Pathologic calcium (Ca2+) signaling linked to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) involves the intracellular Ca2+ release channels/ryanodine receptors (RyRs). RyRs are macromolecular complexes where the protein-protein interactions between RyRs and several regulatory proteins impact the channel function. Pharmacological and genetic approaches link the destabilization of RyRs macromolecular complexes to several

Despite decades of research and effort, there is still no effective disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Most of the recent AD clinical trials were targeting amyloid pathway, but all these trials failed. Although amyloid pathology is a hallmark and defining feature of AD, targeting the amyloid pathway has been very challenging due to low efficacy and serious side effects. Alternative

Background: Subjective Memory Impairment (SMI) may tremendously increase the risk of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The full understanding of the neuromechanism of SMI will shed light on the early intervention of AD. Methods: In the current study, 23 Healthy Controls (HC), 22 SMI subjects and 24 amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) subjects underwent the comprehensive neuropsychological assessment

Background: Sedentary life-style is a significant public health issue. It increases the incidence of type-2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and systemic arterial hypertension (SAH), which in turn may impair physical and mental health. In fact, disrupted glucose metabolism is characteristic of Alzheimer’s dementia, and it is often dubbed as type-3 diabetes. Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder with high incidence and mortality, is leading its way to the top of the list of the deadliest diseases without an effective disease-modifying drug. Ca2+ dysregulation, specifically abnormal release of Ca2+ via over activated ryanodine receptor (RyR), has been increasingly considered as an alternative upstream mechanism in AD pathology. Consequently

Background: β-Site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key enzyme involved in the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). We aimed to investigate the potential associations of plasma BACE1 levels and BACE1 gene polymorphism with different cognitive performances in T2DM patients with MCI. Methods: The recruited 186 T2DM subjects were divided into 92 MCI

Background: Cognitive capacities in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are impaired by an epigenetic blockade mediated by histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), which prevents the transcription of genes that are important for synaptic plasticity. Objective: Investigation of the functional relationship between cell adhesion molecule L1 and HDAC2 in AD. Methods: Cultures of dissociated cortical and hippocampal neurons

Background: Anti-amyloid-β (Aβ) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are currently in development for treating Alzheimer’s disease. Objectives: To address the complexity of Aβ target engagement profiles, improve the understanding of crenezumab Pharmacokinetics (PK) and Aβ Pharmacodynamics (PD) in the brain, and facilitate comparison of anti-Aβ therapies with different binding characteristics. Methods: A mechanistic

Mitochondria absorb calcium (Ca2+) at the expense of the electrochemical gradient generated during respiration. The influx of Ca2+ into the mitochondrial matrix helps maintain metabolic function and results in increased cytosolic Ca2+ during intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis is tightly regulated by proteins located in the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes and by the

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease and cause of dementia. Characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated Tau, AD pathology has been intensively studied during the last century. After a long series of failed trials of drugs targeting amyloid or Tau deposits, currently, hope lies in the positive results of one Phase III trial, highly

BACKGROUND Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis (ICAS) is an important risk factor for cognitive impairment. However, it is unclear whether patients with ICAS are more likely to develop cognitive impairment after an acute, non-disabling ischemic stroke (minor stroke). OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the association between ICAS and post-stroke cognitive impairment. METHODS In this cross-sectional

Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent causes of dementia in the world, and no drugs available that can provide a complete cure. Cholinergic neurons of the cerebral cortex of AD patients are lost due to increased activity of cholinesterase enzymes. Objective: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) are the two major classes of cholinesterases in the

The molecular processes underlying neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer's Disease - AD) remain poorly understood. There is also an imperative need for disease-modifying therapies in AD since the present treatments, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and NMDA antagonists, do not halt its progression. AD and other dementias present unique pathological features such as that of microtubule associated

Dementia is an important issue in western societies, and in the following years, this problem will also rise in the developing regions, such as Africa and Asia. The most common types of dementia in adults are Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB), Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and Vascular Dementia (VaD), of which, AD accounts for more than half of the cases. The most prominent

Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that threatens the health of the elderly. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is considered to be the prodromal stage of AD. To date, AD or MCI diagnosis is established after irreversible brain structure alterations. Therefore, the development of new biomarkers is crucial to the early detection and treatment of this disease

