Background: Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic disease leading to recurrent respiratory infections of upper and lower airways. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and bronchiectasis are very common in PCD patients. Recently, it has been shown the presence of taste receptors in respiratory tract and the possible involvement of bitter taste receptor TAS2R38 gene in susceptibility to respiratory

Background: Interrelation between thyrocytes and immunocytes has been established. However, the roles of mast cells and thyroid hormones in the triggering mechanism of thyroid autoimmune processes have been insufficiently investigated. This study evaluated the role of thyroid hormones and mast cells in the mechanisms of losing tolerance to thyroid autoantigens. Materials and Methods: Two groups of

Background: Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a systemic immunological disorder characterized by fibro-inflammatory conditions; however, the pathobiology of IgG4-RD has not been fully identified. Objective: This study aimed to analyze systemic differences of innate and adaptive immune cells from healthy controls and patients with IgG4-RD. Methods: Healthy controls (n = 9) and IgG4-RD patients

Purpose: Pollen may spread indoors through clothes contaminated during outdoor activities. This study aimed to evaluate the pollen removal efficacy of a mechanical dryer. Methods: Cotton clothes served as laundry, and fabrics measuring 2 × 5 cm served as test samples. Pollen was spread evenly on the test fabrics. The fabrics were then fixed on the cloth and left for 8 h to imitate real-life conditions

Background: Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent primary immunodeficiency disorder mainly characterized by recurrent bacterial infections besides other immunological defects including loss of or dysfunction of B cells and decreased immunoglobulin levels. In this study, our aim is to evaluate clinical, immunological, and molecular data of patients with a primary clinical diagnosis

MicroRNA (miRNA) mimics or antagomirs hold great promise for asthma treatment compared with glucocorticoids as mainstay therapy for asthma. But the role of miRNA in regulating asthmatic inflammation is largely unclear. We previously reported that miR-3162-3p in the peripheral blood of children with asthma was obviously upregulated compared to that in healthy children. This study aimed to elucidate

Introduction: Obesity-associated asthma is characterized by type 2-low airway inflammation. We previously showed that EM900, which is a 12-membered nonantibiotic macrolide, suppressed airway inflammation in a mouse model of asthma exacerbation. The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of EM900 in obesity-associated asthma. Methods: BALB/c mice were fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet

Introduction: The enhanced type 2 helper (Th2) immune response is responsible for the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. To suppress the enhanced Th2 immune response, activation of the Th1 immune response has been an alternative strategy for anti-asthma therapy. In this context, effective Th1-inducing adjuvants that inhibit the development of allergic asthma but do not flare the side effects of the primary

Introduction: Oral immunotherapy (OIT) has been reported to be effective but associated with a risk of severe symptoms. Thus, an OIT method with decreased risk is required. Objectives: We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of low- and high-dose OIT regimens in children with severe milk allergy. Methods: Overall, 33 participants (median age, 9 years; median final dose of the milk oral food challenge

Introduction: Mepolizumab is a monoclonal antibody against IL-5 for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma. The aim of the current study was to present a predesigned interim analysis of the data of patients who have completed 1 year of therapy with mepolizumab. Methods: This study is a prospective multicenter, noninterventional 2-year observational study and aims to describe the clinical benefit

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

The difference between the female and male immune response to COVID-19 infection, and infections in general, is multifactorial. The well-known determiners of the immune response, such as X and Y chromosomes, sex hormones, and microbiota, are functionally interconnected and influence each other in shaping the organism’s immunity. We focus our commentary on the interplay between the genetic sex and mitochondria

Introduction: House dust mite contains several allergen components and causes perennial allergy. Lately, a new major allergen, Der p 23, was described with relatively high sensitization rates in different European Countries. In addition, Der p 23 is supposed to cause asthmatic disease. Objective: We would like to question the prevalence and clinical impact of specific immunoglobulin E to Der p 23 in

A vaccine to protect against COVID-19 is urgently needed. Such a vaccine should efficiently induce high-affinity neutralizing antibodies which neutralize SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19. However, there is a concern regarding both vaccine-induced eosinophilic lung disease and eosinophil-associated Th2 immunopotentiation following infection after vaccination. Here, we review the anticipated characteristics

Background: Allergic rhinitis is the most prevalent atopic disorder worldwide. Inflammation is believed to participate in allergic rhinitis. Previous studies indicate that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) promotes the development of allergic rhinitis, and dendritic cells are also involved in allergic rhinitis. Methods:We explored the consequences of HIF1α deficiency in dendritic cells on allergic rhinitis

