The aim of the present study was to examine associations between age at menarche and body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR), and waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR) in young adult women.

The specificity of training principle holds that adaptations to exercise training closely match capacity to the specific demands of the stimulus. Improvements in endurance sport performance gained through strength training are a notable exception to this principle. While the proximate mechanisms for how strength training produces muscular adaptations beneficial to endurance sports are increasingly

Physical fitness (PF) and physical activity (PA) are inversely associated with body mass index and waist circumference (WC), whereas sedentary time (ST) seems to boost obesity in youth. The aim was to examine the associations of each selected PF test, PA‐related exposures, and specific ST patterns with obesity and determine the most relevant ones, in a large sample of a school‐aged adolescent.

The importance of movement behaviors for health is well known, although few studies have examined the adherence to movement guidelines in low‐income preschoolers from a middle‐income country, as Brazil. This study reports the proportion of preschoolers meeting the 24‐hour movement guidelines and investigates its associations with demographic correlates in Brazilian low‐income preschoolers.

SHARE, a pan‐European panel study in 27 European countries and Israel, has collected dried blood spot (DBS) samples from approximately 27 000 respondents in 13 countries. We aim to obtain factors to convert analyte values between DBS and venous blood samples (VBS) taking account of adverse fieldwork conditions such as small spot size, high temperature and humidity, short drying time and long shipment

To determine changes in the anthropometric and motor characteristics of young males during the first 20 years of the 21st century in Poland.

Candidate gene methylation studies of NR3C1 have identified associations with psychosocial adversity, including war trauma. This pilot study (sample sizes from 22 to 45 for primary analyses) examined NR3C1 methylation in a group of Kenyan pastoralist young men in relation to culturally relevant traumatic experiences, including participation in coalitional lethal gun violence.

Human dimensions of climate change research in the Arctic often proposes ways for local communities to adapt to changes to their environment, foregrounding problems posed by climate change while treating social, political, and economic factors as background conditions. We explore the relevance of this research paradigm for Inuit by examining how Inuit from Kangiqsujuaq present and discuss the major

A detailed understanding of female reproductive functioning is important to many disciplines including anthropology, evolutionary theory, demography, psychology, and biomedicine. In this article, I describe strategies and methods that have been used successfully in community‐based studies of human reproduction, many in remote locales, to produce high quality biomarker data. These techniques are applicable

Multiple regression approaches for estimating body mass by somatometry typically use stature and biiliocristal breadth. However, these measures were obtained largely from Europeans, Africans, and Indo‐Mediterraneans, whereas mid‐latitude Asians were not broadly reflected. Thus, new estimation formulas for circum‐Pacific Asians were devised, and the accuracy was evaluated using raw individual data.

1 INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has emerged as a deadly clinical disease. The virus that causes COVID‐19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is readily transmitted in the community, where it is having devastating social and economic impacts. Yet our understanding of SARS and COVID‐19 is derived primarily from studying the most severe cases in clinical and

1 INTRODUCTION All of the policies adopted or proposed so far to slow the spread of the novel coronavirus require immediate and extensive behavioral change. However, changing behavior is difficult even when the benefits are borne by solid science. Doing so effectively requires an appreciation for how people learn behaviors and translate information into action. Evidence‐based policies for altering

1 BACKGROUND While this article was being written, the novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) had infected over 4.48 million people in the United States, and killed over 152 000 of them (CDC COVID Data Tracker, 2020). The numbers for the rest of the world were not any better, with over 12.3 million people infected and nearly 510 000 killed by coronavirus disease

1 INTRODUCTION The COVID‐19 pandemic has substantially impacted the lives and health of people worldwide; with millions of confirmed cases and thousands of deaths, the immediate medical effects of the pandemic are obvious and substantial. However, the COVID‐19 pandemic will likely continue to negatively impact human health for years to come, especially among individuals experiencing pandemic‐related

Breastfeeding and the provision of human milk are associated with positive maternal and infant health outcomes immediately postpartum, across the life course, and across generations (AAP, 2012; Victora et al., 2016). Over the last two decades, there have been groundbreaking advances in the areas of human milk science and infectious diseases (Colt et al., 2017; Foeller et al., 2020; WHO, 2016). In the

The COVID‐19 pandemic is one of the greatest public heath challenges of the last century. This is a virulent and contagious virus which has spread rapidly across the globe, causing severe illness and widespread social and economic disruptions. Given the massive toll of the current pandemic, there is an urgent need for research on all aspects of the virus and its spread, including the impact of demographic

Humans and infectious disease agents share a long, intimate coevolutionary history, and this biocultural dynamic includes stigma. By stigma, we mean the process by which some people become morally discredited, socially devalued, and disempowered on the basis of disease diagnosis or other trait. The most powerful stigmas in the past and now are around diseases considered contagious, potentially deadly

1 INTRODUCTION Coronavirus 19 (COVID‐19), the infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is both transforming and ending lives. In only 7 months (December 2019‐July 2020), at least 11 million people have contracted the virus and over 500 000 have died (WHO, 2020). Though its impact is wide, COVID‐19's illness and death tolls are felt most acutely by communities

