The combined influence of cadmium (Cd) and drought was evaluated on in vitro regenerated plants of banana ‘Grand Nain’ at morpho-physiological and molecular levels. A significant reduction was observed due to separate or combined treatments of Cd and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in total chlorophyll, carotenoid content, and all growth parameters except root length, which was increased under Cd treatment

Tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) has advantages over diploid varieties in growth and stress resistance. Previous studies had shown that tetraploid black locust can be induced only by treating shoot tips of the germinating seeds with colchicine. In order to establish a simpler and more efficient tetraploid induction method in black locust, we induced tetraploid plants by treating the

An effective protocol for the plant regeneration via direct and indirect organogenesis has been developed from leaf explants of Asystasia gangetica (L.), cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinins. Approximately 86% of explants produced direct shoots on MS medium containing 0.5 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 10 μg L−1

The aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of different ventilation systems and sucrose concentrations on the growth, photosynthetic pigment content, and chemical composition of Mentha arvensis L. and M. viridis L. Photon flux (PPF) and growth were also evaluated based on M. arvensis heterotrophic, photomixotrophic, and photoautotrophic culture systems. Nodal segment explants were cultured

Shoot regeneration from pluripotent cell masses is an important process for genetic improvement of Anthurium andraeanum through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. However, the mechanisms underlying pluripotent cell induction are not well understood. Here, three half-leaf explant samples collected after 0-, 2-, and 30-d culture on callus-inducing medium were used for RNA isolation and transcriptome

Common centaury (Centaurium erythraea Rafn) is a medicinal plant of great importance for both pharmaceutical and food industries. Distribution of arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) with specific epitopes recognized by seven monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was investigated during indirect somatic embryogenesis (ISE) and shoot organogenesis (ISO) in centaury leaf culture. Dynamic changes were observed in localization

Ranunculus wallichianus is a rare medicinal plant endemic to Western Ghats, India. Nodal explants were inoculated on MS medium with 1.0 to 5.0 mg L−1 of 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (KIN), or thidiazuron (TDZ) resulting in a low percentage of shoot regeneration. Coconut water (CW) was added to MS medium containing the above mentioned cytokinins to promote in vitro plantlet growth. Multiple shoots

Armillaria and Desarmillaria spp. are causal agents of a devastating root-borne disease of peach. Breeding resistant rootstock requires a reliable screening tool. An in vitro co-culture screen designed for almond was modified by replacing agar-gelled medium with a more aerated phenolic foam and combining resistant and susceptible rootstocks (i.e., common garden experiment) and minimizes variation in

Plants are regarded as resources to obtain various industrially important compounds such as pharmaceutical, agrochemical and aromatic products which are produced in their roots, stem, leaves and other aerial parts and mostly extracted from field-grown plants. However, the over-exploitation of plants for secondary metabolites often leads to becoming endangered and in threat of extinction. Owing to these

The African ginger (Mondia whitei) is an endangered, endemic African medicinal plant, widely used as an aphrodisiac and to manage gastrointestinal problems and anorexia. Due to high demand, it is over-utilized from the wild without replenishment and destroyed by inappropriate harvesting methods. Therefore, there is a need to develop an efficient conservation system for the African ginger. This study

Plants are the unique sources of secondary metabolites (terpenes, phenolic and alkaloid) used as pharmaceuticals, food additives and industrial produces. However, very limited information is known about their biosynthesis in plants. Elicitors are chemicals often used to activate the accumulation of such metabolites in plant in vitro cultures. Since the ancient past, Narcissus is well-known for its

Gametophytic embryogenesis is a process capable of accelerating trait discovery and cultivar development in plant-breeding programs. However, recalcitrance to morphogenic stimuli has limited such work in many crops of interest, especially among fabaceous species such as soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill). In complementary studies, donor plant and culture conditions were documented to successfully divert

Erysimum crepidifolium Rchb. is one of the few Brassicaceae species accumulating glucosinolates as well as cardenolides. This is possibly providing a selective advantage in evolution as both compounds are part of a chemical defense system. In order to study the biosynthesis of these compounds, a regeneration protocol for E. crepidifolium using in vitro shoot cultures derived from seeds has been developed

Papaver armeniacum hairy roots were induced by four Rhizobium rhizogenes strains on three explants (shoot, root, and hypocotyl). Also, the effects of two concentrations (100 and 200 μM) of methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA) were assessed on productions of papaverine, noscapine, thebaine, morphine, and codeine and expression of some related genes (TYDC, DBOX, BBE, SalAT, T6ODM, and COR) in

The oleaginous Jatropha curcas has been proposed as a promising source for biodiesel production in seed or potentially by in vitro production in cell cultures. However, little is known concerning the optimal growth conditions and the transcription of key factors and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of storage lipids in J. curcas cell cultures. Additional knowledge is also needed for these factors

