Renal angiomyolipoma (AML) is a rare, benign mesenchymal neoplasm belonging to the broad family of perivascular epithelioid cell tumors. It can occur sporadically or in association with tuberous sclerosis complex. In the absence of typical radiologic features, a definitive diagnosis of AML requires microscopic examination of the tumor tissue. Herein, we present a case of an adult male presenting with

The aim of the study was to evaluate the diagnostic utility of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and core needle biopsies (CNBs) in a series of primary soft tissue and bone lesions and to test a possible system for reporting results of FNA cytology of soft tissue lesion.

Atypical polypoid adenomyomas (APAs) are uncommon tumours consisting of atypical endometrioid glands and fibromyomatous stroma. Identifying the biphasic nature of atypical glandular components and spindle mesenchymal components without atypia is crucial for the cytological diagnosis of APA. We investigated the utility of lesion‐targeted cytology (LTC) to directly collect firm spindle components.

Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) by anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is rare, most being primary CNS ALCL with only occasional reports of CNS involvement in systemic ALCL. Establishing a diagnosis of CNS infiltration by systemic ALCL is difficult but carries immense prognostic significance. This report presents a such a case, diagnosed on CSF cytology complemented by CSF flow cytometry

The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the preservation of biomarkers immunoreactivity on cytospins protected with polyethylene glycol (PEG).

The cytological diagnosis of follicular‐patterned thyroid lesions is challenging, especially since the World Health Organisation classification has recognised non‐invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like features. These entities are often classified as indeterminate on cytology. Molecular testing has been proposed to help classify indeterminate nodules. RAS and K601E BRAF mutations

The case describes the unusual scenario of unilateral axillary lymph node metastasis from a small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of urinary bladder. The diagnosis is challenging because of the unusual primary site.

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is generally characterized by a high diagnostic accuracy in differentiating non‐neoplastic/inflammatory lesions from neoplastic lesions of the salivary glands. Lymphoepithelial sialadenitis/myoepithelial sialadenitis is exceedingly rare in paediatric patients and is characterized by a diffuse, often bilateral, salivary gland enlargement and the differential diagnosis

To present a comprehensive analysis of cytomorphological features, including clinical scenarios, for 8 cases (4 males, 4 females, aged 17‐39 years, average = 28.5) of, retrospectively diagnosed alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), with TFE3 immunostaining in 7 cases.

Giant cell tumor involving the calvarial bones is extremely rare. This case of a young male with unilateral hearing loss and earache associated with a mass over temporal region was accurately diagnosed pre‐operatively by fine needle aspiration cytology. Knowledge of the characteristic cytologic features can help to distinguish it pre‐operatively from its radiologic mimics.

We evaluated the role of simultaneous use of multiple antibodies in flow cytometry (FCM) to detect metastatic carcinomas in effusion samples.

To analyze the expression and clinical role of the phosphatase PTPN1 (PTP1B) in serous effusions.

The goal of this study was to evaluate the performance of p16 staining in cell‐blocks vs tissue specimens as a surrogate marker for human papillomavirus (HPV) status in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

The Afirma test has been used in the diagnosis of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules to reduce diagnostic uncertainty and unnecessary surgeries. Gene Sequencing Classifier (GSC) was developed to improve the positive predictive value (PPV) and overall test performance of Gene Expression Classifier (GEC). Here we present our experience comparing the performance of first generation assay of Afirma

The majority of pancreatic tumours are epithelial and primary in origin, although occasionally secondary tumours from kidney, lung, breast and gastrointestinal tract can involve the pancreas. Discussed here, is fine needle aspiration cytology of a pancreatic mass in a 59‐year‐old male.

We describe a case of metastatic Ewing sarcoma in the pancreas of a young female diagnosed on FNAC with the help of immunocytochemistry.

Preoperative diagnostic imaging of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasms (SPNs) is challenging. A few studies have investigated the role of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) for the diagnosis of SPN. We investigated the diagnostic yield of cell‐blocks and immunohistochemistry (IHC) for SPN using EUS‐FNA specimens without cytological evaluation.

To examine conventional sputum smears for the presence of corpora amylacea (CA), determining their incidence and clinical significance.