For a brief moment, in the early days of COVID‐19, some reports heralded the new coronavirus, SARS‐CoV‐2, as a “great equalizer.” It is unlikely that any anthropologist, human biologist, historian, or public health scientist found this idea tempting. Pandemics always follow the fault lines of society—exposing and often magnifying power inequities that shape population health even in normal times (Wade

1 INTRODUCTION In times of upheaval, clear information dissemination is more important than ever. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the world has seen ad hoc messaging lead to public and policy reactions with largely negative consequences (Everett, Colombatto, Chituc, Brady, & Crockett, 2020; Funk, 2017; Garrett, 2020). The late George Armelagos and colleagues repeatedly highlighted the resurgence of infectious

SARS‐CoV‐2, the causative agent of COVID‐19 pandemic caught the world unawares by its sudden onset in early 2020. Memories of the 1918 Spanish Flu were rekindled raising extreme fear for the virus, but in essence, it was the host and not the virus, which was deciding the outcome of the infection. Age, gender, and preexisting conditions played critical roles in shaping COVID‐19 outcome. People of lower

The COVID‐19 pandemic has led to unprecedented levels of unemployment and financial strain for many Americans. Among the individuals impacted by financial strain are pregnant women, for whom added financial stress may be particularly impactful due to the costs associated with prenatal care and providing for a newborn. Financial stress has been previously associated with elevated depression symptoms

Birth season has been inconsistently associated with anthropometrics, bone fractures, and malocclusion. Our aim was to assess the association between birth season and anthropometrics (height, weight, birth weight), bone fractures and dental malocclusion in the United States.

Bone mineral density (BMD) and frame size are important predictors of future bone health, with smaller frame size and lower BMD associated with higher risk of later fragility fractures. We test the effects of body size, habitual use, and life history on frame size and cortical BMD of the radius and tibia in sample of healthy adult premenopausal women.

Digit ratio (2D:4D) is widely used as a biomarker of prenatal hormonal environment linked to the growing number of adult health and disease‐related characteristics. It has been suggested that 2D:4D is a good predictor of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risk among men, but results in women are still inconclusive. Here we test the relationship between 2D:4D and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases

Due to the indelible nature of enamel, bioarchaeologists use linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) to detect early investments in surviving stress and have identified an association between LEH presence and constraints in growth and maintenance as well as an increased susceptibility to future stress events. This study evaluates heterogenous frailty and susceptibility to death in relation to episodes of early

It is important to clarify the association of lean and fat mass between children and adolescents considering the rising prevalence of overweight and obesity in this age group. The aim of this study was to verify the association between the body adiposity index (BAI) and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) methods for analyzing body composition, as well as analyzing the validity of BAI to verify

Poor maternal mental health during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes, including lower birthweight and gestational age. However, few studies assess both mental health and diet, which might have interactive effects. Furthermore, most studies are in high‐income countries, though patterns might differ in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).

Previous studies have suggested that acute exercise‐induced cardiac and kidney damage following ultra‐distance running is low in Mexican Tarahumara even though C‐reactive protein (CRP) remained elevated 24 hours post‐race. We aimed to study if the plasma biomarker, soluble urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), could replace or complement CRP as a systemic inflammation biomarker in

Third molars (M3s) are the most common congenitally missing teeth. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of M3 agenesis in two different age groups.

Waist circumference (WC) constitutes an indirect measurement of central obesity in children and adolescents.

To analyze the association between body mass index trajectories and non‐communicable diseases (NCDs) in women, and the interaction effects of leisure time physical activity on this relationship.

This study assesses whether increased exposure to allomaternal care (AMC, or non‐maternal care) is associated with improved infant motor and social milestone attainment.

FTO (fat mass and obesity‐associated) gene is a well‐known genetic risk factor for obesity. We investigated whether physical activity modulates the effect of FTO rs9939609 on obesity in Korean population.

The effects of socially evaluated tasks on stress‐related behavior and physiology are often studied under artificial experimental conditions, such as contrived public speaking. Less is known about these behavioral and physiological dimensions under more routine conditions, such as family interactions. Here, we tested whether language anxiety during bilingual family conversations correlated to cortisol

Longevity is a complex process controlled by both environmental and genetic factors. We evaluated the association of four cytokine gene polymorphisms with longevity in an Italian cohort. A sample of 1019 subjects aged 10 to 100 and belonging to the North‐Italian population was genotyped for IL‐6 (G>C, rs1800796), IL‐10‐1082 (G>A, rs1800896), TNF‐α‐308 (G>A, rs1800629), and TGFβ1 codon 10 (T>C, rs1800471)

The origin and differentiation of Austronesian populations and their languages have long fascinated linguists, archeologists, and geneticists. However, the founding process of Austronesians and when they separated from their close relatives, such as the Daic and Austro‐Asiatic populations in the mainland of Asia, remain unclear. In this study, we explored the paternal origin of Malays in Southeast

All humans age, but how we age—and how fast—differs considerably from person to person. This deviation between apparent age and chronological age is often referred to as “biological age” (BA) and until recently robust tools for studying BA have been scarce. “Epigenetic clocks” are starting to change this. Epigenetic clocks use predictable changes in the epigenome, usually DNA methylation, to estimate

The timing and magnitude of adolescent growth may be influenced by ethnicity and early life factors. We aimed to (a) characterize ethnic differences in the magnitude, timing, and intensity of adolescent growth in height, weight, and BMI; (b) assess the effect of early childhood growth on adolescent growth in black children.

