As a valuable medicinal plant, Salvia plebeia R. Brown (S. plebeia) belongs to the Lamiaceae family that has been subjected to over-exploitation in its natural habitat for phytochemical and pharmacological studies. The present study focuses on the development of a micropropagation protocol for sustainable propagation and conservation of S. plebeia. Direct organogenesis (from shoot tips and cotyledonary

Plant breeding relies on the presence of genetic variation, which is generated by a random process of mutagenesis that acts on existing gene pools. This variation is then recombined into new forms at frequencies impacted by the local euchromatin and heterochromatin environment. The result is a genetic lottery where plant breeders face increasingly low odds of generating a “winning” plant genotype.

Hibiscus moscheutos L., also known as hardy hibiscus, is valued for its medicinal and ornamental attributes. It is usually propagated via seeds or cuttings. The purpose of this investigation was to develop a dependable micropropagation for H. moscheutos ‘Luna White’. To that end, the effect of four explant types (leaf, root, node, shoot tip) and two growth regulators 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and meta-Topolin

Lepturus repens (G. Forst.) R. Br. is a perennial grass that grows on coral reef outcrops and sandy beaches and has drought tolerance and salt resistance. In this study, the internodes of L. repens were used as explants and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.13 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) to successfully induce axillary shoots. Additional experimental results showed that

As a novel antioxidant, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) can be used to reduce the adverse effects of various abiotic stresses, especially drought stress. Drought stress is a major problem in the vegetative and reproductive stages of “Mexican lime” (Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle), which is known as a main horticultural plant. The aim of the current investigation was to study the impact of SNP on

Various genome-editing technologies have been embraced by plant breeders across the world as promising tools for the improvement of different crops to deliver consumer benefits, improve agronomic performance, and increase sustainability. The uptake of genome-editing technologies in plant breeding greatly depends on how governments regulate its use. Some major agricultural production countries have

Co-culture of adventitious roots (ARs) of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench and E. pallida is a novel method for the production of Echinacea bioactive compounds. In the co-culture system, implementation of an elicitation strategy can likely promote bioactive compound accumulation in ARs. Therefore, in this work, methyl jasmonate (MeJA) was tested as an elicitor to treat 30-d-old bioreactor cultured ARs

The genome of Brassica napus L. is the result of several polyploidization events that occurred during the history of B. napus. Due to its relatively short domestication history, diversity is relatively limited. An increasing number of loci in this crop’s genome have been gene-edited using various technologies and reagent delivery methods for basic research as well as for trait development. New alleles

Rheum spiciforme Royle is a high value medicinal herb restricted to NW Himalayas. The medicinal properties of Rheum include anti-oxidant, anti-microbial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungal, anti-atherosclerotic, anti-proliferative, hepatoprotective, and immuno-enhancing. The species is threatened and endemic which demands its conservation. In this context, we have developed a premiere efficient

Information regarding efficient pollen viability testing methods and the most favourable pollen storage conditions for internationally important date palm cultivars is limited. No such information has been reported on Australian male selections. The in vitro pollen germination of three elite Australian male selections, “Big pod”, “Campbell” and “Tanunda”, was estimated using a modified Brewbaker and

The road ahead, legally, for gene editing in agriculture has various barriers to entry emerging in overseas markets. The liability landscape in the USA could make such overseas trade barriers, when they disrupt trade, into billion-dollar liability lawsuits here in the USA. The recent Syngenta litigation over China disruption sets a high standard for seeking regulatory approval that many companies may

The rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica) cultivar “93-11” is a reference genotype used in many studies; however, its recalcitrance during transformation and regeneration greatly limits functional genomics and breeding research. In this study, we developed an efficient Agrobacterium tumefaciens–mediated transformation system for “93-11”, based on the phosphor mannose isomerase (PMI) positive selection