Primary ovarian small cell carcinomas are exceedingly rare neoplasms that account for less than 1% of ovarian carcinomas.1 Primary ovarian small cell carcinomas are classified into two variants: small cell carcinoma of hypercalcaemic type (SCCOHT) and pulmonary type (SCCOPT) based on pathological examination. A final pathological diagnosis can be made based on typical morphologic and immunohistochemical

In this study, we aimed to retrospectively investigate and confirm whether atypical nuclear findings in endometrial cytology are useful when assessed by image morphometry in liquid‐based cytology (LBC) and compared with microscopic evaluation.

Certain undifferentiated round cell sarcomas characterised by specific underlying genetic fusions have been reported. This case describes cytomorphological and corresponding histopathological, including immunohistochemical features of a rare case of CIC‐DUX4 positive sarcoma, including a literature review of similar reported cases.

To compare the frequency of fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytological results between nodules ≤1 cm and nodules >1 cm.

An unusual case is described of a 64‐year‐old woman with a remote history of breast cancer whose first non‐nodal metastasis was discovered on a routine Pap test. The Pap test was supported by the results of cervical and endometrial biopsies.

Thy3a (AUS/FLUS) is an indeterminate and heterogenous category in thyroid cytology. Thy3a reporting rates vary widely, with many laboratories documenting overuse. Subclassification of Thy3a helps with risk stratification. We aimed to investigate whether subclassification can also help address Thy3a overuse. We compare the UK reporting system with other terminologies.

Conventional cell blocks (CCB) prepared from cytological specimens are very useful but relatively time‐consuming. Suitable modifications in cell block techniques are beneficial for improving the turnaround time. We share our experience of rapid microwave cell block technique (MCB).

Synovial sarcoma is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm of uncertain type with a specific translocation, t(X;18). Key cytological features and specific immunohistochemistry on cell block can help to establish a definite diagnosis.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinicopathological features of patients with false‐negative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and to determine the factors associated with negative FNAC.

This is a case of hydrocele fluid cytology, with very atypical cells, in a patient with a clinical history of urothelial carcinoma. The atypical cells were suspicious for malignancy and the differential diagnosis is discussed.

This letter discusses a previously published article in Cytopathology and provides comments the author believes allow better understanding regarding validating the micronucleus assay as a tumor marker in cervical carcinogenesis.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonal proliferative disorder of antigen‐presenting Langerhans’ cells, predominantly occurring in children with rare cases in adults. A definitive cytological diagnosis can be established on the basis of characteristic cytomorphology and immunocytochemical features.

A unique case of solitary fibrous tumor of the lacrimal sac diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology(FNAC) is described, with immunocytochemical confirmation by demonstrating diffuse strong nuclear STAT6 positivity on a destained FNAC smear.

This report for the first time describes the cytological findings of combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and spindle cell carcinoma of the lung, a rare combined variant of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma. This entity is identified in FNAC by the characteristic finding of a dual cell population with distinct features of LCNEC and spindle cell/giant cell carcinoma.

In this correspondence, the authors reported a metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma to the lung with aberrant immunohistochemistry profiles. The authors conclude that interpretation of IHC staining should be in conjunction with clinical history, morphology and molecular results.

Tuberculosis and leprosy are endemic in developing countries of the world, despite major improvements in the general living conditions. Concomitant infection with tuberculosis and leprosy in the same individual are rarely seen in the modern era. We report co‐infection by tuberculosis in a known case of leprosy, diagnosed on cytology and confirmed by performing conventional polymerase chain reaction

To analyse the expression and clinical role of the actin‐associated molecule palladin in serous effusions.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)‐endorsed College of American Pathologists guideline recommends high‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of lymph nodes level II/III of unknown primary. Herein, the performance of HPV‐RNA in situ hybridisation (ISH) in detection of HPV‐related SCC is evaluated implementing the ASCO guideline recommendations

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) may be used to study breast lesions in patients that do not have access to more complex procedures during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Furthermore, FNA can be a helpful screening method in the post‐pandemic era when a greater number of patients than usual with delayed treatment can overburden clinics and hospitals.

