Abstract Gene duplication is one of the main mechanisms of formation of new genetic material in evolution. The occurrence of a gene duplication is believed to relax selection pressure on one of the copies. Consequently, this gene accumulates mutations at a higher rate, and over time it acquires a new function. As a result of several rounds of polyploidization, many genes in salmon are duplicated, including

Abstract— Parkinson’s disease is a widespread neurodegenerative disease, which is characterized by the death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Clinically, the disease is manifested by tremor, bradykinesia, muscle rigidity, and other motor and non-motor symptoms that ultimately lead to disability. To date, there are only symptomatic treatment options for Parkinson’s disease;

Abstract— Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common genetically determined heart pathology and is often accompanied by fatal complications. Today, the traditional view of the monogenic origin of HCM is being replaced by the idea of it as an oligogenic disease, the clinical phenotype of which is determined not only by mutations in the genes encoding sarcomere proteins in cardiomyocytes, but

Abstract Ovarian cancer (OC) is mostly detected at late stages weighed down with metastasis, and the five-year survival rate of patients is only 30%, which dictates the necessity to develop gentler and more selectively targeted drugs that current chemotherapeutic agents. The search for factors that can influence on the activity of the PD-1/PD-L1 immune checkpoint signaling pathway in tumors is relevant

Abstract We previously showed that the metal-binding domain 1–16 of intact amyloid-beta (Aβ) is involved in interactions with a number of proteins from the cytosolic fraction of SK-N-SH human neuroblastoma cells in a zinc-dependent manner only. It is known that hereditary mutations in the Aβ metal-binding domain (Aβ(1–16)), which accelerate the development of Alzheimer’s disease and post-translational

Abstract— Brassica campestris L. is the important oil-bearing crop in China. Rapeseed cake is the main byproduct of rapeseed oil extraction. As the main active ingredient in rapeseed cake, sinapine has several important biological activities. Therefore, the inhibitory activity of sinapine on tyrosinase in vitro and its free radical-scavenging rate were determined. Tyrosinase activity in A-375 human

Abstract In this study, we explored the effects of treating human endometrial cancer cells with γ-synuclein-specific short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and elucidated the associated mechanisms in vitro and in vivo through the p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. Cell proliferation and migration were assessed using CCK8, Transwell, and scratch

Abstract The high variability of the influenza A virus poses a significant threat to public health, therefore monitoring viral strains and studying their genetic properties are important tasks. One part of this monitoring includes sequencing of influenza A viruses of any subtype and analysis of their whole genomes, which is especially important in cases of interspecies adaptation and reassortment.

Abstract Multiple Pleistocene glaciations significantly affected the gene pool of many species inhabiting the Northern part of the Pacific Rim, an area with a rich glacial history. This paper is devoted to the study of intraspecific polymorphism of the coho salmon and the routes of its settlement throughout the Asian part of its range. Such problems are traditionally solved by comparing parts of the

Abstract— The continued circulation of influenza A virus subtype H5 may cause the emergence of new potential pandemic virus variants, which can be transmitted from person to person. The occurrence of such variants is mainly related to mutations in hemagglutinin (HA). Previously we discovered mutations in H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin, which contributes to virus immune evasion. The purpose of this

Abstract The effects of exogenous recombinant human heat shock protein Hsp70 and hydrogen sulfide donor GYY4137 on the mechanisms of endocytosis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by human neuroblastoma cells SH-SY5Y were studied. Hsp70 and GYY4137 have been shown to significantly reduce LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators by SH-SY5Y cells, including reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, TNFα

Abstract The mechanisms of aging are described at the molecular, cell, tissue, and systemic levels. Primary age-dependent molecular lesions activate the cell stress response to compensate for the resulting defects, but the mechanisms that recover and maintain homeostasis are gradually deteriorated. When the amount of errors reaches a critical threshold in regulatory networks, a phase transition from

