Einkorn indirect shoot regeneration was obtained from leaf, coleoptile, and root explants cultured on full, ½, and ¼ strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.5 to 10 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Calluses derived from coleoptile and root explants were cultured on full-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 to 5 mg L−1 thidiazuron (TDZ) for 6 wk to induce plant regeneration

Apple, as one of the most important economic forest tree species, is widely grown in the world. Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity and iron deficiency, affect apple growth and development. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are widely involved in the responses of plants to adverse stresses. In the present study, a new WRKY gene was isolated from Malus xiaojinensis and designated as MxWRKY55. Subcellular

The metabolic stimulation induced by abiotic stress is an efficient strategy for the production of secondary metabolites in sterile and controlled plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures. Paclitaxel (taxol), one of the most widely used therapeutic compounds for the treatment of various cancers, is mainly produced through cell culture of the European yew (Taxus baccata L.). In this work, a T. baccata

Actinidia deliciosa is a commercially important plant receiving recognition because of its high nutritive value. This study presents an efficient protocol for the hardening of in vitro raised Actinidia deliciosa plants using a hydroponic method. Leaf explants inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.00 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.00 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)

Ex situ conservation of vegetatively propagated crops by tissue culture is sometimes hampered by covert endophytic bacteria which become visible after repeated subculture over prolonged periods. In the present study, we identified bacterial contaminants and devised a strategy for their elimination from 20 in vitro conserved accessions of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] held in the In Vitro Gene

In Camellia japonica callus culture, the effects of light quality on the accumulation of phenolic compounds were examined. To this end, the calli were cultured under three monochrome [white (W), red (R), and blue (B)] and two mixed [red/blue (RB) and red/green/blue (RGB)] light sources. After 4 weeks of culture, fresh and dry callus weights were determined, and phenolic content was analyzed using high-performance

Iris is a perennial flowering plant, usually cultivated through seeds or bulbs. However, due to the limitations of traditional reproduction, the establishment of a callus regeneration system is particularly important, and callus induction and plant regeneration are the keys to transgenic technology. The callus regeneration system was studied using the I. sanguinea flower stem as explants. The experiment

One of the main problems of in vitro plant tissue culture is the poor ventilation in the culture vessels. This leads to morphological and physiological anomalies in regenerated in vitro plants, a crucial issue in woody species, such as Caesalpinia spinosa (Mol.) O. Kuntz, which is a legominous tree or thorny shrub of the Andes, adequate photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic in vitro rooting systems

With ample cultivation and economic potential, coffee is one of the main commodities in the world. Despite its vast cultivation, there remain problems related to its productivity as a consequence of pests and diseases, questions regarding its physiology, and difficulty with its propagation. Due to such challenges, the application of biotechnological tools, such as tissue culture and molecular markers

This special review is written to commemorate the life and contributions of Dr. Trevor Alleyne Thorpe, who passed away on May 18, 2020, at the age of 83 yr (https://www.sivb.org/InVitroReport/issue-54-2-april-june-2020/in-memoriam-4/). As part of his academic legacy, Trevor had trained an impressive number of laboratory members—15 PhD students, 14 Master’s students, 25 postdoctoral fellows, and many

Embryo rescue technique is widely utilized to save developing embryo from abortion in interspecific hybridization of plants. In Brassica species, success of an embryo rescue depends on the age of embryo, developmental stage of embryo, and media composition. In this study, ten crosses were conducted between diploid oilseed species B. rapa × tetraploid B. napus and B. rapa × tetraploid B. juncea along

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a desirable medicinal plant due to its health benefits. With the growing interest in ginseng products, the safe preservation of genetically engineered material with unique attributes is increasingly important. In the present study, an effective protocol for cryopreservation of the ginseng embryogenic callus by vitrification is reported. After 2-wk subculture, the calluses

Punica granatum L. is an important horticultural fruit crop with high medicinal and economic value. Its rising commercial demand necessitates the production of high-quality planting material. Here, we describe an efficient protocol for direct organogenesis in Punica granatum L. cv. Kandhari Kabuli from mature leaf explant. The optimized sterilization procedure for explant includes sequential treatment

In vitro culture is employed as a means of producing plant materials from medicinal plants to meet the increasing demands of the market. Herein, we focused on an efficient protocol for organogenesis through two pathways in six explant types from Caryopteris terniflora Maxim (C. terniflora), a medicinal and ornamental plant. For direct organogenesis, the maximum number of shoots per internode explant

In vitro propagation is a useful method for clonal propagation of apricot; however, it is a highly genotype-dependent procedure. Eight different experiments were conducted to optimize and establish an efficient in vitro propagation protocol for three Iranian apricot cultivars, including Ordubad, Shams, and Qaysi. Sterilization, in vitro establishment, proliferation, root induction, and acclimatization

