Release of granulysin by γδ T cells contributes to tumour cell killing. A cytolytic 9kDa isoform of granulysin kills tumour cells directly, while a 15kDa precursor has been hypothesised to cause both the maturation and migration of dendritic cell (DC) populations. Recruiting DC to a tumour is beneficial as these cells initiate adaptive immune responses, which contribute to the eradication of malignancies

Mounting an effective immune response is crucial for the host to protect itself against invading pathogens. It is now well appreciated that reprogramming of core metabolic pathways in immune cells is a key requirement for their activation and function during infections. The role of several ancillary metabolic pathways in shaping immune cell function is less well understood. One such pathway, for which

Retinoic acid (RA) is an active derivative of vitamin A and a key regulator of immune cell function. In dendritic cells (DCs), RA drives the expression of CD103 (integrin αE), a functionally relevant DC subset marker. In this study, we analyzed the cell type specificity and the molecular mechanisms involved in RA‐induced CD103 expression. We show that RA treatment caused a significant upregulation

Retraction: Emoto, M., Shimizu, T., Koike, H., Yoshizawa, I., Hurwitz, R., Kaufmann, S.H.E. and Emoto, Y. (2010), Dissociated expression of natural killer 1.1 and T‐cell receptor by invariant natural killer T cells after interleukin‐12 receptor and T‐cell receptor signalling. Immunology , 129: 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03148.x

Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS) is a common immune‐mediated inflammatory arthritis with a strong genetic predisposition. We review recent data from genetic and animal studies highlighting the importance of Type 17 immune responses. Furthermore, the efficacy (or lack thereof) of different anti‐cytokine monoclonal antibodies has highlighted the diversity of Type 17 immune cells and cytokines critical to

Nanoparticles displaying autoimmune disease‐relevant peptide‐major histocompatibility complex class II molecules (pMHCII‐NPs) trigger cognate T‐regulatory type 1 (Tr1)‐cell formation and expansion, capable of reversing organ‐specific autoimmune responses. These pMHCII‐NPs that display epitopes from mitochondrial protein can blunt the progression of both autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and experimental autoimmune

Viral infections and atopic diseases are closely related and contribute to each other. The physiological deficiencies and immune mechanisms that underlie atopic diseases can result in a suboptimal defense against multiple viruses and promote a suitable environment for their proliferation and dissemination. Viral infections, on the other hand, can induce per se several immunological mechanisms involved

Inflammation in psoriasis is driven through the IL‐23/IL‐17 pathway. Monoclonal antibodies targeting cytokines in the pathway have proven highly effective and are widely used in clinical practice. There is still much to learn, however, about how these pathogenic responses are controlled, particularly with respect to the highly immunologically active molecules produced by the inflamed skin tissue itself

In the article of Ono,1 the author would like to add the following affiliation. International Research Centre for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan. The author would also like to add the research funding from JSPS KAKENHI to the Acknowledgements section on page 34. The updated Acknowledgement section with the correct funding information is shown below.

In the following article,1 there were two references that were missed out and should have been cited in the text and added to the references. 1. Botting, RA, Haniffa M. The developing immune network in human prenatal skin. Immunology 2020; 160: 149–56. This should have been cited in the following text on page 104, first column, line 6 and added to references. “With this in mind, Bottling and Haniffa

According to publicly available transcriptome datasets, the abundance of Annexin A3 (ANXA3) is robustly increased during the course of sepsis; however, no studies have examined the biological significance or clinical relevance of ANXA3 in this pathology. Here we explored this interpretation gap and identified possible directions for future research. Based on reference transcriptome datasets, we found

Nearly everyone is interested, having been taken unawares, by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the coronavirus currently causing a pandemic. The imminent emergence of an infective pandemic had been foreseen by viral ecologists such as Nathan Wolfe, who had actually proposed a coronavirus as the most likely candidate.1 COVID‐19 (coronavirus disease 2019) has become a household

In the following article1, there is an error in the Abstract: The fourth sentence, ‘Interleukin 10 receptor antagonist production was increased upon activation of TLR10 ex vivo after BCG vaccination, and TLR10 protein expression on monocytes was increased after BCG vaccination, whereas anti‐TLR10 antibodies did not significantly modulate β‐glucan or BCG‐induced trained immunity in vitro .’ Should have

Our barrier surfaces are fundamental in protecting us from the outside world and segregating key biological processes. The immunological fortifications found at these sites therefore possess many distinct qualities, which are discussed in Immunology's series of reviews on Barrier Immunity. Together these reviews showcase novel biological processes identified through the use of state-of-the-art technologies

In the era of big data, the establishment of a free database, containing all the immune drug targets and associated cell types, is of great value. To this aim, the Guide to Immunopharmacology has been created in a joint effort between the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR) and the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). Here we highlight the structure and

T lymphocytes are a central component, and play an important role in controlling immunity and immunological diseases. Recent studies have shown that T cell metabolism is highly dynamic and has a tremendous impact on the modulation of T lymphocyte immunity. Specific metabolic pathways meet energy and biosynthetic requirements that can support specific T cell functional activities in immunity and immunological

Both CD8+ T cells and NK cells contribute to the immune response against the protozoan Leishmania parasite. Both are able to generate IFN‐γ and both display cytotoxic features. These features may enable them to not only contribute to parasite clearance but also to cause immune‐mediated pathology. This pathology is evident, for example, in the Leismania‐induced skin lesions found in patients with cutaneous