The most paradigmatic examples of molecular evolution under positive selection involve genes related to the immune system. Recently, different chloroplastic factors have been shown to be important for plant defenses, among them, the α- and β-subunits of the ATP synthase. The β-subunit has been reported to interact with several viral proteins while both proteins have been implicated with sensitivity

Myriad environmental and biological traits have been investigated for their roles in influencing the rate of molecular evolution across various taxonomic groups. However, most studies have focused on a single trait, while controlling for additional factors in an informal way, generally by excluding taxa. This study utilized a dataset of cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) barcode sequences from over

Presenilin proteins make the catalytic component of γ-secretase, a multiprotein transmembrane protease, and are type II transmembrane proteins. Amyloid protein, Notch, and beta catenin are among more than 90 substrates of Presenilins. Mutations in Presenilins lead to defects in proteolytic cleavage of its substrate resulting in some of the most devastating pathological conditions including Alzheimer

Eukaryogenesis, the origin of the eukaryotes, is still poorly understood. Herein, we show how a detailed all-kingdom phylogenetic analysis overlaid with a map of key biochemical features can provide valuable clues. The photolyase/cryptochrome family of proteins are well known to repair DNA in response to potentially harmful effects of sunlight and to entrain circadian rhythms. Phylogenetic analysis

Protein glycation and formation of advanced glycation end products is associated with several diseases resulting from high blood glucose concentrations. Plasma albumin is directly exposed to circulating glucose concentrations and is therefore at greater risk of glycation than hemoglobin. As plasma glucose concentrations in birds are 1.5–2 times higher than mammals of similar mass, avian albumin may

Maximum likelihood (ML) analysis of nucleotide or amino-acid alignments is widely used to infer evolutionary relationships among species. Computing the likelihood of a phylogenetic tree from such alignments is a complicated task because the evolutionary processes typically vary across sites. A number of studies have shown that partitioning alignments into sub-alignments of sites, where each sub-alignment

The present study describes the most comprehensive comparison of turtle mtD-loop regions to date. The primary structure was compared from DNA sequences accessed from GenBank from 48 species in 13 families of extant turtles, and secondary structures of the mtD-loop region were inferred from thermal stabilities, using the program Mfold, for each superfamiliy of turtles. Both primary and secondary structures

The emergence of cellular organisms occurred sometime between the origin of life and the evolution of the last universal common ancestor and represents one of the major transitions in evolutionary history. Here we describe a series of artificial life simulations that reveal a close relationship between the evolution of cellularity, the evolution of metabolism, and the richness of the environment. When

The function of a protein is primarily determined by its structure and amino acid sequence. Many biological questions of interest rely on being able to accurately determine the group of structures to which domains of a protein belong; this can be done through alignment and comparison of protein structures. Dozens of different methods for Protein Structure Alignment (PSA) have been proposed that use

Fossil evidence suggests that cetaceans evolved from artiodactylans. Thus, there was a major dietary change from herbivorous to carnivorous during their transition from a terrestrial to an aquatic environment. However, the molecular evolutionary mechanisms underlying this dietary switch have not been well investigated. Evidence of positive selection of digestive proteinases and lipases of cetaceans

Why has histo-incompatibility arisen in evolution and can cause self-intolerance? Compatible/incompatible reactions following natural contacts between genetically-different (allogeneic) colonies of marine organisms have inspired the conception that self–nonself discrimination has developed to reduce invasion threats by migratory foreign germ/somatic stem cells, in extreme cases resulting in conquest

Proteins are commonly used as molecular targets against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. However, pathogens can evolve rapidly permitting their populations to increase in protein diversity over time and thus escape to the activity of a molecular therapy. Subsequently, in order to design more durable and robust therapies as well as to understand viral evolution in a host and subsequent transmission

Gene expression in bacteria is a remarkably controlled and intricate process impacted by many factors. One such factor is the genomic position of a gene within a bacterial genome. Genes located near the origin of replication generally have a higher expression level, increased dosage, and are often more conserved than genes located farther from the origin of replication. The majority of the studies

In vitro evolution is a well-established technique for the discovery of functional RNA and peptides. Increasingly, these experiments are analyzed by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) for both scientific and engineering objectives, but computational analysis of HTS data, particularly for peptide selections, can present a barrier to entry for experimentalists. We introduce EasyDIVER (Easy pre-processing

Kunitz-type domains are ubiquitously found in natural systems as serine protease inhibitors or animal toxins in venomous animals. Kunitz motif is a cysteine-rich peptide chain of ~ 60 amino acid residues with alpha and beta fold, stabilized by three conserved disulfide bridges. An extensive dataset of amino acid variations is found on sequence analysis of various Kunitz peptides. Kunitz peptides show

