Extracranial meningiomas presenting in the parotid region are rare and often cause diagnostic difficulty and confusion with a primary salivary gland neoplasm. Aspiration cytology with cell block is helpful, and immunohistochemistry on cell block can confirm the diagnosis.

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) is an essential tool in the diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of cytology from EUS‐FNA, to correlate the results with the corresponding histopathological diagnoses and to analyse the impact of retrospective assignment of the Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) reporting

Clear cell sarcoma of the kidney (CCSK) is the second most common primary renal malignancy in children, accounting for 3%‐5% of all primary paediatric renal tumours. Owing to its well‐known histopathological diversity, it is one of the most commonly misdiagnosed renal tumours. Establishing a cytological diagnosis of CCSK is challenging due to its rarity as well as the lack of knowledge about its cytological

This is a very rare case of human papillomavirus‐associated small cell carcinoma with co‐existing conventional squamous cell carcinoma in the nasopharynx that is diagnosed by cytological evaluation.

The cytological features of granular cell tumour (GCT) are generally quite typical but, in some cases, the fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) diagnosis of GCT may be difficult or impossible because of unusual sites of onset or equivocal cytological features. In this report, two GCTs with atypical FNAC features are described in order to investigate the causes and provide possible diagnostic tips

Routine EGFR mutation testing on cytology smears can be incorporated in daily practice in resource‐constrained settings where cell‐block and laser‐capture microdissection facilities are not available.

To compare the efficacy of high‐risk human papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) and DNA image cytometry (DNA‐ICM) status for identifying high‐grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia or worse (≥CIN2).

The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of implementing short videos captured by static telecytological applications for remote evaluation of cervical smears prepared by means of liquid‐based cytology.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is a frequent and mortal disease. The aim of this study was to introduce a “diagnosis and handling of PCa in one day” concept, accelerating the handling of PCa patients by giving diagnostic results within 3 hours with the help of prostate cytology. Standard histology served as the control.

We present a case of advanced pulmonary adenocarcinoma and a thyroid tumour with calcification. EGFR gene mutation test of the thyroid aspirate specimen revealed a G719A point mutation in exon 18 that was identical to that in the patient's known lung cancer. Our case demonstrates the usefulness of liquid‐based cytology samples, which enable genetic testing leading to a conclusive diagnosis while preserving

A rare case of a pleural fluid cytological analysis revealing synchronous Merkel cell carcinoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is presented with differential diagnosis.

Deep learning (DL) is a component or subset of artificial intelligence. DL has contributed significant change in feature extraction and image classification. Various algorithmic models are used in DL such as a convolutional neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network, restricted Boltzmann machine, deep belief network and autoencoders. Of these, CNN is the most commonly used algorithm in the field

Orbital hematolymphoid lesions are rare and usually encountered in elderly patients. Orbital lesions are not easy to biopsy: hence fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) can be a very good diagnostic modality for these lesions.

This is the first presentation of the cytological features of metastatic ceruminous adenocarcinoma(NOS)in a pleural effusion sample. Positive expression of SOX‐10 aided diagnosis in this case.

This retrospective morphological study compared the results of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, haematoxylin‐eosin (HE)‐stained samples and immunohistochemical (IHC)‐stained core needle biopsy (CNB) histology samples for primary non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) subtyping. We assessed the diagnostic utility of these methods to investigate the contribution of each method to NSCLC subtyping. We

Spindle cell lesions of the salivary glands are rare and account for less than 3% of the salivary gland aspirates. A definitive classification of salivary gland neoplasms by fine needle aspiration is possible for the most common lesions but remains a challenge for the less common entities. We present a case of a 72‐year‐old male with a solitary fibrous tumour (SFT) of the submandibular gland mimicking

The Afirma test has been used in the diagnosis of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules to reduce diagnostic uncertainty and unnecessary surgeries. Gene Sequencing Classifier (GSC) was developed to improve the positive predictive value and overall test performance of Gene Expression Classifier (GEC). Here we present our experience comparing the performance of first‐generation assay of Afirma

Although (PSP) it is generally considered to be a benign tumor, it represents a diagnostic challenge due to its controversial etiology and biologic behavior, the diversity of histopathohistological findings as well as the difficult differential diagnosis from poorly lung adenocarcinomas or carcinoids. EBUS‐TBNA alone cannot be accepted as the final definitive diagnostic approach for this tumor especially

Since its first identification in China at the end of 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 has rapidly spread all over the world, becoming an international healthcare emergency. In the era of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19), several aspects of normal life, including those related to the medical activities, have been radically changed. Extraordinary measures have been adopted by

The purpose was to assess diagnostic accuracy of the Bethesda System of Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, reasons for disagreement and cytological pitfalls with impact on surgical decisions in patients with thyroid nodules.