A growing number of studies have suggested that non‐pathologists can reliably assess the adequacy and malignancy in rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) smears prepared during endoscopic sampling procedures. However, no study has verified whether they can also consistently estimate the tumour burden, which is critical for the molecular profiling of lung cancer. We aimed to assess the interobserver agreement

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are activated fibroblasts or myofibroblasts that play a crucial role in the invasiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, the cytological features and diagnostic significance of CAFs based on pancreatic duct brushing cytology (PDBC) were evaluated.

Gray zone lymphoma (GZL) is a rare B‐cell lymphoma with features intermediate between diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma and classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. The fine‐needle cytology of a GZL observed in a cervical lymph node is described and compared to the corresponding histological features. This case highlights the cytological and histological diagnostic difficulties and the need of a timely and accurate

Diagnosing inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) on cytology remains challenging, and the cytological features of IMT have been reported only in a limited number of studies to date. Two cases are described which were unexpected clincially. IMT in urine cytology has not previously been reported and IMT in the urogenital tract is very rare.

The cytological features of synchronous mucinous signet‐ring cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix have not been reported before. A case is described to emphasise that these two distinct carcinoma types can occur simultaneously in a high‐risk HPV infected cervix.

Venous leiomyoma is an extremely rare entity. A case of femoral vein leiomyoma accurately diagnosed pre‐operatively based on fine needle aspiration cytology supplemented by immunocytochemistry.

The aim of this study was to perform an audit of oral and maxillofacial specimens submitted for cytological diagnosis to verify the importance of this complementary examination.

This report presents the clinical, cytological and molecular features of pleural effusion lymphoma which developed in a patient treated for chronic myeloid leukaemia after five years of dasatinib therapy. The effusion lymphoma recurred three times but largely resolved after pleurocentesis and steroid treatment. More reports on such unusual cases may improve our understanding and management of patients

Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia (SMECE) is very rare in the thyroid gland. Cytopathologists should carefully examine squamoid cluster and eosinophils in Hashimoto's thyroiditis to raise suspicion of SMECE.

The authors have elaborated the cytological features of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with special emphasis on differential diagnosis. Importance of clinical history in making the diagnosis is highlighted.

Cytology appears to be a viable option to histological samples for proper storage and maintenance of autopsy material for DNA extraction and analysis. In the present study, we tested the feasibility of using archived air‐dried smears produced at the time of the autopsy for simple molecular analysis, comparing quantity and quality of the DNA extracted from the smears to that of correspondent histological

The Bethesda System recommends repeat fine needle aspiration (rFNA) as a management option for nodules classified under the non‐diagnostic (ND) and atypia of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) categories. We evaluated the impact of an rFNA in diagnostic resolution and the role of early (≤3 months) vs delayed (more than 3 months) rFNA of nodules initially diagnosed as ND and AUS/FLUS.

The detection of rosette‐like clusters (RLC) of follicular cells in thyroid carcinoma has been reported mostly in the columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). Despite the fact that diagnosing variants of PTC is no longer encouraged by The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology, the identification of cytomorphological features such as RLC linked with these tumours might

The dramatic spread of COVID‐19 has raised many questions about cytological procedures performed in and out of the laboratories all over the world.

Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is the standard screening test of pre‐neoplastic lesions and cervical cancer. This study aimed to investigate cervical cancer screening results and risk factors such as age, reason for the examination, the epithelia detected in the sample, microbiota and signs of sexually transmitted infection (STIs) of women in a maternity school in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.

The current challenging case reports the occurrence of a metastatic adenocarcinoma (formerly goblet cell carcinoid) in pleural effusion of young girl.

This educational case highlights the importance of identifying key cytologic features of a tumor with basaloid cells presenting as neck mass.

Nasal irrigation cytology as a means of diagnosing the cause of rhinosinusitis in a patient with persistent headache, facial pain and nasal congestion.

The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) system of reporting pancreatobiliary cytology is a standardised reporting nomenclature that uses a six‐tiered scheme of diagnostic categories utilising routine microscopy and ancillary tests such as biochemical and molecular analysis of cyst fluids and immunochemistry. The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of the PSC system on

There is increased utilisation of cytopathology to provide a rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) of fine needle aspiration and touch preparations of small biopsies. A well‐executed ROSE procedure can significantly impact the diagnostic quality and appropriate specimen triage of procured biopsy materials. To accommodate the demand for ROSE, telecytology has been increasingly implemented to facilitate ROSE