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When to randomize patients in a randomized controlled trial? Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Sarah Lensen PhD, Matthew R. Sydes PhD, Alex Polyakov MBBS MSc MLaw, Jack Wilkinson PhD
The timing of randomization should be carefully considered in the context of each trial as it has implications for the particular research question answered. In the majority of instances, randomization should be delayed until as close as practically possible to the moment of intervention. In some cases, early randomization may offer certain advantages, but trialists should balance these, including
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Commentary on ‘‘Testosterone and luteinizing hormone predict semen parameter improvement in infertile men treated with anastrozole’’ Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Donghong Li, Xiaoqiong Zeng
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Comment on “Fertility outcomes in men with prior history of anabolic steroid use’’ Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Jieyun Guo, Xiangyang Cheng
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Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility in the year 2035 Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-15 Marcelle I. Cedars M.D.
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The use of hormonal contraceptives in fertility treatments: a committee opinion Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-13 Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine
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Neighborhood deprivation in relation to ovarian reserve and outcomes of ovarian stimulation among oocyte donors Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-08 Tanvi Suresh MPH, Sarah LaPointe PhD, Jaqueline C. Lee MD, Zsolt P. Nagy PhD, Daniel B. Shapiro MD, Michael R. Kramer PhD, Heather S. Hipp MD, Audrey J. Gaskins ScD
To study the relation of neighborhood deprivation index (NDI) and markers of ovarian reserve and outcomes of controlled ovarian stimulation among young, healthy oocyte donors. Retrospective cohort study 547 oocyte donors who underwent 905 oocyte retrieval cycles (2008-2020) at a private fertility center in Sandy Springs, Georgia, USA. NDI was calculated using principal component analysis applied to
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Current evaluation of amenorrhea: a committee opinion Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-06 T, h, e, , P, r, a, c, t, i, c, e, , C, o, m, m, i, t, t, e, e, , o, f, , t, h, e, , A, m, e, r, i, c, a, n, , S, o, c, i, e, t, y, , f, o, r, , R, e, p, r, o, d, u, c, t, i, v, e, , M, e, d, i, c, i, n, e
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Uterine fibroid-related infertility: mechanisms and management Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Jacques DONNEZ, Hugh S. TAYLOR, Louis MARCELLIN, Marie-Madeleine DOLMANS
Fibroids are a common pathology and increasingly observed in women seeking medical treatment for infertility. The longer reproductive horizon thanks to improvements in medical care and current trend for women to postpone childbearing are making fibroid-related infertility increasingly common.
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Pathogenesis of uterine fibroids: current understanding and future directions Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-05 Marie-Madeleine DOLMANS, Felice PETRAGLIA, William H. CATHERINO, Jacques DONNEZ
Fibroids are benign uterine tumors characterized by proliferation of uterine smooth muscle cells, embedded in an abundant extracellular matrix. Their prevalence is estimated to be more than 50% in women over the age of 45 years.
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Advanced Robotic Surgery to the Rescue: Cerclage Placement in the Bicornuate Uterus with Cervical Insufficiency Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Ariella Yazdani M.D., Emily H. Frisch M.D., Elliott G. Richards M.D.