Fine needle aspiration is a well‐established technique for evaluating primary and secondary bony lesions. With use in selected cases, it achieves a diagnostic yield comparable to biopsies.

The balance point between the specificity and sensitivity obtainable in triage cytology must take into account that the first is the crucial point for the whole process of cervical cancer screening using HPV primary screening test. Having the use of HPV as primary screening test completely changed the role of the Pap test in the screening algorithm, should “The Bethesda System for Reporting Cervical

This case report describes invasive fungal disease of CNS due to a rare hyalohyphomycotic fungus, diagnosed by intraoperative squash cytology and deals with diagnostic challenges involved in the differential diagnosis.

Any type of cutaneous metastasis indicates dismal outcome of the disease. Skin is an unusual location for metastatic deposits from any tumour and has an incidence of about 0.8%‐5%. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) helps in the rapid diagnosis of metastasis with minimum pain.

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), along with thyroid ultrasound, is an important tool in evaluation of thyroid nodules that helps in further management of these patients in making a decision of surgical intervention vs follow‐up. The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology category III of atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS)

Cytological specimens may be the ideal source of nucleic acids for the molecular characterization of tumors in the next generation sequencing (NGS) era. Liquid‐based shaking of core needle biopsy samples could enhance the diagnostic yield, allowing additional material to be examined in parallel with histopathology.

Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a rare, benign mesenchymal neoplasm which can occur sporadically or in association with tuberous sclerosis complex. In the absence of typical radiologic features, a definitive diagnosis of AML requires microscopic examination of the tumor tissue supplemented by cell‐block immunocytochemistry.

A case report of effusion cytology of a mucinous neoplasm is illustrated. The authors share their insight into adapting the newly proposed international system for reporting serous fluid cytology.

Primary ovarian small cell carcinomas of pulmonary type are very rare neoplasms. This report describes an extraordinary case of small cell carcinomas of pulmonary type accurately diagnosed on cytology.

Giant‐cell tumour involving the calvarial bones is extremely rare. This case of a young man with unilateral hearing loss and earache associated with a mass over the temporal region was accurately diagnosed pre‐operatively by fine needle aspiration cytology. Knowledge of the characteristic cytological features can help to distinguish it pre‐operatively from its radiological mimics.

To analyse the expression and clinical role of the phosphatase PTPN1 (PTP1B) in serous effusions.

We evaluated the role of simultaneous use of multiple antibodies in flow cytometry (FCM) to detect metastatic carcinomas in effusion samples.

Atypical polypoid adenomyomas (APAs) are uncommon tumours consisting of atypical endometrioid glands and fibromyomatous stroma. Identifying the biphasic nature of atypical glandular components and spindle mesenchymal components without atypia is crucial for the cytological diagnosis of APA. We investigated the utility of lesion‐targeted cytology (LTC) to directly collect firm spindle components.

Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) by anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is rare, most being primary CNS ALCL with only occasional reports of CNS involvement in systemic ALCL. Establishing a diagnosis of CNS infiltration by systemic ALCL is difficult but carries immense prognostic significance. This report presents a such a case, diagnosed on CSF cytology complemented by CSF flow cytometry

The case describes the unusual scenario of unilateral axillary lymph node metastasis from a small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of urinary bladder. The diagnosis is challenging because of the unusual primary site.

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is generally characterized by a high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating non‐neoplastic/inflammatory lesions from neoplastic lesions of the salivary glands. Lymphoepithelial sialadenitis/myoepithelial sialadenitis is exceedingly rare in paediatric patients and is characterized by a diffuse, often bilateral, salivary gland enlargement and the differential diagnosis

To examine conventional sputum smears for the presence of corpora amylacea (CA), determining their incidence and clinical significance.