Background: Clinical evidence indicates that patients affected by Alzheimer's Disease (AD) fail to form new memories although their memories for old events are intact. This amnesic pattern depends on the selective vulnerability to AD-neurodegeneration of the hippocampus, the brain region that sustains the formation of new memories, while cortical regions that store remote memories are spared. Objective:

Background: Symptomatic treatments of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) with cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine are relatively ineffective and there is a need for new treatments targeting the underlying pathology of AD. In most of the failed disease-modifying trials, patients have been allowed to continue taking symptomatic treatments at stable doses, under the assumption that they do not impair efficacy

In an aging society, the number of people suffering from Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is still growing. Currently, intensive research is being carried out on the pathogenesis of AD. The results of these studies indicated that oxidative stress plays an important role in the onset and development of this disease. Moreover, in AD oxidative stress is generated by both genetic and biochemical factors as well

BACKGROUND Function of the amyloid precursor protein (AβPP) and its various cleavage products still are not unraveled down to the last detail. While its role as a source of the neurotoxic Amyloid beta (Aβ) peptides in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is undisputed and its property as a cell attachment protein is intriguing, which functions outside the neuronal context, are scarcely investigated. This is particularly

The majority of research works to date suggest that major depressive disorder (MDD) is a risk factor for dementia and may predispose to cognitive decline in both early and late onset variants. The presence of depression may not, however, reflect the cause, rather, an effect: it may be a response to cognitive impairment or alters the threshold at which cognitive impairment might manifest or be detected

Translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) is a mitochondrial protein that locates cytosol cholesterol to mitochondrial membranes to begin the synthesis of steroids including neurotrophic neurosteroids. TSPO is abundantly present in glial cells that support neurons and respond to neuroinflammation. Located at the outer membrane of mitochondria, TSPO regulates the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition

Studies have suggested that cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with dendritic spine loss, especially in the hippocampus. Fluoxetine (FLX) has been shown to improve cognition in the early stage of AD and to be associated with diminishing synapse degeneration in the hippocampus. However, little is known about whether FLX affects the pathogenesis of AD in the middle- to-late

BACKGROUND Early detection of mild cognitive impairment is crucial in the prevention of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to identify whether acoustic features can help differentiate older, independent community-dwelling individuals with cognitive impairment from healthy controls. METHODS A total of 8779 participants (mean age 74.2 ± 5.7 in the range of 65-96, 3907 males and 4872

BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder histopathologically characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides and inflammation associated with activated microglia. These features are well investigated in the central nervous system using AD-model mice; however, peripheral inflammation in these mice has not been investigated well. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the inflammatory

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disorder. Although proteinaceous aggregates of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated microtubuleassociated tau have long been identified as characteristic neuropathological hallmarks of AD, a diseasemodifying therapy against these targets has not been successful. An emerging concept is that microglia, the innate

OBJECTIVES Previous case-control studies have focused on the relationship between ALDH2 gene polymorphism and late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (LOAD), but no definite unified conclusion has been reached. Therefore, the correlation between ALDH2 Glu504Lys polymorphism and LOAD remains controversial. To analyze the correlation between ALDH2 polymorphism and the risk of LOAD, we implemented this up-to-date

BACKGROUND In addition to the traditional risk predictors, whether anemia is an early biomarker of dementia, needs to be confirmed. OBJECTIVE This population-based cohort study aimed to investigate the dementia risk in patients with newly diagnosed anemia using data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. METHODS All newly diagnosed anemia patients (n = 26,343) with no history

BACKGROUND To delay the decline in cognition and reduce the incidence of dementia, the precise detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is necessary. The application of Virtual Reality (VR) technology in this detection can overcome the shortage of traditional paper-and-pencil tests. OBJECTIVE This review aimed to summarize the research progress of the detection of MCI using VR. METHODS Eight databases

BACKGROUND Approximately 40 independent Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with Alzheimer's Disease (AD) or cognitive decline in genome-wide association studies. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the joint effect of genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors on the progression from Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) to AD (MCI-AD progression) in a Chinese community cohort. METHODS

BACKGROUND Individuals with amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) are at heightened risk of developing Alzheimer's dementia. In recent years, much attention has been given to the search for new interventions to slow down the progression of cognitive decline of these patients. Wearable digital camera devices are one form of new technology that captures images of one's life events, so they constitute