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Functional evidence for two distinct mechanisms of action of progesterone and selective progesterone receptor modulator on uterine leiomyomas Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-29 Gabriela Milewska, Donata Ponikwicka–Tyszko, Piotr Bernaczyk, Oana Lupu, Michal Szamatowicz, Maria Sztachelska, Agata Pilaszewicz-Puza, Mariusz Koda, Tomasz Bielawski, Monika Zbucka-Kretowska, Adam Pawelczyk, Jakub Tomaszewski, Xiangdong Li, Ilpo Huhtaniemi, Slawomir Wolczynski, Nafis A. Rahman
To study the specific mechanisms through which progesterone and selective progesterone receptor modulators impact the growth and synthesis/accumulation of the extracellular matrix in uterine leiomyomas. Laboratory study. Academic Research Institutions. This study involved reproductive-age women diagnosed with infertility-associated uterine leiomyomas, who underwent myomectomy either after selective
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Evaluating prognosis in unexplained infertility Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-27 Nicole Au, Qian Feng, Laxmi Shingshetty, Abha Maheshwari, Ben W. Mol
The diagnosis of unexplained infertility presents a dilemma as it signifies both uncertainty about the cause of infertility and the potential for natural conception. Immediate treatment of all would result in overtreatment. Prediction models estimating the likelihood of natural conception and subsequent live birth can guide treatment decisions. To evaluate if in couples with unexplained infertility
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Effectiveness of preconception weight loss interventions on fertility in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-24 Ann E. Caldwell, Anna M. Gorczyca, Andrew P. Bradford, Jacinda M. Nicklas, Robert N. Montgomery, Heather Smyth, Shannon Pretzel, Thy Nguyen, Kristen DeSanto, Celia Ernstrom, Nanette Santoro
Weight loss prior to conception is recommended for women with overweight or obesity to improve fertility outcomes, but evidence supporting this recommendation is mixed. To examine the effectiveness of weight loss interventions using lifestyle modification and/or medication in women with overweight or obesity on pregnancy, live birth, and miscarriage. An electronic search of MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane
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Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) should be dead, we are just waiting on the obituary. Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Sean Sokteang, Paul Pirtea, James P. Toner, Dominique de Ziegler
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Unification and Orificing of Two Functional Non-Communicating Uterine Horns Through the Created Neovagina Using Peritoneum Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Gurkan Uncu, Isil Kasapoglu, Kiper Aslan
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Why Would Menses be Related to the Day of the Week or to the Lunar Cycle? Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Beverly Reed
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Ex-Vivo Microscopic Onco-Testicular Sperm Extraction: Step-by-Step Surgical Technique at Time of Radical Orchiectomy Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Christopher K. Villota, Sean W. Hou, Clark Judge, Scott Eggener, Gladell Paner, Omer A. Raheem
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Estimating the number of oocytes to expose to sperm in assisted reproductive technology treatment Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Katharine F.B. Correia, Denis Vaughan, Denny Sakkas, Brooke V. Rossi
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In women with endometriosis, effective treatment of chronic endometritis with antibiotics lowers serum CA-125 levels. Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Ettore Cicinelli, Dominique de Ziegler, Amerigo Vitagliano
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Prophecy, prediction, and prognosis – can we improve the advice we give on the chance of pregnancy and treatment options for infertility? Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-23 Robert J. Norman
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To ICSI or not to ICSI: until proven otherwise less is more in the in vitro fertilization laboratory Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-21 Kiley Hunkler M.D. M.St. M.Sc., Russell P. Hayden M.D., Kate Devine M.D.
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Ultrasonographic characterization of parametrial endometriosis: a prospective study Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Fabio Barra M.D., Carlotta Zorzi M.D., Mara Albanese M.D., Paola De Mitri M.D., Anna Stepniewska M.D., Giovanni Roviglione M.D., Milo Giani M.D., Giorgia Albertini M.D., Simone Ferrero M.D. Ph.D., Marcello Ceccaroni M.D. Ph.D.
To study the ultrasonographic diagnostic accuracy and characteristics of parametrial endometriosis comprehensively. This prospective study enrolled patients with suspected deep endometriosis (DE) scheduled for laparoscopic surgical treatment. Preoperative ultrasonographic examinations were performed following the International Deep Endometriosis Analysis criteria. This study aimed to evaluate the presence
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A pilot study to investigate the clinically predictive values of copy number variations detected by next-generation sequencing of cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid in spent culture media Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Gary Nakhuda M.D., Sally Rodriguez Sc.M. C.G.C., Sophia Tormasi B.Sc. T.S., Catherine Welch M.B.A. T.S.
To investigate the positive predictive value and false positive risk of copy number variations (CNV's) detected in cell free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from spent culture media for nonviable or aneuploid embryos. Diagnostic/prognostic accuracy study. Patients aged 35 and younger with an indication for IVF-ICSI and elective single frozen embryo transfer at a single, private IVF center. Embryo selection
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Can we predict menopause and premature ovarian insufficiency? Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-19 Joop S.E. Laven M.D. Ph.D., Yvonne V. Louwers M.D. Ph.D.
