Xenobiotic metabolism can lead to metabolites with altered physicochemical and biological properties, which may differ markedly from those of their parent compounds. Thus, xenobiotic metabolism has great implication for chemical safety evaluation, which has become one of the central research areas in chemical toxicology. A plethora of analytical and in vitro methods now are available for investigating

Despite the isolation of hundreds of bioactive isocyanides from terrestrial fungi and bacteria as well as marine organisms, the isocyanide functionality has so far received scanty attention from a medicinal chemistry standpoint. The widespread tenet that isocyanides are chemically and metabolically unstable has restricted bioactivity studies to their antifouling properties and technical applications

Bisphenol A (BPA) metabolism has been investigated using several in vitro models, including human and rat liver microsomes and subcellular (S9) fractions, as well as human-recombinant Cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expressed in Supersomes, for a comprehensive look at all possible metabolic pathways. By an untargeted approach using liquid chromatography coupled to a high-resolution quadrupole-time of

Despite significant progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of cancer and neu-rodegenerative diseases, their occurence and mortality is still high around the world. The resistance of cancer cells to the drugs remains a significant problem in oncology today, while in the case of neuro-degenerative diseases, therapies reversing the process are still yet to be found. Furthermore

Halogenated amino acids and peptides are an emerging class of disinfection by-products (DBPs), having been detected in drinking water and in washed food products. However, the toxicological significance of these emerging DBPs remains unclear. In this study, the cytotoxicity of eight halogenated tyrosyl compounds was investigated in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using real-time cell analysis (RTCA)

A high-consequence chemical emergency is a major public health concern. In the United States, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases within the National Institutes of Health pioneers discovery and early development of critical medical countermeasures against chemical threats.

The adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework is a new way of generating knowledge from existing data for hazard assessment. Computational tools will help, especially with further development and adoption of data quality guidance.

Nitrogen mustards (NM) are an important class of chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of malignant tumors. The accepted mechanism of action of nitrogen mustards (NM) is through the alkylation of DNA bases. NM-adducts block DNA replication in cancer cells by forming cytotoxic DNA interstrand cross-links. We previously characterized several adducts formed by reaction of bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine

Economic growth and development come with increasing use of chemicals and subsequent exposure of humans both in professional and in consumer environments. Exposure to chemicals occurs through intended use of, for instance, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, or cosmetics. Exposure can also occur as environmental pollution due to spillage during production or use, or through waste at the end of use. New

Three points need to be explained: First, the mice model for APAP-induced hepatotoxicity is acceptable, but a group of authors have used the rat model to investigate hepatotoxicity induced by acetaminophen. For example, Rajasekaran and Periyasamy (2012) and Pingili et al. (2019)(1,2) used rats for their studies. The Pingili et al. study has been mentioned in the Letter to the Editor written by Jaeschke

To the Editor: Mohammadi and co-workers published a recent paper on the beneficial effect of the plant flavonoid chrysin in a model of acetaminophen (APAP) overdose in rats.(1) The authors treated rats for 14 days with various doses of chrysin and then challenged the animals with 3 doses of 1 500 mg/kg APAP every 2 h. Subsequently, the authors measured a number of parameters related to liver injury