In the article of Ono,1 the author would like to add the following affiliation. International Research Centre for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. The author would also like to add the research funding from JSPS KAKENHI to the Acknowledgements section on page 34. The updated Acknowledgement section with the correct funding information is shown below.

FoxP3+CD4+ Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an immune cell lineage endowed with immunosuppressive functionality in a wide array of contexts, including both anti‐pathogenic and anti‐self responses. In the past decades, our understanding of the functional diversity of circulating or lymphoid Tregs have exponentially grown. Only recently, the importance of Tregs residing within non‐lymphoid tissues, such

Since the first WHO notification on 31st December 2019, COVID‐19, the respiratory disease caused by the coronavirus SARS‐CoV‐2, has been responsible for over 4 million confirmed infections, and almost 300,000 deaths worldwide. The pandemic has led to over half of the world's population living under lockdown conditions. To allow normal life to resume, public health interventions will be needed to prevent

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is a respiratory disorder caused by the highly contagious SARS‐CoV‐2. The immunopathological characteristics of COVID‐19 patients, either systemic or local, have not been thoroughly studied. In the present study, we analyzed both the changes in the number of various immune cell types as well as cytokines important for immune reactions and inflammation. Our data indicate

Microglial inflammation driven by the NLRP3 inflammasome contributes to brain disease and is a therapeutic target. Most mechanistic studies on NLRP3 activation utilise two-dimensional pure microglial cell culture systems. Here we studied the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in organotypic hippocampal slices, which allowed us to investigate microglial NLRP3 activation in a three-dimensional, complex

Metabolites are the essential substrates for epigenetic modification enzymes to write or erase the epigenetic blueprint in cells. Thus, the availability of nutrients and activity of metabolic pathways strongly influence the enzymatic function. Recent studies have shed light on the choreography between metabolome and epigenome in the control of immune cell differentiation and function, with a major

Our barrier surfaces are fundamental in protecting us from the outside world and segregating key biological processes. The immunological fortifications found at these sites therefore possess many distinct qualities, which are discussed in Immunology's series of reviews on Barrier Immunity. Together these reviews showcase novel biological processes identified through the use of state-of-the-art technologies

In the following article1, there is an error in the Abstract: The fourth sentence, ‘Interleukin 10 receptor antagonist production was increased upon activation of TLR10 ex vivo after BCG vaccination, and TLR10 protein expression on monocytes was increased after BCG vaccination, whereas anti‐TLR10 antibodies did not significantly modulate β‐glucan or BCG‐induced trained immunity in vitro.’ Should have

Tbet-deficient mice have reduced NK cells in blood and spleen, but increased NK cells in bone marrow and lymph nodes, a phenotype that is thought to be due to defective migration. Here, we revisit the role of Tbet in NK cell bone marrow egress. We definitively show that the accumulation of NK cells in the bone marrow of Tbet-deficient Tbx21-/- animals occurs because of a migration defect and identify

In the era of big data, the establishment of a free database, containing all the immune drug targets and associated cell types, is of great value. To this aim, the Guide to Immunopharmacology has been created in a joint effort between the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) and the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). Here we highlight the structure and

T lymphocytes are a central component, and play an important role in controlling immunity and immunological diseases. Recent studies have shown that T cell metabolism is highly dynamic and has a tremendous impact on the modulation of T lymphocyte immunity. Specific metabolic pathways meet energy and biosynthetic requirements that can support specific T cell functional activities in immunity and immunological

Both CD8+ T cells and NK cells contribute to the immune response against the protozoan Leishmania parasite. Both are able to generate IFN‐γ and both display cytotoxic features. These features may enable them to not only contribute to parasite clearance but also to cause immune‐mediated pathology. This pathology is evident, for example, in the Leismania‐induced skin lesions found in patients with cutaneous

The concept of trained immunity refers to remodelling of the monocyte and macrophage metabolic and epigenetic landscape, conferring an amplified inflammatory response upon secondary stimulation. This effect is typically modelled in vitro by stimulating monocytes with either Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) or β-Glucan for 24 hr, before subsequent stimulation with LPS or Pam-3-Cys (P3C) as a secondary

The cre-loxP system has been revolutionary in the field of immunology. The technology enables genetic deletion in mice with unprecedented precision. It is therefore now widely used to investigate gene functions in animal models of disease, and in fundamental studies of the immune response. This widespread adoption of cre-loxP technology has allowed a thorough investigation of its strengths and weaknesses

Chloroquines are 4-aminoquinoline-based drugs mainly used to treat malaria. At pharmacological concentrations, they have significant effects on tissue homeostasis, targeting diverse signaling pathways in mammalian cells. A key target pathway is autophagy, which regulates macromolecule turnover in the cell. In addition to affecting cellular metabolism and bioenergetic flow equilibrium, autophagy plays

TRIM21 is an interferon-stimulated E3 ligase that controls the activity of pattern-recognition signaling via ubiquitination of interferon regulatory factors and DDX41. Previous studies on the role of TRIM21 in innate immune responses have yielded contradictory results, suggesting that the role of TRIM21 is cell specific. Here, we report that bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) generated from Trim21-/-

A reciprocal interaction exists between the gut microbiota and the immune system. Regulatory T (Treg) cells are important for controlling immune responses and for maintaining the intestinal homeostasis but their precise influence on the gut microbiota is unclear. We studied the effects of Treg cell depletion on inflammation of the intestinal mucosa and analysed the gut microbiota before and after depletion

Type-I interferons (IFN-I) are used as common antiviral drugs for a range of viral diseases in clinic. However, the antiviral efficacy of IFN-I is largely restricted by negative regulators of IFN-I signaling in cells. Therefore, identification of intracellular inhibitors of IFN-I signaling is important for developing novel targets to improve IFN-I antiviral therapy. In this study, we report that the