Abstract Cytokines and acute phase proteins play an important role in the development of the immune response during inflammatory reactions. Depending on the type of disease, the development of inflammation is accompanied by changes in concentrations (both decrease and increase) of not one, but many inflammatory biomarkers. Here, a quantitative microarray-based method for multiplex immunoassay of eight

Abstract Cytoskeletal protein β-actin is abundant both in the cytoplasm and the nucleus, its mRNA is commonly utilized an internal control for gene expression analysis. Recent reports demostrated that hypoxia influences the levels of β-actin in a variety of cells. The mechanism underlying this change are not yet elucidated. In this work, we show that the changes in the levels of hypoxia-induced Nuclear

Abstract—Currently only a small fraction of the proteins encoded in the human genome serve as pharmaceutical targets. Genome-wide association studies are a powerful tool to uncover new genetic loci responsible for predisposition to complex diseases, such as autoimmune disorders. However, further work is still required to identify causative single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which directly mediate

Abstract Non-coding RNAs are a class of RNAs with multiple roles in plant life. Covalently closed circular RNA molecules (circRNAs) have been recently shown to be a group of RNA isoforms that show widespread tissue-specific expression in plants, often cooperating with the corresponding linear mRNAs to regulate gene function. However, no previous study of poplar has identified circRNAs in the cambium

Abstract Binase is an extracellular guanyl-preferring ribonuclease from Bacillus pumilus. The main biological function of binase is RNA degradation with the formation of guanosine-2',3'-cyclic phosphate and its subsequent hydrolysis to 3'-phosphate. Extracellular RNases are believed to be key agents that affect the functional activity of the body, as they directly interact with epithelial and immune

Abstract Classical views of hereditary mechanisms consider linear nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, as template molecules wherein genetic information is encoded by the sequence of nitrogenous bases. The template principle embodied in the central dogma of molecular biology describes the allowed paths of genetic information transfer from nucleic acids to proteins. The discovery of prions revealed an additional

Abstract Long nonconding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform a variety of functions: they are involved in chromatin organization, regulation of gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and regulation of activity and stability of some proteins. The majority of known lncRNAs contain sequences of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in a sense or antisense orientation. According to several

Abstract MODY is a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous forms of diabetes characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance and is subdivided in 13 subtypes dependent on the gene involved. The subtype MODY9 is a very rare form caused by mutations in the gene encoding the PAX4 transcription factor which is engaged in differentiation of pancreatic beta-cells. PAX4 contains two DNA-binding

Abstract— It is commonly known that the antiviral activity of the TRIM5α protein, the intracellular retrovirus restriction factor, underlies the resistance of the Old World monkeys to HIV-1. This fact suggests that TRIM5α can potentially be used to cure HIV-1 infection in humans. The present review considers the mechanisms of HIV-1 replication inhibition by the TRIM5α protein and the prospects for

Abstract Conyzasaponins produced by the traditional Chinese herb Conyza blinii are oleanane-type saponins with a wide range of biological activities. Here, we identified a gene, designated CbCYP716A261, encoding a β-amyrin 28-hydroxylase in conyzasaponins biosynthesis. Ten full putative CYP sequences were isolated from Conyza blinii transcript tags. The CbCYP716A261 gene product was selected as the

Abstract Depression is a serious mental disorder that affects more than 300 million people worldwide. Due to the lack of effective treatment methods, the pathogenesis of depression is necessary to study in order to understand its development and find new therapies. The review describes the main mechanisms of depression, including the monoamine hypothesis, impairment of the hipotalamic–pituitary–adrenal

Abstract Translation termination is a finishing step of protein biosynthesis. The significant role in this process belongs not only to protein factors of translation termination but also to the nearest nucleotide environment of stop codons. There are numerous descriptions of stop codons readthrough, which is due to specific nucleotide sequences behind them. However, represented data are segmental and

