A 22‐year old female presented with a gradually increasing swelling in the left thigh for last one year. There was no history of pain, trauma, fever, or any other systemic symptoms. On examination, the swelling measured 8.5 x 8 cm, firm, mobile, non‐tender, and was not attached to the overlying skin

Tuberculosis and leprosy are endemic in developing countries of the world, despite major improvements in the general living conditions. Concomitant infection with tuberculosis and leprosy in the same individual are rarely seen in the modern era. We report co‐infection by tuberculosis in a known case of leprosy, diagnosed on cytology and confirmed by performing conventional polymerase chain reaction

This educational case highlights the importance of identifying key cytologic features of a tumor with basaloid cells presenting as neck mass.

To analyze the expression and clinical role of the actin‐associated molecule palladin in serous effusions.

The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO)‐endorsed College of American Pathologists (CAP) 1 recommends high‐risk Human Papillomavirus (HR‐HPV) testing for metastatic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of lymph nodes level II/III of unknown primary. Herein, the performance of HPV‐RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) in detection of HPV‐related SCC is evaluated implementing the ASCO guideline recommendations

The current challenging case reports the occurrence of a metastatic adenocarcinoma (formerly goblet cell carcinoid) in pleural effusion of young girl.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has been very taxing to healthcare systems worldwide. As resources are diverted to treat COVID‐19, capacity for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures of other diseases is reduced, resulting in delays and waiting lists.

The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology (PSC) system of reporting pancreatobiliary cytology is a standardised reporting nomenclature that uses a six‐tiered scheme of diagnostic categories utilising routine microscopy and ancillary tests such as biochemical and molecular analysis of cyst fluids and immunochemistry. The objective of this study was to determine the applicability of the PSC system on

Nasal irrigation cytology as a means of diagnosing the cause of rhinosinusitis in a patient with persistent headache, facial pain and nasal congestion.

This is a case of hydrocele fluid cytology, with very atypical cells, in a patient with a clinical history of urothelial carcinoma. The atypical cells were suspicious for malignancy and the differential diagnosis is discussed.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a clonal proliferative disorder of the antigen presenting Langerhans’ cells, predominantly occuring in children with rare cases in adults. A definitive cytologic diagnosis can be established on the basis of characteristic cytomorphology and immunocytochemical features. We present a case of an adult male presenting with skull lesions, diagnosed as Langerhans cell

This letter discusses a previously published article in Cytopathology and provides comments the author believes allow better understanding regarding validating the micronucleus assay as a tumor marker in cervical carcinogenesis.

A growing number of studies have suggested that non‐pathologists can reliably assess the adequacy and malignancy in rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) smears prepared during endoscopic sampling procedures. However, no study has verified whether they can also consistently estimate the tumour burden, which is critical for the molecular profiling of lung cancer. We aimed to assess the interobserver agreement

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are activated fibroblasts or myofibroblasts that play a crucial role in the invasiveness of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, the cytological features and diagnostic significance of CAFs based on pancreatic duct brushing cytology (PDBC) were evaluated.

Gray zone lymphoma (GZL) is a rare B‐cell lymphoma with features intermediate between diffuse Large B‐Cell Lymphoma and classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. The fine‐needle cytology of a GZL observed in a cervical lymph node is described and compared to the corresponding histological features. This case highlights the cytological and histological diagnostic difficulties and the need of a timely and accurate

Diagnosing inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) on cytology remains challenging, and the cytological features of IMT have been reported only in a limited number of studies to date. Two cases are described which were unexpected clincially. IMT in urine cytology has not previously been reported and IMT in the urogenital tract is very rare.

The cytological features of synchronous mucinous signet‐ring cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix have not been reported before. A case is described to emphasise that these two distinct carcinoma types can occur simultaneously in a high‐risk HPV infected cervix.

Venous leiomyoma is an extremely rare entity. A case of femoral vein leiomyoma accurately diagnosed pre‐operatively based on fine needle aspiration cytology supplemented by immunocytochemistry.

Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is a fibroblastic tumor of the pleura, and subcutaneous and deep soft tissues of the extremities, abdomen, pelvis, and retroperitoneum. In the head and neck region, the sinonasal tract and soft tissues of the orbit are involved most frequently. However, the lacrimal sac is an extremely unusual location for this tumor, with occasional case reports in literature. Being superficially

The aim of this study was to perform an audit of oral and maxillofacial specimens submitted for cytologic diagnosis to verify the importance of this complementary exam.

This report presents the clinical, cytological and molecular features of a pleural effusion lymphoma which developed in a patient treated for chronic myeloid leukaemia after five years of dasatinib therapy. This effusion lymphoma recurred three times but largely resolved after pleurocentesis and steroid treatment. More reports on such unusual cases may improve our understanding and management of patients

Sclerosing mucoepidermoid carcinoma with eosinophilia (SMECE) is a rare malignant neoplasm with epidermoid and glandular differentiation, accompanied by prominent sclerosis along with eosinophilic infiltration. SMECE was first described in 1991 (1) as a distinctive low‐grade carcinoma of the thyroid. SMECE shows a female predilection and is associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT). (2) Cytologic

The purpose of this study was to clarify the clinicopathological features of patients with false‐negative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and to determine the factors associated with negative FNAC.