Gene editing is a new genetic engineering technology that uses sequence-specific nucleases to insert, delete, or replace nucleic acid base(s) of the target gene, or introduce exogenous DNA sequences at a specific site in the genome of an organism to achieve the desired modification. Currently, the CRISPR/Cas system is the most widely used genome editing technology because it is relatively simple with

The recent development of gene editing has generated a lot of excitement for the future of crop improvement. At a technical level, targeted gene modification through gene editing (GE) provides an opportunity to build on natural variation to target genetic changes for the creation of new varieties, crops, and market opportunities. Specialty crops, represented by hundreds of plant species, are poised

Because of the limitations inherent in conventional breeding of trees and clonally propagated crops, gene editing is of great interest. Dozens of published papers attest to the high efficiency of CRISPR-based systems in clonal crops and trees. The opportunity for “clean” edits is expected to avoid or reduce regulatory burdens in many countries and may improve market acceptance. To date, however, nearly

Scientists have developed and deployed successive generations of genome engineering technologies for use in plants, including meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, TAL effector nucleases, and CRISPR nucleases. Each of these tools has been hailed as potentially revolutionary, capable of providing more efficient and precise ways to modify plant genomes toward improving agronomic traits or making fundamental

Turmeric (Curcuma longa L. (Zingiberaceae)) is a rich source of medicinally important chemical compounds obtained from both pseudostem (aboveground part) and rhizome (underground part). However, the availability of disease-free elite varieties of the plant is highly restricted. Leaf spot caused by Colletotrichum curcumae Butler & Bisby and bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia pseudosolanacearum Safni

A highly efficient transformation protocol is a prerequisite to developing genetically modified and genome-edited crops. A tissue culture system spanning culture initiation from floral material to conversion of embryos to plants has been tested and improved in Theobroma cacao. Nine cultivars were screened for their tissue culture response and susceptibility to Agrobacterium transfer-DNA delivery as

Bamboos (Bambusoideae, Poaceae) are multiple-purpose perennial grasses, which display a growing production chain in Brazil. One of the main bottlenecks is high-quality supplying of plantlets, then requiring efficient mass propagation methods, such as micropropagation. Contamination by microorganisms is recurrent in bamboo in vitro cultures, although some of those manifestations are considered endophytes

While the antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is well established, the phytostimulatory and/or phytotoxic influences of AgNPs in closed tissue culture vessels is more controversial, to some extent. This is because numerous research papers have been published that ultimately conclude apparently contradictory results. In this paper, the physiological responses which AgNPs induce are

Vegetables are an important component of the agriculture production systems and an important part of a healthy diet. Traditional breeding methods are difficult to meet the growing demands for yield and quality of vegetable crops; therefore, new approaches are required. CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology has the advantages of short time period, simple and quick operation, and high editing efficiency

Gentiana scabra is an important medicinal herb that is used to treat inflammation, tuberculosis, rheumatism, cholecystitis, and hepatitis. The primary bioactive components in G. scabra are secoiridoids derived from the roots and rhizomes of the plant. In this study, we sought to establish a means of reliably producing these secoiridoids through G. scabra in vitro adventitious root culture. To that

This study investigated developmental changes in cold stressed microspores of Indica rice variety At 303. After 3 d at 10°C, approximately 76% of microspores were in the late uni-nucleate stage. Even after 5 d, 49% of viable cells remained in the late uni-nucleate stage without advancing to the bi-nucleate stage. In comparison, microspores undergoing normal gametogenesis in planta progressed rapidly

We explored multiple experimental treatments for regenerating tissue-cultured shoots of tetraploid Robinia pseudoacacia L., and assessed the most suitable combination of treatments for the development of a highly efficient regeneration system. Leaflets of tissue-cultured shoots were used as explants to study the effects of four different treatments on leaf regeneration capacity. Treatments included