Nutrition during pregnancy is an important modifiable determinant of fetal growth and development. This pilot study aimed to characterize the association between fetal anthropometry, fetal brain development, and maternal diet among women in Ecuador using portable ultrasound in resource‐limited clinics, including measurements of brain structures not typically imaged in this setting.

The objective of this study is to demonstrate a new method for analyzing trabecular bone volume fraction and degree of anisotropy in three dimensions.

This study assesses the feasibility of measuring interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra) in infant salivary samples as representative of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory processes, and explores predictors of these biomarkers in a US population.

Biocultural anthropology has long represented an important approach in the study of human biology. However, despite demonstrated utility, its somewhat amorphous identity leaves some scholars questioning just what it means to be biocultural. In this article, rather than providing proscriptive doctrine, we contribute to these conversations about the nature of biocultural anthropology by considering what

Rapid socioeconomic change, associated with development and a growing tourism industry is occurring across the Himalayas. The health impact of this rapid economic development is poorly understood, especially for infants and young children. This study investigated the associations between village level economic differences as indexed by economic development and tourism engagement on infant and young

Chronic malnutrition remains a persistent global health issue. This mixed methods investigation in rural Peru examines the role of home food production (HFP) in reducing child malnutrition by testing the following hypotheses: (a) higher HFP will be associated with higher infant z‐scores than those with less HFP and (b) infants with higher HFP will exhibit improved longitudinal growth outcomes across

In healthy adults, it is generally accepted that women have less upper body muscle mass compared to men. However, it is unknown whether there are sex differences in skeletal muscle distribution in highly trained large‐sized athletes. Our aim was to compare the skeletal muscle size distribution between large‐sized male and female athletes.

One of the striking features emerging from the COVID‐19 pandemic has been the early recognition of ethnic disparities in both vulnerability to contracting the disease, as well as its outcome. These disparities were first reported in news outlets (Blow, 2020; Cowan, 2020; Godin, 2020; The Guardian, 2020a) and, more recently, verified in academic journals (e.g., Bhala, Curry, Martineau, Agyeman, & Bhopal

2020. «Paintings for Wuhan», Li Zhong (China) © Li Zhong through Tricontinental: Institute for Social Research. Li Zhong is president of the Artist Association of Fengxian District, Shanghai (China). An interview with Li Zhong and a series of paintings on the fight in China against the COVID‐19 pandemic area is available in Painting and epidemic.

To qualify a 3C approach model of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) to estimate multicomponent resting energy expenditure (REE) referenced by indirect calorimetry (IC).

To analyze the association between newborn and maternal characteristics and the risk for cesarean section (CS) due to cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) and non‐CPD causes compared to vaginal deliveries (VD) in a sample of infants and mothers from Merida, Yucatan, Mexico.

To evaluate secular changes in the heights and weights of rural school youth in west‐central Poland across decennial surveys of the same communities spanning 1986 and 2016.

Haplogroup C2a‐M48 is the predominant paternal lineage of Tungusic‐speaking populations, one of the largest population groups in Siberia. Up until now, the origins and dispersal of Tungusic‐speaking populations have remained unclear. In this study, the demographic history of Tungusic‐speaking populations was explored using the phylogenetic analysis of haplogroup C2a‐M86, the major subbranch of C2a‐M48

Adrenarche involves maturation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis and increased production of dehydroepiandrosterone and its sulfate ester, dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulfate (DHEA‐S). It occurs at ages 6 to 8 in industrialized populations, marking the transition from childhood to juvenility and cognitive development at middle childhood. Studies in subsistence level populations indicate a later

In this study, we measured the hematologic and spirometric parameters of native Tajik and Kyrgyz highlanders in the Pamir Mountains to investigate adaptations to high altitude stressors.

To analyze the influence of genetic and environmental factors on the variation in somatotype, physical fitness, and their mutual associations.

The aim of this study was to investigate how much variation in adult stature and body mass can be explained by growth disruption among soldiers who served in Napoleon's Grand Army during the Russian Campaign of 1812.

Increasing obesity rates and accelerating climate change represent two global health challenges shaped by lifestyle change and human environmental modifications. Yet, few studies have considered how these issues may interact to exacerbate disease risk.

This article highlights the prevalence of symptom frequencies in Nagaland, India, with a focus on depressed mood and hot flashes. We also examine how symptoms cluster together among Naga women and identify factors associated with symptom experience. We hypothesized an elevated frequency of depressed mood because of the stresses associated with social responsibilities within a patriarchal culture, and

The aim of the present study was to investigate sexual dimorphism in the full facial shape of modern Buryats—people of Southern Siberia of Mongolian origin.

There are several different proportionality indices (PRIs) to evaluate size at birth by gestational age (GA). Yet, the explanatory power of alternative PRIs has not been evaluated in highland (HL) populations.