Passiflora cincinnata stands out among Passifloraceae because of its medicinal properties and its resistance to pathogens, which promotes its use as a rootstock for other Passiflora species. A valuable strategy for obtaining disease-resistant passion fruit plants is represented by genetic transformation; however, this requires efficient regeneration. Here, we aimed to establish an efficient protocol

A synergistic effect of meta-topolin (mT) with auxin and cytokinin has been applied to stimulate large-scale shoot regeneration from Maytenus emarginata mature tree nodal explants. The efficacy of mT and BAP was compared during induction and multiplication stages of regeneration. At the shoot bud induction phase, BAP showed a greater response than mT. Shoots were multiplied when shoot clumps of four

Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton) is a highly valuable commercial spice crop, originating from the Western Ghats of southern India. It has importance both as a spice and for its medicinal properties. An efficient and reliable micropropagation protocol using shoot tips as explants is presented which can be utilized for development of elite planting material. Growth patterns of cardamom shoots were

Einkorn indirect shoot regeneration was obtained from leaf, coleoptile, and root explants cultured on full, ½, and ¼ strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing 0.5 to 10 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Calluses derived from coleoptile and root explants were cultured on full-strength MS medium supplemented with 0.5 to 5 mg L−1 thidiazuron (TDZ) for 6 wk to induce plant regeneration

Apple, as one of the most important economic forest tree species, is widely grown in the world. Abiotic stresses, such as high salinity and iron deficiency, affect apple growth and development. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) are widely involved in the responses of plants to adverse stresses. In the present study, a new WRKY gene was isolated from Malus xiaojinensis and designated as MxWRKY55. Subcellular

The metabolic stimulation induced by abiotic stress is an efficient strategy for the production of secondary metabolites in sterile and controlled plant cell, tissue, and organ cultures. Paclitaxel (taxol), one of the most widely used therapeutic compounds for the treatment of various cancers, is mainly produced through cell culture of the European yew (Taxus baccata L.). In this work, a T. baccata

Actinidia deliciosa is a commercially important plant receiving recognition because of its high nutritive value. This study presents an efficient protocol for the hardening of in vitro raised Actinidia deliciosa plants using a hydroponic method. Leaf explants inoculated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 5.00 μM 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 1.00 μM α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA)

Ex situ conservation of vegetatively propagated crops by tissue culture is sometimes hampered by covert endophytic bacteria which become visible after repeated subculture over prolonged periods. In the present study, we identified bacterial contaminants and devised a strategy for their elimination from 20 in vitro conserved accessions of taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] held in the In Vitro Gene

In Camellia japonica callus culture, the effects of light quality on the accumulation of phenolic compounds were examined. To this end, the calli were cultured under three monochrome [white (W), red (R), and blue (B)] and two mixed [red/blue (RB) and red/green/blue (RGB)] light sources. After 4 weeks of culture, fresh and dry callus weights were determined, and phenolic content was analyzed using high-performance

Iris is a perennial flowering plant, usually cultivated through seeds or bulbs. However, due to the limitations of traditional reproduction, the establishment of a callus regeneration system is particularly important, and callus induction and plant regeneration are the keys to transgenic technology. The callus regeneration system was studied using the I. sanguinea flower stem as explants. The experiment

One of the main problems of in vitro plant tissue culture is the poor ventilation in the culture vessels. This leads to morphological and physiological anomalies in regenerated in vitro plants, a crucial issue in woody species, such as Caesalpinia spinosa (Mol.) O. Kuntz, which is a legominous tree or thorny shrub of the Andes, adequate photoautotrophic and photomixotrophic in vitro rooting systems

With ample cultivation and economic potential, coffee is one of the main commodities in the world. Despite its vast cultivation, there remain problems related to its productivity as a consequence of pests and diseases, questions regarding its physiology, and difficulty with its propagation. Due to such challenges, the application of biotechnological tools, such as tissue culture and molecular markers

This special review is written to commemorate the life and contributions of Dr. Trevor Alleyne Thorpe, who passed away on May 18, 2020, at the age of 83 yr (https://www.sivb.org/InVitroReport/issue-54-2-april-june-2020/in-memoriam-4/). As part of his academic legacy, Trevor had trained an impressive number of laboratory members—15 PhD students, 14 Master’s students, 25 postdoctoral fellows, and many

Embryo rescue technique is widely utilized to save developing embryo from abortion in interspecific hybridization of plants. In Brassica species, success of an embryo rescue depends on the age of embryo, developmental stage of embryo, and media composition. In this study, ten crosses were conducted between diploid oilseed species B. rapa × tetraploid B. napus and B. rapa × tetraploid B. juncea along