BACKGROUND Neurosteroids Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate (DHEAS) are involved in many important brain functions, including neuronal plasticity and survival, cognition and behavior, demonstrating preventive and therapeutic potential in different neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE The aim of the article was to provide

BACKGROUND Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD) is the early preclinical stage of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Previous study provided an invaluable contribution by showing that a tactile angle discrimination system can be used to distinguish between healthy older individuals and patients with mild cognitive impairment and AD. However, that study paid little attention to the relationship between tactile

This work was supported by grant PRELUDIUM no. 2015/19/N/NZ3/00055 from the Polish National Science Centre, grant of Medical University of Lodz no. 502-03/5-108-05/502-54-194, grant OPUS no. 2016/21/B/NZ5/01411 from the Polish National Science Centre, grant HARMONIA no. 2013/10/M/NZ1/00280 and grant of Medical University of Lodz, Poland no. 502- 03/5-108-05/502-54-224-18.

BACKGROUND CA1 subregion of the hippocampal formation is one of the primarily affected structures in AD, yet not much is known about proteome alterations in the extracellular milieu of this region. OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to identify the protein expression alterations throughout the pre-pathological, progression and pathological stages of AD mouse model. METHODS The CA1 region perfusates

BACKGROUND With the rapid aging process, an increasing number of individuals will be living with dementia worldwide. A good mastery of knowledge about Alzheimer's Disease (AD) by medical staff has been reported to improve the outcome of patients with AD, making it necessary to assess the level of AD knowledge among nursing staff and address their knowledge deficits in order to upgrade the quality of

BACKGROUND Mild Parkinsonian Signs (MPS) have been associated with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) types with conflicting results. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of individual MPS with different MCI types using logistic ridge regression analysis, and to evaluate for each MCI type, the association of MPS with caudate atrophy, global cerebral atrophy, and the topographical location of White

BACKGROUND The incoming disease-modifying therapies against Alzheimer's disease (AD) require reliable diagnostic markers to correctly enroll patients all over the world. CSF AD biomarkers, namely amyloid-β 42 (Aβ42), total tau (t-tau), and tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (p-tau181), showed good diagnostic accuracy in detecting AD pathology, but their real usefulness in daily clinical practice is

BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effect of long noncoding ribonucleic acids (RNAs) metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (lnc-MALAT1) on regulating neuron apoptosis, neurite outgrowth and inflammation, and further explore its molecule mechanism in Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS Control overexpression, lnc-MALAT1 overexpression, control shRNA, and lnc-MALAT1 shRNA were

BACKGROUND Folate and vitamin B12 are well-known as essential nutrients that play key roles in the normal functions of the brain. Inflammatory processes play at least some role in the pathology of AD. Effective nutritional intervention approaches for improving cognitive deficits that reduce the peripheral inflammatory cytokine levels have garnered special attention. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed

BACKGROUND Various methodologies have been employed for the localization of amyloid plaques in numerous studies on Alzheimer's disease. The majority of these stains are thought to label the plaques by virtue of their affinity for aggregated Aβ. However, plaques are known to contain numerous other components, including multivalent metals such as zinc. OBJECTIVE This investigates whether it is possible

BACKGROUND Little is known on investigating how healthcare teams in dementia wards act for promoting personhood in persons with Alzheimer's disease (PWA). OBJECTIVE The current research aimed to identify the social networks of dementia health carers promoting the personhood of PWA in acute or long-term dementia wards in public and private psychiatric hospitals. METHODS We used a mixed-method research

BACKGROUND Immunotherapy for Alzheimer's disease(AD) has gained momentum in recent years. One of the concerns over its application pertains to Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) from population average and specific subgroup differences, as such a therapy is imperative for health decisionmakers to allocate limited resources. However, this sort of CEA model considering heterogeneous population with risk

BACKGROUND Diagnosis of prodromal Alzheimer's disease (AD) still represents a hot topic and there is a growing interest for the detection of early and non-invasive biomarkers. Although progressive episodic memory impairment is the typical predominant feature of AD, communicative difficulties can be already present at the early stages of the disease. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the narrative discourse

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE D-dimer prompts fibrinolysis system, which is involved in Alzheimer's disease and the complications of type 2 diabetic patients, especially among those with carotid artery plaques. Hence, this study aims to investigate the role of D-dimer in early cognitive impairment among type 2 diabetic patients with carotid artery plaques. METHODS A total of 175 Chinese patients with type