The prediction of menopause and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) involves understanding the factors that contribute to the timing of these events. Menopause is a natural biological process marked by the cessation of menstrual periods, typically occurring around the age of 51. On the other hand, POI refers to the loss of ovarian function before the age of 40. Several factors have been used to predict
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A cross-sectional assessment of YouTube as a source of information on diet and supplements for polycystic ovary syndrome Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-18 Katherine Moran Sweterlitsch M.D. M.B.A., Katherine L. VanHise M.D., Ndeye Konate D.O., Bryn E. Willson M.D., Margareta D. Pisarska M.D., Erica T. Wang M.D., Jessica L. Chan M.D. M.S.C.E
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Improved fertilization, degeneration, and embryo quality rates with PIEZO-assisted intracytoplasmic sperm injection compared with conventional intracytoplasmic sperm injection—a sibling oocyte split multicenter trial Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-18 Thomas Ebner Ph.D., Omar Shebl M.D.
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Prediction of pregnancy-related complications in women undergoing assisted reproduction, using machine learning methods Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-17 Chen Wang, Anna L.V. Johansson, Cina Nyberg, Anuj Pareek, Catarina Almqvist, Sonia Hernández-Díaz, Anna S. Oberg
To use machine learning methods to develop prediction models of pregnancy complications in women that conceived with Assisted Reproductive Techniques (ART). A nation-wide register-based cohort study with prospectively collected data. Characteristics prior to use of ART, such as demographics and medical history were considered as potential predictors in the development of pre-treatment prediction models
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Penile vibratory stimulation in men with spinal cord injury: an educational video demonstration Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-15 Emad Ibrahim
To demonstrate the different techniques used to perform successful penile vibratory stimulation (PVS) to induce ejaculation in men with spinal cord injuries (SCIs). A video demonstration of the PVS procedure performed in men with SCIs using the FertiCare 2.0 medical vibrator. Major University Medical Center. Men with SCIs. Spinal cord injury is the leading cause of anejaculation in young men. After
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The impact of microfluidics sperm processing on blastocyst euploidy rates compared with density gradient centrifugation: a sibling oocyte double-blinded prospective randomized clinical trial Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-15 Prachi Godiwala M.D. M.S.T.C.R., Jane Kwieraga B.Sc. T.S., Emilse Almanza B.S., Evelyn Neuber Ph.D., Daniel Grow M.D., Claudio Benadiva M.D., Reeva Makhijani M.D., Andrea DiLuigi M.D., David Schmidt M.D., Alison Bartolucci Ph.D., Lawrence Engmann M.D.
To compare the euploidy rates among blastocysts created from sibling oocytes injected with sperm and processed using microfluidics or density gradient centrifugation. Sibling oocyte randomized controlled trial. Single university-affiliated infertility practice. A total of 106 patients aged 18–42 years undergoing fresh in vitro fertilization treatment cycles with preimplantation genetic testing between
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Comparative analysis of pregnancy outcomes in preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy and conventional in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: a stratified examination on the basis of the quantity of oocytes and blastocysts from a multicenter randomized controlled trial Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-15 Min Hu M.S., Mingxi Liu M.S., Siqi Tian B.S., Ling Guo M.S., Zhaowen Zang M.S., Zi-Jiang Chen M.D. Ph.D., Yan Li M.D. Ph.D.
To investigate variations in pregnancy outcomes between preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy (PGT-A) and conventional in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) treatment across distinct groups categorized by oocyte and blastocyst counts. Because the live birth rate (LBR) of assisted reproductive technology treatment is influenced by the number of oocytes and blastocysts retrieved
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Assessment of clinical pregnancies in up to eight ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination treatment cycles in those unable to proceed with in vitro fertilization Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-15 M. Blake Evans D.O., Pardis Hosseinzadeh M.D., Kerry Flannagan Ph.D., Samad Jahandideh Ph.D., Emilie Burruss M.S., Jennifer D. Peck Ph.D., Karl R. Hansen M.D. Ph.D., Micah Hill D.O., Kate Devine M.D.
To study the primary objective of clinical pregnancy (CP) rate per ovarian stimulation with intrauterine insemination (OS-IUI) treatment cycle in patients with repetitive cycles up to a maximum of 8 cycles. Retrospective cohort. Large fertility clinic. A total of 37,565 consecutive OS-IUI cycles from 18,509 patients were included in this study. Those with anovulatory diagnoses, tubal factor infertility
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Educational aid for penile vibratory stimulation Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-15 Peter N. Schlegel
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Association of serum uric acid with women’s ovarian reserve: observational study and Mendelian randomization analyses Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-13 Guiquan Wang, Haiyan Yang, Xintong Jiang, Weian Mao, Ping Li, Xiaojing Lin, Yan Li, Zhenhong Ye, Yurong Zhang, Wei Chen, Shuai Yuan, Yue Zhao, Liangshan Mu
To investigate the association between serum uric acid and women’s ovarian reserve. Retrospective observational study and Mendelian randomization study. Observational analyses were undertaken using data from 8257 women with infertility who finished first in vitro fertilization treatments between May 2017 and December 2021. Mendelian randomization analyses were based on genome-wide association summary
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Adenomyosis and infertility: a possible glimmer of light in the dark Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Adolfo Allegra M.D., Angelo Marino M.D.