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a desirable medicinal plant due to its health benefits. With the growing interest in ginseng products, the safe preservation of genetically engineered material with unique attributes is increasingly important. In the present study, an effective protocol for cryopreservation of the ginseng embryogenic callus by vitrification is reported. After 2-wk subculture, the calluses

Punica granatum L. is an important horticultural fruit crop with high medicinal and economic value. Its rising commercial demand necessitates the production of high-quality planting material. Here, we describe an efficient protocol for direct organogenesis in Punica granatum L. cv. Kandhari Kabuli from mature leaf explant. The optimized sterilization procedure for explant includes sequential treatment

In vitro culture is employed as a means of producing plant materials from medicinal plants to meet the increasing demands of the market. Herein, we focused on an efficient protocol for organogenesis through two pathways in six explant types from Caryopteris terniflora Maxim (C. terniflora), a medicinal and ornamental plant. For direct organogenesis, the maximum number of shoots per internode explant

In vitro propagation is a useful method for clonal propagation of apricot; however, it is a highly genotype-dependent procedure. Eight different experiments were conducted to optimize and establish an efficient in vitro propagation protocol for three Iranian apricot cultivars, including Ordubad, Shams, and Qaysi. Sterilization, in vitro establishment, proliferation, root induction, and acclimatization

The application of the V cryo-plate method using either PVS2 or PVS3 and the D cryo-plate method to Platycodon grandiflorum in vitro axillary buds was investigated. Precultured buds (1 mm) were attached to cryo-plates using calcium alginate gel. Then, osmoprotection treatment (2 M glycerol and 1 M sucrose) was performed by immersing the cryo-plates for 30 min at 25°C. The procedures for each cryogenic

An in vitro regeneration system for propagation of a valuable medicinal tree, Pterocarpus marsupium, using shoot tip (ST) explants derived from 7-d-old axenic seedlings has been successfully developed. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing cytokinins (BA, mT, or Kn) and auxins (NAA, IAA) in different concentrations and combinations showed to have a marked stimulatory effect on the regeneration

The aim of the study is to develop transgenic rice with annexin genes (AnnBj2) to determine its salinity and water stress tolerance through Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. The transgenic somatic embryos were developed on Murashige and Skoog medium fortified with 0.5 mg L−1 kinetin and 3.0 mg L−1 2,4-D. About 80% of the transformed somatic embryos germinated and was successfully established

An efficient protocol is reported for in vitro plant regeneration through somatic embryogenesis in Piper aduncum, a Brazilian Amazon species with high economic potential. The species is important due to a variety of components found in its essential oil, with emphasis on dillapiole. Leaf explants from five accessions identified for high oil yield and levels of dillapiole were evaluated for their embryogenic

As a plant genetic engineer, Agrobacterium tumefaciens utilizes phenolic compounds, such as acetosyringone, to activate its virulence genes during the infection and transformation process. In this study, two novel broad-host-range (BHR) acetosyringone-inducible expression vectors were constructed. Unlike Agrobacterium binary vectors which are developed for plant transformation, these vectors were designed

Cultivated caladiums (Caladium × hortulanum Birdsey) are popular ornamental plants. Although somaclonal variation occurs frequently in caladium during tissue culture, little research has been conducted on obtaining and detecting variants from long-term callus cultures. Herein, plants were regenerated from ‘Red Flash’ caladium calluses subcultured for approximately 40 mo, and 116 out of 520 established

Monochasma savatieri Franch. ex Maxim is a valuable medicinal plant that is currently threatened due to human over excavation. Therefore, an efficient plant micropropagation protocol for M. savatieri through seed germination and direct shoot regeneration is described. The effects of different seed germination treatments, explant source on shoot induction, plant growth regulators on shoot multiplication

NAC (no apical meristem [NAM], Arabidopsis thaliana transcription activation factor [ATAF1/2], and cup-shaped cotyledon [CUC2]) TFs are involved in stress responses in plants. However, their roles in abiotic stresses are still not well known in Malus plants. In the present study, MbNAC29 from Malus baccata was identified and characterized. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression

Genetic modification using Agrobacterium rhizogenes has been an important biotechnological tool for the improvement of secondary metabolite production in plant species over the past four decades. The tropical vine Pentalinon andrieuxii, a native plant from the Yucatán Peninsula, is known to produce the triterpene betulinic acid and the novel tri-nor-sesquiterpene urechitol A and is used in the Mayan

The Pineapple mealybug wilt-associated virus (PMWaV) provokes a disease that causes considerable losses to pineapple growers due to the reduced leaf tissue turgescence, resulting in leaf necrosis and death in severe cases. In this work, we describe the comparison of shoot tip culture and cryotherapy methods to eradicate the pineapple wilt disease-associated ampeloviruses. Plants from the accessions