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

The human endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a complex signalling network involved in many key physiological processes. The ECS includes the cannabinoid receptors, the endocannabinoid ligands, and the enzymes related to their synthesis and degradation. Other cannabinoids encompass the phytocannabinoids from Cannabis sativaL.(marijuana) and the synthetic cannabinoids. Alterations in the ECS are associated

The interleukin-17 (IL-17) family is a relatively new family of cytokines consisting of 6 related factors (IL-17A–IL-17F), while the receptor family consists of 5 members: IL-17RA–IL-17RE. IL-17A is the prototype member of this family, which is also the signature cytokine of T helper 17 (Th17) cells. Th17 cells are involved in the development of autoimmune disease, inflammation, and tumors. Although

Introduction: Interleukin-5 (IL-5) is the principal cytokine regulating eosinophil growth, differentiation, activation, and expression. It is a specific target of mepolizumab, an anti-IL-5 monoclonal antibody used in the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma. This new drug can improve symptoms, reduce asthma exacerbations and steroid use. Few data are available on its efficacy for nasal symptoms

Introduction: The impact of furry animal allergens on house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) is unclear. Objective: We aimed to investigate the co-sensitization and cross-sensitization of furry animal allergens and assess their clinical relevance with HDM-induced AR. Methods: We enrolled 268 patients with HDM-induced AR who were diagnosed with skin prick tests positive for dogs and/or

Even though respiratory viruses are one of the most common triggers for asthma exacerbations, not all of these viruses affect patients equally. There is no strong evidence supporting that patients with asthma have a higher risk of becoming seriously ill from coronavirus disease 2019 (CO­VID-19), although recent reports from the USA and the UK suggest that asthma is much more common in children and

Background: Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by failure of phagocytic leukocytes to destroy certain microbes. We present a study on CGD patients enrolled at a single medical center concerning the infectious and noninfectious complications and genetic properties of the disease. Methods: Icotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity and the expression

Introduction: One of the most frequent abnormalities of B cells in common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is reduced number of class-switched memory B cells, suggesting an impaired germinal center response. Therefore, due to its pivotal role in regulating the development of humoral immunity, the objective of this study was to evaluate the role of circulating T follicular helper (cTFH) and circulating

Background: Hymenoptera venom allergy (HVA) has a prevalence of 3% in adults. Although patients have no ongoing symptoms, they often suffer from an impairment of their psychological well-being and quality of life. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze sex-specific differences regarding the psychological burden caused by this allergy and handling of the emergency medication. Method: Study

Int Arch Allergy Immunol

Background: Management of hundreds of analytes obtained from the molecular multiplex techniques currently available may represent a challenge for clinicians in daily clinical practice. Objectives: The aim of the study was to describe a comprehensive and simple approach to assess such complex molecular results, to display relevant disease-specific signatures at a glance, and to facilitate their interpretation

Background: Recent studies have proposed that clinical and immunological differences exist between mono- and poly-sensitized subjects with allergic diseases, and poly-sensitization was related to multimorbidity of allergic diseases among children and adolescents. Objective: We compared the clinical characteristics and multimorbidity of allergic diseases between adult rhinitis patients mono- and poly-sensitized

Introduction: Bronchial thermoplasty (BT) improves asthma-related quality of life and decreases the number of asthma exacerbations. However, the effectiveness of BT in the treatment of severe asthma with smoking history is unclear because previous studies have excluded patients with smoking history of more than 10 pack-years. Objective: The aim of the study was to clarify the effectiveness and safety

Background: An increased expression of interleukin (IL)-15, a cytokine with a key role in stimulating innate and adaptive immune cells, such as dendritic cells (DC), natural killer cells, and T cells, has been observed in infectious and inflammatory diseases, including autoimmune diseases as well as cancer. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease characterized by a type 2 immune

Background: The current treatment for allergic rhinitis (AR) is inadequate. Objective: The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of taurine on AR and to identify the underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: The serum level of the antioxidant enzyme extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) was determined in AR patients and in healthy controls. The antiallergic inflammatory effects

Background: Several studies have linked acetaminophen exposure to the risk of allergic rhinitis, with controversial results. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was conducted up to December 1, 2019. We included observational studies that examined the association between acetaminophen exposure and the risk of allergic rhinitis. Two reviewers independently