Abstract— At the International Space Station (ISS), artificial living conditions are created and maintained to satisfy human needs, these conditions are also favorable for the growth of numerous microorganisms, molds and bacteria. Among the microorganisms detected on the ISS are those from the automicroflora of crew members, and a significant number of spore-forming bacteria. In most cases, this group

Abstract— It was more than twenty years ago that miRNAs were recognized as a new class of RNA, but the understanding of their regulatory role is just beginning to emerge. Furthermore, it was found that the function of miRNAs as “master regulators” can be controlled by other non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), in particular, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs). The regulatory functions of lncRNAs have been indicated in tumors

Abstract To design an effective and safe vaccine against betacoronaviruses, it is necessary to use their evolutionarily conservative antigenic determinants that will elicit the combination of strong humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Targeting such determinants minimizes the risk of antibody-dependent enhancement of viral infection. This phenomenon was observed in animal trials of experimental

AbstractMyocardial infarction (MI), one of the most common manifestations of cardiovascular system aging, is often fatal. The vast majority of studies on genetic susceptibility to age-dependent diseases are carried out using the case–control study design. However, its use involves a number of difficulties, most of which arise when establishing the control group of relatively healthy individuals. In

AbstractA test of the sensitivity of seven colon cancer cell lines to a panel of 12 nonpathogenic human enteroviruses revealed significant differences in the ability of tumor cells to become infected and replicate different viral strains. Among the factors that can affect the sensitivity of cells to viruses are differences in the state of the mechanisms of antiviral protection, associated with a reaction

AbstractThe transcriptional activity of genes encoding cancer/testis antigens (CTA) and its regulation in colorectal cancer (CRC) is not well understood. The expression of CTA coding genes (CT genes) and possible mechanisms for its regulation, including expression and copy number of DNA methyltransferase genes, copy number of CT genes, microRNA expression, and LINE-1 methylation in CRC were analyzed

AbstractArtemisinins are secondary metabolites of the medicinal plant Artemisia annua, have anti-inflammatory, anticarcinogenic, immunomodulating, antimicrobial and other properties. However, the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, exact molecular targets of artemisinin are not well known. The interaction of artemisinin with human serum albumin was studied both in vitro and in silico, and compared

AbstractAge-related changes in telomere length (TL) in somatic tissues are not limited only to shortening. It is known that many organisms show different TL dynamics. Such species specificity indicates the complexity of the mechanisms involved in the regulation of TL. Owing to their morphological, physiological, and ecological features, Baikal planarians are an interesting model for studying the TL

AbstractChronic myeloid leukemia is a clonal hematopoietic stem cell disease characterized by myeloid expansion. The hallmark of the disease is the Philadelphia chromosome, which results in the formation of the BCR-ABL oncogene, a tyrosine kinase that is involved in many signaling pathways including Wnt signaling. The latter has a unique role in chronic myeloid leukemia progression; activated signaling

AbstractBacterial laccases are very stable at high temperature and high pH values, and have many biotechnological and industrial applications. Here we describe how we cloned, expressed and purified the laccase from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). The enzyme molecular weight has been determined as 34 kDa in SDS- PAGE analysis. The activity of the recombinant enzyme has been proved by guaiacol oxidation

AbstractIn a mixotrophic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii culture, the expression levels of genes encoding primary metabolic enzymes and chloroplast plastid transporters were analyzed. For the majority of the genes studied, their expression levels decreased as they approached the final stages of culture growth. During the period of exponential growth, the expression profiles changed more intensively than

AbstractNicking endonucleases (NEs) are a small, poorly studied family of restriction endonucleases. The enzymes recognize a target sequence in DNA, but catalyze the hydrolysis of only one strand. The mechanism of their action is important to study because NEs with new specificities are necessary to design to solve the practical tasks of biotechnology. One of the modern approaches for investigation

AbstractRNA is a crucial component of every living organism and is necessary for gene expression and its regulation in the cell. Mechanisms of RNA synthesis (especially mRNA synthesis) were a subject of extensive study for a long time. More recently, RNA degradation pathways began to be considered as equally important part of eukaryotic cell metabolism. These pathways have been studied intensely, and