The subfamily Pothoideae belongs to the ecologically important plant family Araceae. Here, we report the chloroplast genomes of two species of the subfamily Pothoideae: Anthurium huixtlense (size: 163,116 bp) and Pothos scandens (size: 164,719 bp). The chloroplast genome of P. scandens showed unique contraction and expansion of inverted repeats (IRs), thereby increasing the size of the large single-copy

Phylogenetic models of the evolution of protein-coding sequences can provide insights into the selection pressures that have shaped them. In the application of these models synonymous nucleotide substitutions, which do not alter the encoded amino acid, are often assumed to have limited functional consequences and used as a proxy for the neutral rate of evolution. The ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous

The colonization of freshwater habitats by marine-adapted organisms represents a major transition that has only occurred a few times in the evolution of animals. Only around half of the extant animal phyla have representatives in both marine and freshwater environments and even within those phyla some major clades are restricted to marine environments. Moving from marine to freshwater environments

Prions are often considered as anomalous proteins associated primarily with disease rather than as a fundamental source of diversity within biological proteomes. Whereas this longstanding viewpoint has its genesis in the discovery of the original namesake prions as causative agents of several complex diseases, the underlying assumption of a strict disease basis for prions could not be further from

We use all the currently known 405 Papillomavirus (PV) sequences, 343 curated PV sequences from both humans and animals from the PAVE data base, to analyse the recombination dynamics of these viruses at the whole genome levels. After showing some evidence of human and non-human primate PV recombination, we report a comprehensive recombination analysis of all currently known 82 Alphapapillomaviruses

Evolved proteins observed in natural organisms are found to be only marginally stable. Several mechanistic hypotheses have been presented to date to explain this observation. One idea that has been put forward is that active selection prevents proteins from becoming too stable to enable proper function. A second idea is that marginal stability reflects the point of mutation–selection–drift balance

Nanoarchaeum equitans is a species of hyperthermophilic archaea with the smallest genome size. Its alanyl-tRNA synthetase genes are split into AlaRS-α and AlaRS-β, encoding the respective subunits. In the current report, we surveyed N. equitans AlaRS-dependent alanylation of RNA minihelices, composed only of the acceptor stem and the T-arm of tRNAAla. Combination of AlaRS-α and AlaRS-β showed a strong

Transmission of viruses from one species to another is not unusual in nature. Despite this, evolutionarily successful transmissions are rare. Such events can cause pandemics and are followed by host–virus coevolution procedures that can increase the fitness potential of viruses. In this perspective article, I recognize eight main types of trans-species viral transmission. I consider two of them as

Amino acid substitution models represent substitution rates among amino acids during the evolution. The models play an important role in analyzing protein sequences, especially inferring phylogenies. The rapid evolution of flaviviruses is expanding the threat in public health. A number of models have been estimated for some viruses, however, they are unable to properly represent amino acid substitution

High mutation rates select for the evolution of mutational robustness where populations inhabit flat fitness peaks with little epistasis, protecting them from lethal mutagenesis. Recent evidence suggests that a different effect protects small populations from extinction via the accumulation of deleterious mutations. In drift robustness, populations tend to occupy peaks with steep flanks and positive

Orphan genes, lacking detectable homologs in outgroup species, typically represent 10-30% of eukaryotic genomes. Efforts to find the source of these young genes indicate that de novo emergence from non-coding DNA may in part explain their prevalence. Here, we investigate the roots of orphan gene emergence in the Drosophila genus. Across the annotated proteomes of twelve species, we find 6297 orphan

Dengue virus (DENV) challenges vaccine design due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and evidence suggests that Zika virus (ZIKV) experiences ADE with DENV and West Nile virus (WNV) antibodies. Thus, multiple flaviviruses must be considered when developing novel therapies against ZIKV. We analyzed 42 flavivirus polyproteins in their evolutionary context to identify motifs conserved in sequence

Here we propose that the upper bound marginal stability of proteins is a universal property that includes macro-molecular complexes and is not affected by molecular changes such as mutations and post-translational modifications. We theorize that its existence is a consequence of Afinsen's thermodynamic hypothesis rather than a result of an evolutionary process. This result enables us to conjecture

While extant organisms synthesize proteins using approximately 20 kinds of genetically coded amino acids, the earliest protein synthesis system is likely to have been much simpler, utilizing a reduced set of amino acids. However, which types of building blocks were involved in primordial protein synthesis remains unclear. Herein, we reconstructed three convergent sequences of an ancestral nucleoside

The polytopic helical membrane proteome is dominated by proteins containing seven transmembrane helices (7TMHs). They cannot be grouped under a monolithic fold or superfold. However, a parallel structural analysis of folds around that magic number of seven in distinct protein superfamilies (SWEET, PnuC, TRIC, FocA, Aquaporin, GPCRs) reveals a common homology, not in their structural fold, but in their