Drug hypersensitivity is one of the most frequent causes of anaphylaxis, particularly in adults and in hospitalized patients. Drug-induced anaphylaxis (DIA) is also associated with more severe outcomes than other anaphylaxis triggers, and drugs are responsible for the majority of deaths due to anaphylaxis. We here review the current knowledge on the incidence, prevalence, drugs involved, mortality

INTRODUCTION Anisakiasis is a zoonosis of parasitic origin whose diffusion seems to be continuously increasing. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of a fish-free diet in patients allergic to Anisakis simplex as well as underlining the importance of awareness and prevention. Furthermore, we aimed to investigate the critical issues related to the spread of anisakiasis in relation

After the advent of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) commenced across the world. Understanding the Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19 is essential for interrupting viral infectivity and preventing aberrant immune responses before a vaccine can be developed. In this review, we provide the latest insights into the roles of

BACKGROUND Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) develops in the presence of predisposing conditions such as asthma and cystic fibrosis. Even ABPA accompanied by asthma is often complicated by chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa or nontuberculous mycobacterial infection of the lower respiratory tract, rendering treatment with corticosteroids difficult. There have been several reports on the effectiveness

BACKGROUND Neutrophilic chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) occur predominantly in Asian subjects. Appropriate treatments for this endotype have not been elucidated. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of budesonide nasal spray on neutrophilic CRSwNP. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fifteen neutrophilic CRSwNP patients were included, and then they received budesonide nasal spray treatment

BACKGROUND The etiology of ulcerative colitis (UC) remains elusive even though many genetic and environmental pathogenic factors have been reported. Aberrant inflammatory responses mediated by specific subsets of T cells have been observed in ulcerative lesions of UC patients. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the involvement of a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in UC, we focused on dental metal hypersensitivity

BACKGROUND Wheat is known as the most widely consumed food all over the world. Although many types of wheat allergy have been recognized, their treatment still has a long way to go due to the complex pathogenesis. Oral immunotherapy (OIT) is under investigation for the treatment of wheat allergies. Previous studies have demonstrated that OIT using intact wheat allergens can induce tolerance, but is

BACKGROUND Drug-free viscous nasal applications have been shown to reduce nasal symptoms in individuals with seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR). Nascum®-Plus (NP), a commercially available thixotropic gel, has been designed to reduce dryness and soreness of the nasal mucosa and prevent the absorption of small particles. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of single-dose NP in

BACKGROUND CD8+ regulatory T cells (CD8+ Tregs) are relatively recently described T cell subsets that have been shown to regulate various T cell responses and appear to play a role in autoimmunity. However, their effects on B cells have not been explored. OBJECTIVES In this investigation we examine the effect of CD8+ Tregs on various subsets of peripheral B cells include naïve B cells, transitional

This update on chronic urticaria (CU) focuses on the prevalence and pathogenesis of chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), the expanding spectrum of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for assessing CU disease activity, impact, and control, as well as future treatment options for CU. This update is needed, as several recently reported findings have led to significant advances in these areas. Some

BACKGROUND The possible gender impact on asthma arouses current and outstanding interest, but few studies addressed this issue in the real-world setting. OBJECTIVE This cross-sectional study tested the hypothesis of a potential difference between asthmatic males and females in a real-life setting, such as a third-level asthma clinic. METHODS A total of 499 asthmatic outpatients (301 females and 198

We updated the meta-analysis published by McDonald et al. [Chest 2002;122;1535-1542] by reviewing the effectiveness of air purification for the treatment of home-related allergic asthma (dust mite, dog, cat, and cockroach). We analysed the trials included by McDonald et al. as well as studies published since 2000. Data on asthma symptoms scores (ASS), medication use, forced expiratory volume in 1 s

BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common inflammatory skin diseases, with an increasing incidence in clinical practice. AD models have demonstrated that TGF-β signaling is compromised in regulatory T cells (Tregs). OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the TGF-β-dependent in vitro conversion of CD4+CD25- T cells derived from AD-patients into CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ induced Tregs (iTregs)

BACKGROUND Peanut allergy is the most prevalent and dangerous food allergy. Peanuts consist of a large number of different allergens and peanut-allergic patients are frequently sensitized to multiple allergens. Hence, conventional desensitization approaches aim at targeting as many allergens as possible. METHODS The monoclonal anti-Ara h 2 antibody (mAb) was produced by hybridoma cells derived from

BACKGROUND Influenza viral infection is a major public health problem with significant morbidity and mortality.Asthma is a risk factor for developing serious complications related to influenza infection. OBJECTIVE We explored factors associated with influenza vaccination coverage among adolescents with asthma. METHODS Data were obtained from 62,276 participants in the 13th Korean Youth Risk Behavior

