinflammatory cytokines play central roles in the development of degradative and inflammatory responses in RA. IL-29 has been identified in RA and reported as a biomarker of the disease. OBJECTIVE To analyze

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is the most common pregnancy related complication, affecting 1-5 % of pregnancies. Despite hormonal, genetic and anatomical factors that result in abortion, impairment of immune response at the feto-maternal interface during the first trimester of pregnancy is also one of the main causes of RSA. In the present study, we evaluated the frequency of blood and uterine

Allogeneic cancer cell lines serve as universal source of tumor-associated antigens in cancer vaccines. Immunogenic high hydrostatic pressure-killed cancer cells derived from cell lines can be used for the generation of dendritic cell (DC)-based active cellular immunotherapy of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We investigated the expression of 12 known NSCLC tumor-associated antigens (TAA) (CEA

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells that are excellent candidates for different cellular therapies due to their physiological properties such as immunoregulatory function. whetheare currently utilized for regenerative medication and treatment of a number of inflammatory illnesses given their ability to considerably impact tissue microenvironments via extracellular vesicles or toll-like

HCMV coevolved with humans for millions of years and is now one of the most widespread infections worldwide. For a long time HCMV seropositivity was considered a safe clinical condition. In recent decades both clinical observations and research results indicated that the very presence of HCMV in human organism specifically influences immune system and may affect reproduction as a process greatly dependent

Chemokines are small molecules called "chemotactic cytokines" and regulate many processes like leukocyte trafficking, homing of immune cells, maturation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, physiology, migration during development, and host immune responses. These proteins bind to their corresponding 7-membrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptors are anti-inflammatory factors in autoimmune

Highly conserved 2D receptor clusters (membrane rafts) of immunological signaling molecules with MHCI and MHCII antigens as their cores have been observed in the past on the surface of T- and B-cell lines of lymphoid origin, as well as on cells from patients with colon tumor and Crohn's disease. Conservativity is related to the ever presence of MHCI molecules. Although they are suspected to play a

Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) has a complex course and a worse prognosis. Immune response imbalance is an important cause of severe pancreatitis or even death in patients. Immunomodulation therapy can regulate the imbalance of inflammatory response, alleviate SAP-related organ damage and improve the prognosis of patients. There are some problems in early immune regulation measures, such as single

Activated mouse B cells as compared to the resting B cells are known to internalize substantially more acid-functionalized single walled carbon nanotubes (AF-SWCNTs). It was hypothesized that the antigens coupled to AF-SWCNTs would also be taken up more efficiently by B cells. Further the enhanced uptake of the antigen by B cells may facilitate antigen presentation by B cells resulting in a better

BACKGROUND Representing the first line of host defense against virus infections and an essential link between innate and adaptive immune response, the role of dendritic cells (DCs) in peripheral blood of juvenile-onset recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (JORRP) patients and association with disease activity were still not established. MATERIALS AND METHODS In our present study, 28 JORRP patients

In a previous work we demonstrated that inhibition of mouse indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) by methyltryptophan (MT) exacerbated the pathological actions of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV-A59) infection, suggesting that tryptophan (TRP) catabolism was involved in viral effects. Since there is a second enzyme that dioxygenates TRP, tryptophan-2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO), which is mainly located in liver, we

First discovered in the 1980's, granulysin has until recently been thought of solely as an effector molecule present within cytotoxic immune cell populations, and involved in the direct killing of pathogens and infected or transformed eukaryotic cells. However, recent research has suggested an additional role of granulysin, in particular the 15 kDa isoform. While 9 kDa granulysin is broadly cytotoxic

BACKGROUND Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a prototype of chronic inflammatory arthritis termed seronegative spondyloarthropathies that typically affects the joints. Among the non-Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci, the strongest association has been observed with Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Moreover, the effect of ERAP1 gene SNPs on the

Doxorubicin is an effective antitumor drug commonly used in the treatment of a wide variety of cancers. However, doxorubicin may cause cardiac toxicity, which can cause congestive heart failure in severe cases, and this seriously limits its clinical application. It is believed that doxorubicin promotes the formation of reactive oxygen species, inducing oxidative stress, and at the same time, reduces

The aetiology of multiple sclerosis (MS) is as yet poorly understood. Multiple mechanisms in different disease stages are responsible for immunopathology in MS. HLA Class II DR2b (DRB1*1501 β, DRA1*0101 α) is the strongest genetic risk factor for MS. Remnants of ancient retroviruses in the human genome, termed human endogenous retroviruses (HERV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection are also associated

Microbiota consists of commensal, symbiotic and pathogenic microorganisms found in all multicellular organisms. These micro-organisms are found in or on many parts of the body, including the intestinal tract, skin, mouth, and the reproductive tract. This review focuses on interplay of site specific microbiota, vector microbiota along with immune response and severity of Leishmaniasis. Herein, we have

The success of genetically engineered T-cells modified with a chimeric antigen receptor as an adoptive cell immunotherapy and the subsequent last regulatory approvals of products based on this therapy are leading to a crescent number of both academic and pharmaceutical industry clinical trials testing new approaches of this "living drugs". The aim of this review is to outline the latest developments

Mucosal immunization has potential benefits over conventional parenteral immunization, eliciting immune defense in both mucosal and systemic tissue for protecting from pathogen invasion at mucosal surfaces. To provide a first line of protection at these entry ports, mucosal vaccines have been developed and hold a significant promise for reducing the burden of infectious diseases. However, until very

BACKGROUND Associations between polymorphisms in interleukins and tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility were already reported by many publications. The aim of this meta-analysis was to clarify associations between polymorphisms in interleukins and TB by combing the results of all relevant publications. METHODS Eligible publications were searched from Pubmed, Embase, WOS and CNKI. We used Review Manager