After years of failed therapeutic attempts targeting beta-amyloid (Aβ) in AD, there is now increasing evidence suggesting that inflammation holds a pivotal role in AD pathogenesis and immune pathways can possibly comprise primary therapeutic targets. Inflammation is a key characteristic of numerous diseases including neurodegenerative disorders and thus not surprisingly suppression of inflammation

BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with extracellular accumulation and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides ultimately seeding in senile plaques. Recent data show that their direct precursor C99 (βCTF) also accumulates in AD-affected brain as well as in AD-like mouse models. C99 is consistently detected much earlier than Aβ, suggesting that this metabolite could be an early contributor

BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that the gut microbiota may play an important role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. However, how these commensals influence disease risk and progression still has to be deciphered. OBJECTIVE The objective of this review was to summarize current knowledge on the interplay between gut microbiota and retinoic acid. The latter one represents

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder linked to protein misfolding and aggregation. AD is pathologically characterized by senile plaques formed by extracellular Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide and Intracellular Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT) formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Extensive synaptic loss and neuronal degeneration are responsible for memory impairment, cognitive decline

BACKGROUND Racial/ethnic minorities have among the highest risks for Alzheimer disease and dementia, but remain underrepresented in clinical research studies. OBJECTIVE To synthesize the current evidence on strategies to recruit and retain racial/ethnic minorities in Alzheimer disease and dementia clinical research. METHODS We conducted a systematic review by searching CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO

BACKGROUND Various neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), are related to abnormal hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau accumulation in brain lesions. Recent studies have focused on toxicity caused by another post-translational modification (PTM), acetylation of the lysine (K) residues of tau protein. Because there are numerous acetylation sites, several studies

BACKGROUND Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia characterized by amyloid plaques containing Amyloid Beta (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles containing tau protein. In addition to neuronal loss, Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy (CAA) commonly occurs in AD. CAA is characterized by Aβ deposition in brain microvessels. Recent studies have suggested that exosomes (cell-derived

According to Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI), nearly 50 million people worldwide were living with dementia in 2017, and this number is expected to triple by 2050. Despite years of research in this field, the root cause and mechanisms responsible for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have not been fully elucidated yet. Moreover, promising preclinical results have repeatedly failed to translate into patient

BACKGROUND Determining the underlying etiology of dementia can be challenging. Computer- based Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) have the potential to provide an objective comparison of data and assist clinicians. OBJECTIVES To assess the diagnostic impact of a CDSS, the PredictND tool, for differential diagnosis of dementia in memory clinics. METHODS In this prospective multicenter study, we

BACKGROUND Cholinesterase inhibitors are routinely applied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, and seeking new cholinesterase inhibitors is a priority. OBJECTIVES Twenty seven compounds were compared, including ones not previously tested. An attempt was undertaken to precisely describe the role of alcohol in the inhibitory activity. This paper underlines the role of a "false positive" blank sample

The most common type of dementia found in the elderly population is Alzheimer's disease. The disease not only impacts the patients and their families but also the society therefore, the main focus of researchers is to search new bioactive materials for treating AD. The marine environment is a rich source of functional ingredients and to date, we can find sufficient research relating to anti- Alzheimer's

BACKGROUND There is an increasing interest on Cognitive Impairment (CI) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but evidence is conflicting regarding the association between CI and glycemic control. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of CI in patients with T2DM from northern rural China in order to determine whether cognitive dysfunction is related to glycemic control

BACKGROUND Amyloid-β42 oligomers (Aβ42O), the proximate effectors of neurotoxicity observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD), can induce mitochondrial oxidative stress and impair mitochondrial function besides causing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. Aβ42O also regulate the proliferative and differentiative properties of stem cells. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study whether Aβ42O-induced mtDNA damage is involved

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative disorder, the most common type of dementia that is clinically characterized by the presence of beta-amyloid (Aβ) extracellularly and intraneuronal tau protein tangles that eventually leads to the onset of memory and cognition impairment, development of psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorders that affect basic daily activities. Current

BACKGROUND In recent years, several reviews have addressed the effectiveness of dance therapy in dementia, healthy older adults, or the elderly in general. However, reviews regarding the effect of this therapy exclusively on patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease have not been found. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to review the available literature describing clinical trials which explore