AbstractBrassica rapa L. is a valuable and widespread species, but its cultivation in risk farming areas requires high-quality cold-hardy varieties to be developed. Mechanisms of the cold stress response in plants involve expression of numerous genes, including ribosomal ones, and are related to plant chromosome variability. FISH- and PCR-based methods were used to study intraspecific chromosome variability

AbstractThe genetic code is considered to use five nucleic bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil), which form two pairs for encoding information in DNA and two pairs for encoding information in RNA. Nevertheless, in recent years several artificial base pairs have been developed in attempts to expand the genetic code. Employment of these additional base pairs increases the information

AbstractsRecently, it has been shown that dysfunction of mitochondria is an important component of the molecular mechanisms of the development of many neurodegenerative diseases. These include multiple sclerosis, a chronic autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system, which is characterized by clinical heterogeneity. The role of genetic variability of mitochondrial DNA in

AbstractIn this paper, the property of the muscle titin protein to form in vitro specific amyloid-like aggregates is discussed. The main difference from the known amyloid aggregates is the formation of a quaternary structure that resembles cross-β, with no changes in the secondary structure. Based on the results obtained earlier, as well as the results of this study, we make assumptions about changes

AbstractRecently, SGI-1027, a well-known inhibitor of DNA-methyl transferases (DNMTs), was reported to effectively reduce formation of pathogenic PrPSc in prion-infected cells. Herein, we confirm the elimination of PrPSc in chronic wasting disease (CWD) prion-infected neurons by SGI-1027, and pinpoint the binding region of human prion protein to SGI-1027. SGI-1027 is broadly functional against various

In experiments on mouse and human cells it was demonstrated that rDNA plays an important role in epigenetic regulation of many genes. To identify and study rDNA-contacting genes in Drosophila we used the 4С (circular chromosome conformation capture) approach. We detected very stable contacts of rDNA genes within a 5-kb region inside the Tlk gene residing in X chromosome. This 5-kb region corresponds

AbstractHere we attempt to reconstruct the sequence of events that led to the formation of three regulatory piRNA clusters, namely, 20A, 38C and flamenco in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Both the 38C and flamenco clusters include inverted sequences, which potentially form double-stranded RNA hairpins. We present evidence in favor of the well-known hypothesis of piRNA clusters as “transposon traps”

AbstractPlasmid-mediated gene therapy, being a safe and relatively inexpensive therapeutic strategy, is plagued by a fast silencing of transgene expression. The silencing severely reduces the long-term efficiency of plasmid vectors. We have earlier constructed a low-CpG pMBR2 plasmid vector supporting prolonged expression of transgenes in mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Long-term expression from the

AbstractMethods that utilize highly specific antibodies, anti-idiotypic antibodies, various recombinant molecules with antibody properties and immunocorrection and immunoprophylaxis with the help of vaccines are in demand and are intensely developed in the field of biomedicine. Techniques to generate specific single-domain recombinant antibodies (nanobodies) and their derivatives have raised great

AbstractA majority of BRCA1/2 (BRCA) pathogenic variants (PVs) are single nucleotide substitutions or small insertions/deletions. Copy number variations (CNVs), also known as large genomic rearrangements (LGRs), have been identified in BRCA genes. LGRs detection is a mandatory analysis in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families, if no predisposing PVs are found by sequencing. Next generation

AbstractThe flamenco locus is one of the main components of the piRNA pathway of regulation of mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutations at this locus lead to an increase in the transposition activity of MGEs and, as a result, to genetic instability. In this paper, the fertility of a genetically unstable MS strain obtained more than 25 years ago and characterized by a mutation