The application of the V cryo-plate method using either PVS2 or PVS3 and the D cryo-plate method to Platycodon grandiflorum in vitro axillary buds was investigated. Precultured buds (1 mm) were attached to cryo-plates using calcium alginate gel. Then, osmoprotection treatment (2 M glycerol and 1 M sucrose) was performed by immersing the cryo-plates for 30 min at 25°C. The procedures for each cryogenic

An in vitro regeneration system for propagation of a valuable medicinal tree, Pterocarpus marsupium, using shoot tip (ST) explants derived from 7-d-old axenic seedlings has been successfully developed. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing cytokinins (BA, mT, or Kn) and auxins (NAA, IAA) in different concentrations and combinations showed to have a marked stimulatory effect on the regeneration

The aim of the study is to develop transgenic rice with annexin genes (AnnBj2) to determine its salinity and water stress tolerance through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The transgenic somatic embryos were developed on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with 0.5 mg L−1 kinetin and 3.0 mg L−1 2,4-D. About 80% of the transformed somatic embryos germinated and was successfully established

An efficient protocol is reported for in vitro plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in Piper aduncum, a Brazilian Amazon species with high economic potential. The species is important due to a variety of components found in its essential oil, with emphasis on dillapiole. Leaf explants from five accessions identified for high oil yield and levels of dillapiole were evaluated for their embryogenic

As a plant genetic engineer, Agrobacterium tumefaciens utilizes phenolic compounds, such as acetosyringone, to activate its virulence genes during the infection and transformation process. In this study, two novel broad-host-range (BHR) acetosyringone-inducible expression vectors were constructed. Unlike Agrobacterium binary vectors which are developed for plant transformation, these vectors were designed

Cultivated caladiums (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) are popular ornamental plants. Although somaclonal variation occurs frequently in caladium during tissue culture, little research has been conducted on obtaining and detecting variants from long-term callus cultures. Herein, plants were regenerated from ‘Red Flash’ caladium calluses subcultured for approximately 40 mo, and 116 out of 520 established

Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim is a valuable medicinal plant that is currently threatened due to human over excavation. Therefore, an efficient plant micropropagation protocol for M. savatieri through seed germination and direct shoot regeneration is described. The effects of different seed germination treatments, explant source on shoot induction, plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication

NAC (no apical meristem [NAM], Arabidopsis thaliana transcription activation factor [ATAF1/2], and cup-shaped cotyledon [CUC2]) TFs are involved in stress responses in plants. However, their roles in abiotic stresses are still not well known in Malus plants. In the present study, MbNAC29 from Malus baccata was identified and characterized. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression

Genetic modification using Agrobacterium rhizogenes has been an important biotechnological tool for the improvement of secondary metabolite production in plant species over the past four decades. The tropical vine Pentalinon andrieuxii, a native plant from the Yucatán Peninsula, is known to produce the triterpene betulinic acid and the novel tri-nor-sesquiterpene urechitol A and is used in the Mayan

The Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus (PMWaV) provokes a disease that causes considerable losses to pineapple growers due to the reduced leaf tissue turgescence, resulting in leaf necrosis and death in severe cases. In this work, we describe the comparison of shoot tip culture and cryotherapy methods to eradicate the pineapple wilt disease-associated ampeloviruses. Plants from the accessions

In vitro culture has been recognized as a potential plant clonal propagation tool for a broad variety of commercial, ornamental, and medicinal species, with applications in both industrial and academic laboratories. In this study, we describe somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration protocol for “peperina” plants (Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling). In vitro shoots developed via shoot

The exploitation of somaclonal variation potentially could be a valid strategy to overcome the depletion of hop intraspecific agrobiodiversity. To increase somaclonal variation induction, it is possible to resort to several strategies including a differentiated starting explant material such as leaves, roots and stems, an extended time in which cultures are maintained in vitro, and a well-balanced

An efficient in vitro propagation system has been developed for the rapid micropropagation of Thymus serpyllum L. (Banajwain), an aromatic medicinal herb from nodal explant on MS medium. Phenolic leaching and high rate of contamination was the most significant problem in establishing in vitro culture of Thymus serpyllum which was overcome by preparing explants in an antioxidant ascorbic acid (1000 ppm)

In Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Indian rosewood), a premium-quality vulnerable timber tree species belonging to Family Fabaceae, direct somatic embryogenesis was achieved. Immature cotyledons from green pods were collected from trees at 90 d after flowering and somatic embryo formation was achieved on Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 mg L−1

A plant regeneration technique was successfully developed for the first time using young leaves harvested from two-y-old grafted seedlings in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.) cv. Dawuxing. Callus cultures were induced from the cut edge of the leaf explants after 2 wk of culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.), also known as purple coneflower, is one of the important medicinal plants commonly used for respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to compare different transgenic hairy root lines for growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis and to select a superior hairy root line for the production of caffeic acid derivatives (CADs). Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated