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Why laboratory-developed test for endometrial receptivity analysis may have failed to deliver Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 D, e, e, p, a, , B, h, a, r, t, i, y, a, , P, h, ., D, .
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The significance of macrosomia after frozen embryo transfer Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-12 Mohamed A. Aboulghar M.D., Mona M. Aboulghar M.D.
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Underlying parental infertility and offspring cardiometabolic risk Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-10 Edwina Yeung Ph.D.
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Additional considerations for hysteroscopic morcellation versus electric vacuum aspiration Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-10 Archana Ayyar M.D., Steven R. Lindheim M.D. M.M.M., Rebecca Flyckt M.D.
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Poor air quality from wildfire smoke is associated with decrease in total motile sperm count at time of intrauterine insemination Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-10 Elizabeth S. Rubin M.D. M.C.R., Molly Kornfield M.D., Pamela Parker M.D. M.P.H., Bharti Garg M.B.B.S. M.P.H., Thomas O’Leary Ph.D., Maureen Baldwin M.D. M.P.H., Sacha Krieg M.D. Ph.D.
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TEMPORARY REMOVAL: To the Editor:Patient Selection for Ovarian Tissue Cryopreservation: Should there be a strict age limit? Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-10 Kutluk Oktay, Fernanda Pacheco, Loris Marin
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Closing the gap on racial disparities—Increasing race and ethnicity demographics reporting in the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology Clinic Outcome Reporting System Registry Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-10 David B. Seifer M.D., Gloria Richard-Davis M.D. M.B.A., Ruben Alvero M.D.
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The effect of laser-assisted hatching on vitrified/warmed blastocysts: the ALADDIN randomized controlled trial Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Alessandra Alteri Ph.D., Marco Reschini M.Sc., Cristina Guarneri M.Sc., Veronica Bandini M.D., Giulia Bertapelle M.D., Monica Pinna M.Sc., Elisa Rabellotti Ph.D., Stefania Ferrari M.Sc., Enrico Papaleo M.D., Alessio Paffoni Ph.D., Paola Vigano’ Ph.D., Edgardo Somigliana Ph.D. M.D.
To evaluate whether laser-mediated assisted hatching (AH) performed on vitrified/warmed blastocysts before embryo transfer can improve live birth rate. The “pArtiaL zonA pelluciDa removal by assisteD hatchINg of blastocysts (ALADDIN)” is a 2-center comparative study with a parallel randomized controlled design. University hospital. Participants were recruited between September 2018 and November 2021
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Intravaginal exposure to seminal plasma after ovum pick-up does not increase live birth rates after in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment: a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Susanne Liffner M.D. Ph.D., Marie Bladh Ph.D., Heriberto Rodriguez-Martinez V.M.D. Ph.D., Gunilla Sydsjö Ph.D., Stefan Zalavary Ph.D., Elizabeth Nedstrand M.D. Ph.D.
To detect whether intravaginal exposure to prepared seminal plasma led to an absolute increase in live birth rate (LBR) after in vitro fertilization (IVF) by 10% compared with placebo. It has been suggested that intravaginal deposition of seminal plasma after ovum pick-up (OPU) for IVF treatment, increases pregnancy and LBRs. Double-blind, placebo-controlled prospective study. An outcome assessment
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Laparoscopic transfundal approach to cervical dilation: a novel treatment for cervical stenosis and cervical factor infertility Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Christine Hur, Jeffrey M. Goldberg
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Reply of the authors Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-09 Clarisa R. Gracia M.D. M.S.C.E., Paula Amato M.D., Jared C. Robins M.D. M.B.A.