One of the most important blood tests in the field of allergy, mast cell tryptase has numerous diagnostic uses, particularly for anaphylactic reactions and for the diagnosis of mastocytosis. However, there are numerous other non-anaphylactic conditions where clinicians may see elevated serum tryptase (hypertryptasemia) and the practicing clinician ought to be aware of these important differential diagnoses

PURPOSE Reported associations of interleukin-18 (IL-18) single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with allergic rhinitis (AR) have been inconsistent, prompting a meta-analysis to obtain more precise estimates. METHODS We synthesized data from 8 articles and examined 3 IL-18 SNPs. Two SNPs (rs360721 and rs187238), in linkage disequilibrium, were combined and termed RS1. The rs1946518 SNP was analyzed separately

OBJECTIVE Precise diagnosis of allergy requires knowledge of the population's food allergy (FA) spectrum and predictors. METHODS Medical charts of Turkish children aged 0-2 years with FA and/or atopic dermatitis (AD) were reviewed. RESULTS A total of 1,389 patients, 912 with FA and 1,140 with AD, were included. In the FA group, the most frequently diagnosed FAs were egg white (75.9%), cow's milk (55

The prevalence of allergic diseases in the African continent has received limited attention with the allergic diseases due to fungal allergens being among the least studied. This lead to the opinion being that the prevalence of allergic disease is low in Africa. Recent reports from different African countries indicate that this is not the case as allergic conditions are common and some; particularly

BACKGROUND Several studies have suggested that sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) involves a dose-response relationship and inadequate dosage might not achieve a favorable clinical effect. OBJECTIVE The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of increasing SLIT dosage at 6 months in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) who had low response to treatment

BACKGROUND Wheat IgE-mediated food allergy in children is one of the most frequent food allergies in westernized countries, affecting between 0.4 and 1% of children. Although 95% predictive decision points have been determined for major allergens such as peanut, egg, and milk, the diagnostic performances of wheat-specific IgE (sIgE) and wheat component testing are not well established. OBJECTIVES The

BACKGROUND Vehicle-induced air pollution may increase the prevalence and severity of asthma. Pollens are important sources of outdoor allergens associated with asthma. Outdoor pollution may influence the structure of pollen grains, resulting in enhanced immune reactions. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the impact that artemisia pollen extracts exposed to diesel emissions (APEDE) may induce

INTRODUCTION Density and co-expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors may vary among cell populations. However, the role and potential of these changes remain unclear. This study aimed to determine the density of expression and co-expression of TNFR1/2 and the dose-dependent effect of soluble TNF on these parameters. METHODS Epithelial-like (HEp-2, K-562, MCF-7, ZR-75/1) and lymphoblast-like

INTRODUCTION Frequently observed multiple sensitizations to several animals highlights the importance of a molecular diagnosis, distinguishing between sensitizations specific to single species and sensitizations due to cross-reactivity. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to assess the usefulness of a molecular diagnosis in the description of sensitization profiles in allergy patients living in Central

BACKGROUND The visual analogue scale (VAS) is a simple and useful tool to assess the severity of allergic rhinitis. Whether a pretreatment VAS score can guide appropriate medication is unclear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether a pretreatment VAS score could be used to predict therapeutic response. METHODS A prospective 4-week cohort study involving 101 allergic rhinitis patients

BACKGROUND Probiotics have shown promising results in primary prevention of allergies in early years, but the long-term effects on allergic sensitization need more evaluation. OBJECTIVES We conducted a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study to determine whether the use of a mixture of pre- and probiotics perinatally affects the prevalence of immunoglobulin E (IgE) sensitization up to 13 years

BACKGROUND Associations of polymorphisms in interferon-gamma (IFNG), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and interleukin-18 (IL-18) with coronary artery disease (CAD) have already been investigated by many studies, yet the findings of these studies have been somewhat inconsistent. OBJECTIVES The aim of this meta-analysis was to better clarify associations between polymorphisms in IFNG/IL-10/IL-18 and CAD by combing

BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-in-duced proliferation of airway smooth muscle cells plays critical roles in the development of airway remodeling. Six1 (sine oculis homeobox homolog 1) has been demonstrated to be involved in airway inflammation and remodeling in asthmatic mice. OBJECTIVES The aim of this work was to investigate the potential role of miR-204-5p in the proliferation