Solanum viarum Dunal is an important medicinal plant with a high quantity of steroidal alkaloids used for the synthesis of contraceptives, corticosteroids, and sex hormones. It is also used by Indian tribal people for the treatment of leprosy, toothache, and diabetes. Therefore, to meet the existing needs for this plant, it is necessary to develop an efficient regeneration system useful for rapid and

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, especially under stress conditions. These enzymes post-translationally modify target proteins by adding ADP-ribose polymers. This study presents the effect of PARP chemical inhibitor 3-methoxybenzamide (3 MB) on in vitro plant growth, microtuber formation, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of

Readers should note the following error in the original version of this article:

Eucalyptus bosistoana is an important durable hardwood species selected by New Zealand Dryland Forest Initiative (NZDFI) for their adaptability to diverse environments and good quality wood. There is no report on in vitro methods for callus induction and plantlet micropropagation of this species, although these methods could assist further genetic improvement of plants. In this study, different combinations

Leptocarpha rivularis, commonly known as “palo negro”, is a species of the Astereaceae family, endemic in the forests of Southern Chile. The extracts of this plant have medicinal properties attributable to its secondary metabolites, mainly identified as flavonoids and terpenes. Among them, leptocarpine has gained importance as a powerful anticarcinogen. The aim of this study was the in vitro establishment

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth., commonly known as “Kadam,” is an endangered and pharmaceutically valued tree of the family Rubiaceae. The numerous medicinal properties are attributed to the various alkaloids of this plant. Poor seedling survival (due to very small size of seeds, approximately 10,000 per gm), overexploitation and habitat destruction are the major constraints in conserving the wild

Lecythis pisonis Cambess, popularly known as sapucaia, has great economic and socio-environmental potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the establishment and in vitro morphogenesis of L. pisonis under the effect of disinfecting agents, plant growth regulators, and thermal stress. The study was divided into three experiments: (i) development of the disinfection protocol by testing different

Hildegardia populifolia (Roxb.) Schott & Endl. is a critically endangered medicinal tree species which also provide high-quality natural fibers. The present study was focused to develop reliable micropropagation protocol where nodal segment explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM) augmented with various cytokinins alone or with auxins. WPM was more effective

Franklinia is a monotypic genus of the family Theaceae that is now extinct in the wild. F. alatamaha Bartram ex Marshall has been maintained in cultivation for nearly 250-y because of the ornamental appeal of its flowers and foliage. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro propagation system to increase the availability of this rare tree for commercial horticulture and restoration. Immature

Climbers are plants with weak stems that require support to grow upright. This group of plants develops various climbing mechanisms, classified as tendrillar, twiners, scramblers, clinging, adhesive and woody climbers (lianas). Although climbers are predominantly angiosperms, some are ferns, and one gymnosperm member Gnetum is included in this category. The angiosperm families mainly composed of climbers

Phellodendron chinense Schneid is an important Chinese herb with berberine and phellodendrine in stems and leaves, but with little information available on in vitro culture of this species. Disinfection of explants in 75% alcohol for 45 s, sterilization in 0.1% HgCl2 for 20 min, and submersion in 1.0 mol L−1 gibberellin3 (GA3) solution for 24 h was the optimal condition for seed germination. Murashige

Ajuga xylorrhiza Kit Tan is a rare endemic perennial species growing in the stony habitats in Southeastern Anatolia region, Turkey. An efficient and reproducible protocol has been developed for micropropagation of endangered Ajuga xylorrhiza. Shoots were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium, supplemented with various concentrations of 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), and

Effect of sinusoidal vibration on the activity of some antioxidative enzymes, pigments, membrane stability, and total phenolic was investigated in callus tissues of Matricaria chamomilla L. Two calli sources were initiated from leaf and root explants, and different frequencies of sinusoidal vibration (0, 5, 10, 15, 50, and 100 Hz) for 3 min were applied to stimulate callus tissues of M. chamomilla

Dendrobium Stardust ‘Fire Bird’ is an interspecific hybrid between D. unicum and D. Ukon ‘Arai’ and is known to be sterile and prevents further breeding. Chromosome doubling is an essential method to increase the size of plant organs, such as flowers, and restore fertility of interspecific hybrids, which enables further breeding for ornamental traits. To induce chromosome doubling, the protocorm-like

In this study, we aimed to produce a citrus fruit with no seed and with edible peel. Therefore, the seedless Yoshida navel oranges (Citrus sinensis ‘Yoshida navel’) and Jangsil kumquat (Fortunella japonica) with edible peel were used as the starting materials. Since two varieties of different genera and different flowering periods would be difficult to crossbreed, protoplast fusion was conducted using