AbstractPost-translational hydroxylation occurs in three mammalian ribosomal proteins, uS12, uL2, and uL15, which are located in the small (S) and large (L) subunits of the ribosome near the most important decoding and peptidyltransferase functional centers. We have used cell cultures, which produce protein uL15 labeled with the 3xFLAG epitope at the C-terminus (uL153xFLAG) or mutant forms of uL153xFLAG

Abstract—Obesity is one of the major challenges in modern society. More than a third of the world’s population suffers froms overweight. This phenotype affects the quality of life and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer and reproductive disorders. The population variability of allele frequencies of 26 single nucleotide polymorphisms, in association with obesity and body mass

AbstractHomology-directed (HD) genome modification offers an opportunity to precisely modify the genome. Despite reported successful cases, for many loci, precise genome editing remains challenging and inefficient in vivo. Here we report an effort to precisely knock-in a GFP reporter into gad locus mediated by CRISPR/Cas9 system in the zebrafish Danio rerio. PCR artifact was detected in testing for

Abstract—Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a genetically heterogeneous group of oncological diseases of the hematopoietic system, which are extremely difficult to treat. The development of new targeted drugs (Hylteritinib, Venetoclax) significantly improved the survival of patients, but resistance, as well as cytotoxic anti-leukemia drugs, often occurs. The search for new molecular targets for the development

AbstractBoric acid is essential for plants and has many vital roles in animals and microorganisms. However, its high doses are toxic to all organisms. We previously screened yeast deletion collections to identify boric acid-resistant and susceptible mutants to identify genes that play a role in boron tolerance. Here, we analyzed boron resistant mutants (elp1∆, elp3∆, elp6∆, ncs2∆, ncs6∆ and kti12∆)

Abstract—Uterine leiomyoma (UL) is the most common benign tumor in women of reproductive age. Gene therapy using suicidal genes appears to be a promising approach for UL treatment. One of key factors for success of gene therapy is the right choice of genetic construct carrier. A promising group of non-viral carriers for cell delivery of expression vectors is cationic Cys-flanked peptides which form

AbstractThe abundance of noncanonical mechanisms of eukaryotic initiation of translation indicates their involvement in the regulation of protein synthesis during key events in a cell life. One of the well-known examples of a noncanonical cap-independent process is the initiation of translation of mRNA with the 5'‑untranslated (leader) region of the messenger encoding for the photoprotein obelin (the

AbstractTWIK-related acid-sensitive potassium channel-1 (TASK-1) is a “leak” potassium channel sensitive to extracellular protons. It contributes to setting the resting potential in mammalian neurons. TASK-1 channels are widely expressed in respiratory-related neurons in the central nervous system. Inhibition of TASK-1 by extracellular acidosis can depolarize and increase the excitability of these

AbstractCertain subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia occur as a result of the cooperation of several events these are, the formation of fusion genes as a result of chromosomal rearrangements, which leads to the disruption of cell differentiation, and the emergence of mutations that enhance cellular proliferation by activating intracellular signaling pathways. High-throughput sequencing methods reveal

AbstractThe iron-containing protein neuroglobin (Ngb) involved in the transport of oxygen is generally considered the precursor of all animal globins. In this report, we studied the structure of Ngb of the cold-water sponge Halisarca dujardinii. In sponges, the oldest multicellular organisms, the Ngb gene contains three introns. In contrast to human Ngb, its promoter contains a TATA-box, rather than

AbstractThe free radical theory of aging was proposed in 1956. Although it does not fully describe the mechanisms of aging, it is generally accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are one of the pathogenetic factors in aging and, in particular, in the development of pathologies associated with aging. The main source of ROS in the cell is mitochondria. Antioxidants directed to mitochondria have

AbstractPotassium (K+) deficiency in the soil may seriously affect the yield and quality of plants, which usually satisfy their potassium requirements by engaging their K+ transporters and/or channels. High-affinity potassium transporter (ZmHAK) family members play crucial role in the uptake and distribution of K+ in maize (Zea mays L.). Here, we describe the function of ZmHAK1 promoter and its upstream