In vitro micropropagation is an important technique for coffee multiplication performed by somatic embryogenesis, which can be indirect, with the formation of calluses, or direct, when embryos are formed directly from explant cells. In the present study, we characterized the ontogenesis of somatic embryos regenerated via indirect and direct somatic embryogenesis in leaf explants from Coffea arabica

Abiotic stress, such as drought, salt, and cold, affects normal plant growth. Ethylene response factors (ERFs) play an important role in the responses of plants to different stresses. An ERF gene was cloned from Malus baccata (L.) Borkh and named as MbERF12. A subcellular localization study proved that MbERF12 was a nucleus-localized protein. The expression level of MbERF12 was higher in stems and

The importance of maize (Zea mays L.) to global agriculture, world economy, and food security is widely known and increasing. Current maize breeding programs are deeply integrated with recent and rapid technological advances in genome sequencing, computational biology, and new genotyping and phenotyping technologies. Transformation and genome editing capabilities are a central hub to an array of advanced

The root extract of Eurycoma longifolia Jack has been shown to be effective against different type of cancers. Present study was carried out to study the effect of three biotic elicitors, yeast extract, pectin, and valine, on the cytotoxicity activity of the bioactive compounds produced in the cell suspension culture of E. longifolia against human colon cancer cell lines. Yeast extract consists of

Transient expression systems in mesophyll protoplasts have been utilised in many plant species as an indispensable tool for gene function analysis and efficacious genome editing constructs. However, such a system has not been developed in Cannabis due to the recalcitrant nature of the plant to tissue culture as well as its illegal status for many years. In this study, young expanding leaves from aseptic

Genetic mutations in plants pre-date human influences and involvement. Throughout evolution, spontaneous mutations contributed to natural selection, enabling plants to better adapt to their environment. As humans became more sedentary (farmer-herders), they assisted in the domestication of crops by favoring specific characteristics (spontaneous mutations) within plant species over time. Since spontaneous

Plant regeneration from reproductive organs is a poorly understood route in passion fruit. The present study provides a morpho-hystological description of somatic embryogenesis from anther culture in Passiflora gibertii N. E. Br., as well as a phytochemical profile and genetic analysis of ploidy in the generated embryos. Flower buds were collected during the pre-anthesis period. Murashige and Skoog

The roots of Taraxacum kok-saghyz L.E. Rodin are rich in the storage carbohydrate inulin, which is known as a probiotic compound in human health. In this study, the relative expression of the inulin biosynthesis pathway genes (1-SST, 1-FFT, and 1-FEHI) was investigated in the roots, leaves, and cell suspension cultures. Also, the effect of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and methyl-jasmonate (MeJA)

Sideritis leucantha Cav. subsp. leucantha is a Spanish endemic medicinal plant that faces conservation problems. Therefore, this work is aimed to develop a protocol for the in vitro propagation and cryopreservation of shoot tip explants of this species. The morphogenic responses were recorded using Murashige and Skoog medium containing 6-benzyladenine, 2-isopentenyladenine, kinetin, or thidiazuron

Astragalus brachypterus Fischer (milkvetch) is a perennial medicinal plant in the family Fabaceae. Astragalus species have been utilized as antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, hepatoprotective, wound healing, anti-diabetic, and diuretic for centuries in folk medicine. Objectives of this study were to determine an in vitro regeneration system for A. brachypterus and then to

Biodiversity conservation requires advanced and effective ex situ plant propagation techniques. The present study was conducted to optimize the micropropagation of a rare and endangered species of Malus niedzwetzkyana. The objective was the ex situ conservation and reintroduction, via micropropagation, of this species. Further, we aimed to obtain healthy planting material on a large-scale for commercial

Growth and photosynthetic capacity of Cattleya warneri T. Moore seedlings cultivated in vitro were evaluated in two environments: (1) growth room (GR) with constant light, humidity, and temperature; and (2) greenhouse (GH) with variable humidity, temperature, and light intensity and quality. In both environments, two different tissue culture vessel lids were used: transparent plastic lids (TCVplastic)