To compare the frequency of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytological results between nodules 1 cm or less and nodules greater than 1 cm.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and core needle biopsies (CNBs) in a series of primary soft tissue and bone lesions and to test a possible system for reporting results of FNA cytology of soft tissue lesion.

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the preservation of biomarkers immunoreactivity on cytospins protected with polyethylene glycol (PEG).

The majority of pancreatic tumours are epithelial and primary in origin, although occasionally secondary tumours from kidney, lung, breast and gastrointestinal tract can involve the pancreas. Discussed here, is fine needle aspiration cytology of a pancreatic mass in a 59‐year‐old male.

Thy3a (AUS/FLUS) is an indeterminate and heterogeneous category in thyroid cytology. Thy3a reporting rates vary widely, with many laboratories documenting overuse. Subclassification of Thy3a helps with risk stratification. We aimed to investigate whether subclassification can also help address Thy3a overuse. We compare the UK reporting system with other terminologies.

Conventional cell blocks (CCB) prepared from cytological specimens are very useful but the method is relatively time‐consuming. Suitable modifications in cell‐block techniques are beneficial for improving the turnaround time. We share our experience of a rapid microwave cell‐block (MCB) technique.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of p16 staining in cell‐blocks vs tissue specimens as a surrogate marker for human papillomavirus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinicopathological features of patients with false‐negative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and to determine the factors associated with negative FNAC.

This is a case of hydrocele fluid cytology, with very atypical cells, in a patient with a clinical history of urothelial carcinoma. The atypical cells were suspicious for malignancy and the differential diagnosis is discussed.

This letter discusses a previously published article in Cytopathology and provides comments the author believes allow better understanding regarding validating the micronucleus assay as a tumor marker in cervical carcinogenesis.

To present a comprehensive analysis of cytomorphological features, including clinical scenarios, for 8 cases (4 males, 4 females, aged 17‐39 years, average = 28.5) of, retrospectively diagnosed alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), with TFE3 immunostaining in 7 cases.

Preoperative diagnostic imaging of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) is challenging. A few studies have investigated the role of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) for the diagnosis of SPN. We investigated the diagnostic yield of cell‐blocks and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SPN using EUS‐FNA specimens without cytological evaluation.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonal proliferative disorder of antigen‐presenting Langerhans’ cells, predominantly occurring in children with rare cases in adults. A definitive cytological diagnosis can be established on the basis of characteristic cytomorphology and immunocytochemical features.

The cytological diagnosis of follicular‐patterned thyroid lesions is challenging, especially since the World Health Organisation classification has recognised non‐invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like features. These entities are often classified as indeterminate on cytology. Molecular testing has been proposed to help classify indeterminate nodules. RAS and K601E BRAF mutations

Certain undifferentiated round cell sarcomas characterised by specific underlying genetic fusions have been reported. This case describes cytomorphological and corresponding histopathological, including immunohistochemical features of a rare case of CIC‐DUX4 positive sarcoma, including a literature review of similar reported cases.

In this study, we aimed to retrospectively investigate and confirm whether atypical nuclear findings in endometrial cytology are useful when assessed by image morphometry in liquid‐based cytology (LBC) and compared with microscopic evaluation.

An unusual case is described of a 64‐year‐old woman with a remote history of breast cancer whose first non‐nodal metastasis was discovered on a routine Pap test. The Pap test was supported by the results of cervical and endometrial biopsies.

This report describes a case of metastatic Ewing sarcoma in the pancreas of a young female diagnosed on FNAC with the help of immunocytochemistry.

Tuberculosis and leprosy are endemic in developing countries of the world, despite major improvements in the general living conditions. Concomitant infection with tuberculosis and leprosy in the same individual are rarely seen in the modern era. We report co‐infection by tuberculosis in a known case of leprosy, diagnosed on cytology and confirmed by performing conventional polymerase chain reaction

Synovial sarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of uncertain type with a specific translocation, t(X;18). Key cytological features and specific immunohistochemistry on cell block can help to establish a definite diagnosis.

To analyse the expression and clinical role of the actin‐associated molecule palladin in serous effusions.