In vitro culture has been recognized as a potential plant clonal propagation tool for a broad variety of commercial, ornamental, and medicinal species, with applications in both industrial and academic laboratories. In this study, we describe somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration protocol for “peperina” plants (Minthostachys verticillata (Griseb.) Epling). In vitro shoots developed via shoot

The exploitation of somaclonal variation potentially could be a valid strategy to overcome the depletion of hop intraspecific agrobiodiversity. To increase somaclonal variation induction, it is possible to resort to several strategies including a differentiated starting explant material such as leaves, roots and stems, an extended time in which cultures are maintained in vitro, and a well-balanced

An efficient in vitro propagation system has been developed for the rapid micropropagation of Thymus serpyllum L. (Banajwain), an aromatic medicinal herb from nodal explant on MS medium. Phenolic leaching and high rate of contamination was the most significant problem in establishing in vitro culture of Thymus serpyllum which was overcome by preparing explants in an antioxidant ascorbic acid (1000 ppm)

In Dalbergia latifolia Roxb. (Indian rosewood), a premium-quality vulnerable timber tree species belonging to Family Fabaceae, direct somatic embryogenesis was achieved. Immature cotyledons from green pods were collected from trees at 90 d after flowering and somatic embryo formation was achieved on Murashige and Skoog’s medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.1 mg L−1

A plant regeneration technique was successfully developed for the first time using young leaves harvested from two-y-old grafted seedlings in loquat (Eriobotrya japonica L.) cv. Dawuxing. Callus cultures were induced from the cut edge of the leaf explants after 2 wk of culture on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0.5 mg L−1 6-benzyladenine (BA) and 0.5 mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic

Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea L.), also known as purple coneflower, is one of the important medicinal plants commonly used for respiratory infections. The aim of this study was to compare different transgenic hairy root lines for growth and secondary metabolite biosynthesis and to select a superior hairy root line for the production of caffeic acid derivatives (CADs). Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated

Solanum viarum Dunal is an important medicinal plant with a high quantity of steroidal alkaloids used for the synthesis of contraceptives, corticosteroids, and sex hormones. It is also used by Indian tribal people for the treatment of leprosy, toothache, and diabetes. Therefore, to meet the existing needs for this plant, it is necessary to develop an efficient regeneration system useful for rapid and

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP) are involved in the regulation of plant growth and development, especially under stress conditions. These enzymes post-translationally modify target proteins by adding ADP-ribose polymers. This study presents the effect of PARP chemical inhibitor 3-methoxybenzamide (3 MB) on in vitro plant growth, microtuber formation, and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of

Readers should note the following error in the original version of this article:

Eucalyptus bosistoana is an important durable hardwood species selected by New Zealand Dryland Forest Initiative (NZDFI) for their adaptability to diverse environments and good quality wood. There is no report on in vitro methods for callus induction and plantlet micropropagation of this species, although these methods could assist further genetic improvement of plants. In this study, different combinations

Leptocarpha rivularis, commonly known as “palo negro”, is a species of the Astereaceae family, endemic in the forests of Southern Chile. The extracts of this plant have medicinal properties attributable to its secondary metabolites, mainly identified as flavonoids and terpenes. Among them, leptocarpine has gained importance as a powerful anticarcinogen. The aim of this study was the in vitro establishment

Mitragyna parvifolia (Roxb.) Korth., commonly known as “Kadam,” is an endangered and pharmaceutically valued tree of the family Rubiaceae. The numerous medicinal properties are attributed to the various alkaloids of this plant. Poor seedling survival (due to very small size of seeds, approximately 10,000 per gm), overexploitation and habitat destruction are the major constraints in conserving the wild

Lecythis pisonis Cambess, popularly known as sapucaia, has great economic and socio-environmental potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the establishment and in vitro morphogenesis of L. pisonis under the effect of disinfecting agents, plant growth regulators, and thermal stress. The study was divided into three experiments: (i) development of the disinfection protocol by testing different

Hildegardia populifolia (Roxb.) Schott & Endl. is a critically endangered medicinal tree species which also provide high-quality natural fibers. The present study was focused to develop reliable micropropagation protocol where nodal segment explants were inoculated on Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) and Woody Plant Medium (WPM) augmented with various cytokinins alone or with auxins. WPM was more effective

Franklinia is a monotypic genus of the family Theaceae that is now extinct in the wild. F. alatamaha Bartram ex Marshall has been maintained in cultivation for nearly 250-y because of the ornamental appeal of its flowers and foliage. The goal of this research was to develop an in vitro propagation system to increase the availability of this rare tree for commercial horticulture and restoration. Immature

Climbers are plants with weak stems that require support to grow upright. This group of plants develops various climbing mechanisms, classified as tendrillar, twiners, scramblers, clinging, adhesive and woody climbers (lianas). Although climbers are predominantly angiosperms, some are ferns, and one gymnosperm member Gnetum is included in this category. The angiosperm families mainly composed of climbers