A highly efficient regeneration system of Anthurium andraeanum Linden was established using root segments as explants of four genotypes, Arizona, SWD, OYH, and Mississippi. The root explants were firstly incubated on callus induction media containing NH4NO3 level of 206 mg L−1 or 825 mg L−1, and the calluses were formed from both ends of the root segments after 1 mo of culture. Root-derived calluses

To improve the genetic transformation system for Brassica rapa L., we established a high-efficiency shoot regeneration protocol. A double haploid line ‘CX001’ with strong regeneration ability was identified from among 25 genotypes. Cotyledons from 4-d-old ‘CX001’ exhibited high-frequency (77.14%) shoot regeneration when explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with

Halogeton glomeratus (H. glomeratus) is one of the most important halophytes in Asia, and the research on the genes and salt-tolerant mechanisms of this species is limited because of the lack of an optimal and efficient in vitro regeneration system. Here, we developed an efficient plant regeneration protocol using H. glomeratus leaves as explants, which has not been previously reported. High-quality

Global demands for an in vitro culture of cannabis have never been more sought after as countries shift their paradigm towards legalization. Cannabis conventional (photomixotrophic) micropropagation has not been suitable enough for large-scale propagation due to a high degree of plant hyperhydricity, low growth rate, poor rooting, and acclimation efficiency. In the present study, cannabis photoautotrophic

Production of transformed bitter gourd plants through in vitro regeneration is a laborious practice, which may also result in somaclonal variations. Thereby, in the current study, we have established a less tedious in planta protocol for more efficient genetic transformation of bitter gourd var. NBGH-470 (Apurva) using the seed as a target material. Bitter gourd seeds were transformed by Agrobacterium

The OsRGLP1 gene was overexpressed under the control of CaMV 35S promoter in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plants using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The transgene expression was validated using RT-qPCR (real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction) in the transgenic plants. Noticeable morpho-physiological traits, higher SOD activity, and elevated histological H2O2 were manifested by

Micropropagation has proven to be an effective method for large-scale plant production in a short time and a useful tool for plant breeding. Microbial contamination is one of the most difficult micropropagation challenges, resulting in reduced plant quality and loss of valuable stocks. Therefore, sterilization of culture media is a critical step in plant micropropagation. However, sterilized media

Micropropagation is a preferred method to propagate clean, clonal stock plants. Subculture is labor intensive and costly. In vitro hedging can reduce hood labor and was demonstrated with cannabis (Cannabis sativa L. ‘US Nursery Cherry 1’) using both apical and nodal explants at four different photosynthetic photon flux densities (25–167 μmol m−2 s−1) in vessels with vented or non-vented closures. The

Texas ebony (Ebenopsis ebano [Berland.] Barneby & J.W. Grimes) is a member of the Fabaceae that is native to Mexico. Its wood has multiple uses, and its natural propagation is limited and only by seed. The present investigation describes the first report of Texas ebony somatic embryogenesis with the objective of identifying medium, growth regulator components, and culture conditions. Immature cotyledons

Sixteen potato genotypes were assessed for drought tolerance through morphophysiological characteristics using stress tolerance trait index (STTI), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis (CA). Two to three wk old nodal segments explants (1.0 to 2.0 cm long) derived from in vitro grown sprouts were cultured on MS medium that contained with different concentrations of sorbitol. After

Malus xiaojinensis Cheng et Jiang is a special and significant germplasm resource of semi-dwarf apple in China. Abiotic stresses, such as Fe and high salinity, affect Malus xiaojinensis growth and development. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are widely involved in the responses of plants to different stresses. In the present study, a new WRKY gene was isolated from Malus xiaojinensis and designated

The interspecific hybridization can take advantage of heterosis and combine the double parental traits most extensively, and is an effective strategy for improving species and stress tolerance breeding for cross-pollinated trees. Species of Fraxinus L. are important for landscaping, timber, and afforestation tree species. To solve problems of poor cold adaption associated with the introduction of Fraxinus