The gene cox1 is one of the most reported mitochondrial genes involved in horizontal gene transfer among angiosperms. However, whether different cox1 copies exist in different populations of a species and whether any other novel way except intron homing exists for cox1 intron acquisition is less understood. In this study, we chose Cassytha filiformis, a parasitic plant from the angiosperm family Lauraceae

Intracellular microsporidian Nosema mylitta infects Indian wild silkworm Antheraea mylitta causing pebrine disease. Genetic structure and phylogeny of N. mylitta are analysed using nucleotide variability in 5S ribosomal DNA and intergenic spacer (IGS) sequence from 20 isolates collected from Southern, Northern and Central regions of Jharkhand State. Nucleotide diversity (π) and genetic differentiation

Biological entities are multicomponent systems where each part is directly or indirectly dependent on the others. In effect, a change in a single component might have a consequence on the functioning of its partners, thus affecting the fitness of the entire system. In this article, we provide a few examples of such complex biological systems, ranging from ant colonies to a population of amino acids

On ancient Earth, environmental conditions favored prebiotic chemical reactions. In the Archean, some molecules with conjugated rings might have been synthesized, displaying structural stability in the Archean in the presence of ionizing radiation and hydration-dehydration events. Additionally, it is suggested that on ancient Earth, calcite was a common mineral promoting organic compound synthesis

A collection of the editors of Journal of Molecular Evolution have gotten together to pose a set of key challenges and future directions for the field of molecular evolution. Topics include challenges and new directions in prebiotic chemistry and the RNA world, reconstruction of early cellular genomes and proteins, macromolecular and functional evolution, evolutionary cell biology, genome evolution

In the biosynthesis of terpenoids, the ample catalytic versatility of terpene synthases (TPS) allows the formation of thousands of different molecules. A steadily increasing number of sequenced plant genomes invariably show that the TPS gene family is medium to large in size, comprising from 30 to 100 functional members. In conifers, TPSs belonging to the gymnosperm-specific TPS-d subfamily produce

Theoretical minimal RNA ring design ensures coding over the shortest length once for each coding signal (start and stop codons, and each amino acid) and their hairpin configuration. These constraints define 25 RNA rings which surprisingly resemble ancestral tRNA loops, suggesting commonalities between RNA ring design and proto-tRNAs. RNA rings share several other properties with tRNAs, suggesting that

Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the central intellectual property in the evolution of life on Earth. tRNA evolved from repeats and inverted repeats of known sequence. The anticodon and the T stem-loop-stems are homologs with significant conserved sequence identity. A number of models have been advanced to explain tRNA evolution. No 2-minihelix model or accretion model (built a stem at a time) can be correct

The tRNA is a critical component in all modern translation systems as well as an important intermediate in models of early protein coding systems. In the following works, proponents for each of the major hypotheses for tRNA origin and evolution engage in discussion of the merits for each model.

I analyzed the model that suggests that an RNA ring might have been the progenitor of the tRNA molecule (Demongeot and Moreira in J Theor Biol 249:314-324, 2007; Demongeot and Seligmann in J Mol Evol 1-23, 2019a; Demongeot and Norris in Life 9(2):51, 2019). In particular, I analyze three ways in which this precursor, especially in its RNA hairpin form, could have evolved into the complete tRNA molecule

The underlying structure of the canonical amino acid substitution matrix (aaSM) is examined by considering stepwise improvements in the differential recognition of amino acids according to their chemical properties during the branching history of the two aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS) superfamilies. The evolutionary expansion of the genetic code is described by a simple parameterization of the aaSM

Among extant cetaceans, mysticetes are filter feeders that do not possess teeth and use their baleen for feeding, while most odontocetes are considered suction feeders, which capture prey by suction without biting or chewing with teeth. In the present study, we address the functionality of amelogenin (AMEL) genes in cetaceans. AMEL encodes a protein that is specifically involved in dental enamel formation

Twenty-nine DNA regions of plastid origin have been previously identified in the mitochondrial genome of Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin; Cucurbitaceae). Four of these regions harbor homolog sequences of rbcL, matK, rpl20-rps12 and trnL-trnF, which are widely used as molecular markers for phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. We extracted the mitochondrial copies of these regions based on the mitochondrial

The presence of most of the atoms involved in the building up of living cells can be explained by their intrinsic physico-chemical properties. Yet, the involvement of the alkali metal potassium cation (K+) is somewhat of a mystery for most scenarios of origins of life, as this element is less abundant than its sodium counterpart in sea water, the original medium bathing the majority of proposed sites