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Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Consider the Entire Spectrum Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-08 Robert W. Rebar, Christopher S. Keator
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A Brief Overview of Pilot Studies and Their Sample Size Justification Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-06 Allen R. Kunselman
Abstract not available
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Family members as gamete donors or gestational carriers: an Ethics Committee opinion Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-06
The use of adult intrafamilial gamete donors and gestational surrogates is generally ethically acceptable when all participants are fully informed and counseled, but consanguineous arrangements or ones that simulate incestuous unions should be prohibited. Adult child-to-parent arrangements require caution to avoid coercion, and parent-to-adult child arrangements are acceptable in limited situations
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A follicular volume of >0.56 cm3 at trigger is the cut-off to predict oocyte maturity: a starting point for novel volume-based triggering criteria. Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-01-29 Adela Rodríguez-Fuentes, Jairo Hernández, Jean Paul Rouleau, Pablo Martín-Vasallo, Angela Palumbo
Objective To determine the minimum follicular volume on the day of trigger that will correspond to a mature oocyte at egg retrieval by individualized follicular puncture and to calculate the mean follicular growth from ovulation induction to egg retrieval by SonoAVC™follicle. Design Prospective observational study of 53 women undergoing IVF, in which it was possible to identify unequivocally one or
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First pregnancy and live birth from ex vivo-retrieved metaphase II oocytes from a woman with bilateral ovarian carcinoma: a case report Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Bruno R. de Carvalho, Georgia F. Cintra, Íris O. Cabral, Taise M. Franceschi, Leandro S.A. Resende, Janina F.L. Huguenin, Andrea Tatiane O.S. Barros
To report pregnancy and live birth resulting from intracytoplasmic sperm injection of ex vivo retrieved mature oocytes from a woman with bilateral ovarian carcinoma. Case report. A 34-year-old nulliparous woman with bilateral ovarian tumor, with a risk of malignancy at 96.1% according to IOTA-ADNEX, who desired fertility preservation before definitive surgical treatment. Cryopreservation of ex vivo
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PCOS and AMH- Can there be too much of a good thing? Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Jessica R. Zolton
Abstract not available
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Robotic-assisted single-site abdominal cerclage in the bicornuate uterus patient with cervical insufficiency Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Nurul Farhanah Binte Abdul Latif, Zhenkun Guan, Sylvia Asare, Xiaoming Guan
Robotic-assisted abdominal cerclage placement is a feasible and practical technique for select women with bicornuate uteri complicated by recurrent pregnancy loss due to cervical insufficiency.
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Association of platinum-based chemotherapy with live birth and infertility in female survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Beth Zhou M.D., Brian Kwan Ph.D., Milli J. Desai M.D., Vinit Nalawade M.S., Joe Henk Ph.D., Nina Viravalli M.P.H., James D. Murphy M.D., Paul C. Nathan M.D., Kathryn J. Ruddy M.D., Ksenya Shliakhtsitsava M.D., H. Irene Su M.D., Brian W. Whitcomb Ph.D.
To estimate the effect of platinum-based chemotherapy on live birth (LB) and infertility after cancer, in order to address a lack of treatment-specific fertility risks for female survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer, which limits counseling on fertility preservation decisions. Retrospective cohort study. US administrative database. We identified incident breast, colorectal, and ovarian cancer
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How to minimize the dropout and crossover in an infertility trial? Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-03 Hao Huang, Hongying Kuang, Tracey R. Thomas, Daimin Wei, Heping Zhang
Randomized controlled trials and intent-to-treat analysis are important for infertility clinical studies. Dropout or crossover during the study process will disrupt the randomization design and affect the intent-to-treat analysis. In this review, we have briefly introduced the occurrence of the dropout and crossover from our previous Reproductive Medicine Network and other related studies and provided
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The details matter: personalized prediction of live birth following in vitro fertilization in women with polycystic ovary syndrome Fertil. Steril. (IF 6.7) Pub Date : 2024-02-02 Laura G. Cooney, Mary D. Sammel, Iris Lee, M. Alexa Clapp, Michelle Goldsammler, Erin Scott, Sarah Bjorkman, Brian T. Fisher, Anuja Dokras
Objective To derive and internally validate a clinical prediction model for live birth in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) undergoing in-vitro fertilization (IVF) Design Retrospective cohort study Setting Four academic reproductive endocrinology clinics Patients 207 women with PCOS confirmed by Rotterdam criteria undergoing their first fresh IVF cycle Interventions None Main Outcome Measure
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