An effective culture system for producing embryos was developed from isolated microspores of sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). The present work aimed to define exogenous arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) on the embryogenesis of sweet pepper under the growth environments of donor plants. The experiments were performed with the cultivars Arancia, California wonder, Californium, Camelot, Inspiration, Plato

Gentiana kurroo Royle is a critically endangered medicinal herb of the Indian Himalaya. It has bioactive seco-iridoid glycosides, notably gentiopicroside, in the rhizome and roots. In this study, we report on the in vitro production of gentiopicroside (GPD) from adventitious (AD) roots induced directly from the leaf, nodal, and suspension cell cultures of G. kurroo. Murashige and Skoog (MS) media fortified

A method for regeneration via direct organogenesis in Lilium cv. Pavia using leaf primary explants has been established. Outer leaves from in vitro plantlets of 10 to 12 cm were used as the primary explant for direct organogenesis. Shoots were directly regenerated from leaf explants within 25 d of culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) augmented with 4.5 μM 2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), 5

The word “tree” was inadvertently deleted from end of the title of this article as published.

Pteris aspericaulis var. tricolor T. Moore ex Lowe is a fern species with colorful fronds, potentially used as an ornamental plant. In the present study, we reported the establishment of in vitro regeneration of P. aspericaulis var. tricolor via green globular bodies (GGBs) system by using in vitro juvenile sporophytes as explants. GGB induction, multiplication and plantlet regeneration media, as well

Dendrobium hybrids have been cultivated as commercially important ornamental plants in the floriculture industry. However, the potential of Dendrobium hybrids as a source of valuable secondary metabolites has not been fully exploited. In this study, the effect of various elicitors on the proliferation of protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of Dendrobium Sabin Blue and the corresponding production of dendrobine

Melatonin has been shown to play a variety of roles in regulating plant growth and response to various abiotic stresses, but its main function remains unclear in response to NaCl toxicity. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of melatonin (0, 5, 10, and 20 μM) on growth, photosynthetic pigments, compatible solutes, ionic homeostasis, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, the

Pyrus communis is a difficult-to-root species, and its optimal rooting depends on applying an accurate concentration of various chemicals. Since statistical modeling can be applied to estimate the approximate range of factors needed for the success of in vitro plant propagation, we tried to optimize the rooting medium using response surface methodology. Therefore, sucrose and polyvinyl alcohol were

The present study reports an efficient in vitro plant regeneration system for amphidiploid (2n = 42) spelt wheat (Triticum spelta L.). Plant regeneration from mature embryos of winter spelt variety “Europe” was carried out as a two-step process. The first step was callus induction on a medium supplemented with 2 mg L−1 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 10 mg L−1 silver nitrate resulting in 96% callus

MicroRNA319 (miR319) plays an important role in leaf development. Although leaf discs are frequently used for plant transformation, little is known about the function of miR319 in shoot regeneration from leaf explants. To investigate the role of miR319 in de novo shoot organogenesis from leaf explants, the MIR319 gene was overexpressed in petunia (Petunia × hybrida), under the control of the 35S promoter

A highly reproducible plant regeneration protocol through somatic embryogenesis and shoot organogenesis has been developed for Cenchrus ciliaris. Three explants (seeds, shoot apices, and immature inflorescences) of four genotypes (IG-3108, IG-718, IG-74, and DBC15-8/32/10) were used for callus induction and plant regeneration. The highest rate of callus formation was found using Murashige and Skoog

Ninebark is a very popular ornamental shrub. Micropropagation is an efficient method for mass production of uniform plant material. This study was designed to develop and optimize conditions at all phases of ninebark micropropagation. For the multiplication stage, the Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium at full concentration and pH 5.8 was chosen as the basal medium. Sorbitol proved a more effective carbohydrate