In recent years, we have seen antimicrobial resistance rapidly emerge at a global scale and spread from one country to the other faster than previously thought. Superbugs and multidrug-resistant bacteria are endemic in many parts of the world. There is no question that the widespread use, overuse, and misuse of antimicrobials during the last 80 years have been associated with the explosion of antimicrobial

Viruses have been infecting their host cells since the dawn of life, and this extremely long-term coevolution gave rise to some surprising consequences for the entire tree of life. It is hypothesised that viruses might have contributed to the formation of the first cellular life form, or that even the eukaryotic cell nucleus originates from an infection by a coated virus. The continuous struggle between

Rates of molecular evolution are known to vary between species and across all kingdoms of life. Here, we explore variation in the rate at which bacteria accumulate mutations (accumulation rates) in their natural environments over short periods of time. We have compiled estimates of the accumulation rate for over 34 species of bacteria, the majority of which are pathogens evolving either within an individual

Copy number variants (CNVs), deletions and duplications of segments of DNA, account for at least five times more variable base pairs in humans than single-nucleotide variants. Several common CNVs were shown to change coding and regulatory sequences and thus dramatically affect adaptive phenotypes involving immunity, perception, metabolism, skin structure, among others. Some of these CNVs were also

In mammals, chicken-type (c-type) lysozymes are part of the innate immune system, killing bacteria by degrading peptidoglycan in their cell walls. Many of the studies on the evolution of c-type lysozymes have focused on its new digestive function, including the duplicated stomach lysozymes in ruminants. Similarly, in bats, gene duplications and subsequent adaptive evolution of c-type lysozyme have

The sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) undergoes substantial genomic alterations during embryogenesis in which specific sequences are deleted from the genome of somatic cells yet retained in cells of the germ line. One element that undergoes diminution in P. marinus is Germ1, which consists of a somatically rare (SR) region and a fragment of 28S rDNA. Although the SR-region has been used as a marker

We recently sequenced the genome of the first subterrestrial metazoan, the nematode Halicephalobus mephisto. A central finding was a dramatic expansion of genes encoding avrRpt2 induced gene (AIG1), and 70 kDa heat shock (Hsp70) domains. While the role of Hsp70 in thermotolerance is well established, the contribution of AIG1 is much more poorly characterized, though in plants some members of this family

Thyroid hormone (TH) signalling is a key modulator of fundamental biological processes that has been evolutionarily conserved in both vertebrate and invertebrate species. TH may have initially emerged as a nutrient signal to convey environmental information to organisms to induce morpho-anatomical changes that could maximise the exploitation of environmental resources, and eventually integrated into

The potential for biopolymers to evolve new structures has important consequences for their ability to optimize function and our attempts to reconstruct their evolutionary histories. Prior work with in vitro systems suggests that structural remodeling of RNA is difficult to achieve through the accumulation of point mutations or through recombination events. Sequence duplication may represent an alternative

The tRNA nucleotidyltransferases and poly(A) polymerases belong to a superfamily of nucleotidyltransferases. The amino acid sequences of a number of bacterial tRNA nucleotidyltransferases and poly(A) polymerases have been used to construct a rooted, neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree. Using information gleaned from that analysis, along with data from the rRNA-based phylogenetic tree, structural data

In this study, a new strategy for the selection of aptamers against small-molecule target was established using gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as the separation matrix and Zinc(II)-Protoporphyrin IX (ZnPPIX) as the target molecule without the immobilization step due to the absorption of ssDNA on AuNPs. The progress of the selection process was monitored by the recovery rate and the fluorescence enhancement

Our previous calculations of ionic interactions indicated that the Caenorhabditis elegans intermediate filament (IF) IFA proteins, in addition to IFA/IFB-1 heterodimers, may also form homodimers. In order to prove the significance of these calculations, we analysed the dimerization potential of the IFA chains in blot overlays. Unexpectedly, we found here that the dimerization of the IFA-1 protein was

The CYP8B1 gene is known to catalyse reactions that determine the ratio of primary bile salts and the loss of this gene has recently been linked to lack of cholic acid in the bile of naked-mole rats, elephants and manatees using forward genomics approaches. We screened the CYP8B1 gene sequence of more than 200 species and test for relaxation of selection along each terminal branch. The need for retaining

Skin pigmentation is a complex, conspicuous, highly variable human trait that exhibits a remarkable correlation with latitude. The evolutionary history and genetic basis of skin color variation has been the subject of intense research in the last years. This article reviews the major hypotheses explaining skin color diversity and explores the implications of recent findings about the genes associated

Cave animals possess remarkable phenotypes associated with existence in their dark environments. The Chinese cavefish Sinocyclocheilus tileihornes shows substantial eye degeneration, a trait shared by most cave species. The extent to which independent evolution of troglomorphic traits uses convergent molecular genetic mechanisms is as yet unknown. We performed transcriptome-wide gene expression profiling