The Arabidopsis malonyl-CoA synthetase gene AAE13.1 (AtAAE13.1) plays important roles in cell metabolism, plant growth and development, and environmental stress responses. However, function of AtAAE13.1 in NaCl stress tolerance is not determined yet. Cell suspension cultures of different plant species including rice (Oryza sativa L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L

Inadequate availability of organs and tissues for transplantation is a major problem. While offering an alternative, development of engineered tissue constructs containing a functional vascular network that allows delivery of nutrients and especially O2 remains a challenge. Using native vasculature, especially microvasculature, of a tissue or an organ offers potential to overcome this shortcoming.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is one of the most complete food crops and has fed people and livestock since its domestication. Soybean androgenesis has been a challenging process yet to be advanced significantly. There have been minor advances, e.g., reports of a 2% induction rate in anther culture, formation of roots, rare shoots, but few plantlets and these did not survive to maturity. This research

In vitro culture conditions have a major impact on the physiology and anatomy of micropropagated plants. Sucrose plays a very important role in micropropagation protocols, and is frequently employed during in vitro culture. However, it may induce disorders that negatively interfere with plant growth and development, such as a low photosynthetic rates. The aim of this study was to analyze the impacts

The effect of using encapsulated shoot tips (ST) and nodal segment (NS) explants, in combination with mineral oil (MO) overlay, for in vitro regeneration and efficient midterm conservation of Bacopa monnieri (IC468878), a medicinal herb with potent nervine properties is described. On a standard multiplication medium [Murashige and Skoog (MS) containing 0.2 mg l−1 benzyladenine (BA)] after 8 wk of culture

Hyperhydricity is a physiological disorder during plant tissue culture that seriously affects regeneration and micropropagation. In this study, Dendrobium officinale plantlets were cultured on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with plant growth regulators and various concentrations of sucrose, agar, and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-6000 to explore the effect of osmotic stress on hyperhydricity

Calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (CG), a methoxylated isoflavonoid in Astragalus membranaceus Fisch. (Bunge), has a wide range of biological activities. Adventitious root culture is an alternative source to obtain active compounds. To improve CG production in A. membranaceus adventitious roots (AMARs), effect of nitrogen concentration, and phosphate concentration on accumulation of biomass, CG, and hydrogen

The effect of dehydration, cryopreservation, and reculture conditions on growth recovery (%) of vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) shoot-tips was evaluated using a D-cryoplate procedure. Tissues were excised from in vitro grown plantlets, preconditioned on MS semisolid medium supplemented with 0.15 M trehalose for 1 d, loaded in a solution of 0.4 M sucrose or trehalose and 2 M glycerol for 30 min, and dehydrated

Isoflavones, which are secondary metabolites synthesised through the phenylpropanoid pathway, play important roles in many essential physiological processes of the soybean plant. Isoflavones are well-known for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities; however, soybean plants contain very low amount of isoflavone. Therefore, increasing isoflavone content is one of

An efficient in vitro propagation and synthetic seed production protocol was established for the conservation of Decalepis salicifolia (Bedd. ex Hook.f.) Venter, an endemic and critically endangered ethnomedicinal species. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 2.2 μM BAP and 5.7 μM IAA produced shoot tip proliferation with an average shoot length of 5.81 ± 0.03 cm in 3 wk. Axillary bud proliferation

The synergistic effect of plant growth regulators on axillary bud proliferation for mass clonal multiplication of Moringa oleifera Lam. (vern. drumstick) has been assessed for the first time. Treatment of decoated seeds with 1% (w/v) Bavistin for 60 min, 0.33% (w/v) streptocycline for 30 min, and 0.1% (w/v) HgCl2 for 3.5 min resulted in complete removal of the surface contaminants. Maximum seed germination

In this study, we investigated the roles of the plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin (GA) in regulating Pinus massoniana Lamb. plantlet regeneration during long-term in vitro subculture. Six generations (1st, 5th, 10th, 20th, 30th and 40th with 40 days for each transfer cycle) of subcultured shoots derived from mature and juvenile explants were characterised for their different

Somatic embryogenesis has already been used for Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) embling production on a laboratory scale, but automation is needed to increase efficiency and reduce costs. One option to scale up production is mass production in bioreactors. In a series of experiments, a pro-embryogenic mass was propagated using Plantform temporary immersion system bioreactors, and the effect

There is little information on the in vitro tissue culture systems in Lamprocapnos spectabilis (bleeding heart). The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on the development, quality, and physiological state of in vitro-grown bleeding heart “Gold Heart” and “White Gold”. Single-node explants were inoculated on the modified MS medium (Murashige and Skoog in