Combined large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) and spindle cell carcinoma of the lung is a rare combined variant of LCNEC and type of pleomorphic carcinoma.1 It is extremely rare with three reported cases to date2‐3 and none focusing on the cytological features. We describe the combination of LCNEC and spindle cell carcinoma presenting in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). A 65‐year‐old man with diabetes

The Bethesda System (TBSRTC) recommends repeat fine‐needle aspiration (rFNA) as a management option for nodules classified under the nondiagnostic (ND) and atypia of undetermined significance (AUS/FLUS) categories. We evaluated the impact of a repeat FNA in diagnostic resolution and the role of early (≤ 3 months) versus delayed (> 3 months) rFNA of nodules initially diagnosed as ND and AUS/FLUS.

The authors have elaborated the cytological features of dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans with special emphasis on differential diagnosis. Importance of clinical history in making the diagnosis is highlighted.

A lacrimal gland adenoid cystic carcinoma metastatic to the lower limbs is described. The importance of the case described is to highlight awareness for the particular behavior of this tumor and the importance of FNA and cytology in the diagnostic workup of patients with disseminated disease.

The detection of rosette‐like clusters (RLC) of follicular cells in thyroid carcinoma has been reported mostly in the columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CCV‐PTC). Despite the fact that diagnosing variants of PTC is no longer encouraged by The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC), the identification of cytomorphological features such as RLC linked with these

The dramatic spread of COVID‐19 has raised many questions about cytological procedures performed in and out of the laboratories all over the world.

Cytology appears to be a viable option to histological samples for proper storage and maintenance of autopsy material for DNA extraction and analysis. In the present study, we tested the feasibility of using archived air‐dried smears produced at the time of the autopsy for simple molecular analysis, comparing quantity and quality of the DNA extracted from the smears to that of correspondent histological

The reported case regards a rare and diagnostically challenging case of Hodgkin lymphoma‐type of Richter transformation in which cytology played a crucial role. The authors discuss the differential diagnosis, highlighting the differences between chronic lymphocytic leukemia with Reed Sternberg cells and Hodgkin lymphoma‐type Richter transformation.

The distinction between metastatic colorectal carcinoma and primary carcinoma of the lung is a frequently encountered diagnostic problem and clinically significant. Immunohistochemistry in conjunction with cytomorphology and clinical history are important to make this distinction.

Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) is the standard screening test of preneoplastic lesions and cervical cancer.

There is increased utilisation of cytopathology to provide a rapid onsite evaluation (ROSE) of fine needle aspiration and touch preparations of small biopsies. A well‐executed ROSE procedure can significantly impact the diagnostic quality and appropriate specimen triage of procured biopsy materials. To accommodate the demand for ROSE, telecytology has been increasingly implemented to facilitate ROSE

This article discusses the significance and characterisation of long branched yellowish filamentous structures found in a conventional sputum smear stained by the Papanicolaou method from a 55 year old gentleman who started immunosuppressive therapy six months previously when he had a kidney transplant.

Secretory carcinoma is a recently described salivary gland neoplasm that shares the same histological appearance and ETV6 gene (12p13) rearrangement as secretory carcinoma of the breast. The major cytological differential diagnoses include myoepithelioma, myoepithelial carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma. A case of secretory carcinoma of the parotid in a middle aged man is presented which was diagnosed

OBJECTIVE Thyroid pathology has great potential for automated/artificial intelligence algorithm application as the incidence of thyroid nodules is increasing and the indeterminate interpretation rate of fine-needle aspiration remains relatively high. The aim of the study is to review the published literature on automated image analysis and artificial intelligence applications to thyroid pathology with

OBJECTIVE In 2013, The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS) was developed as a uniform practical urine cytology system that could be applied worldwide. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of TPS diagnostic approach compared with that of the traditional urine cytological diagnosis method used in China. METHODS Based on the diagnostic criteria of TPS, 412 urine samples from 143 patients

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma is commonly diagnosed on biopsy or fine needle aspiration but it is very rarely reported in fluid cytology. However, this tumor can be easily diagnosed and confirmed from the cytosmears of serous effusion samples.

Urine cytology is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinomas. It is particularly accurate in detecting High‐Grade Urothelial Carcinomas for which a cytohistological correlation as high as 98% has been reported.

To evaluate the association between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and autoimmune antibody positivity.

Rarely Lymphoma of the parotid gland can result in facial nerve palsy however these patients can be easily correctly diagnosed accurately categorized with the help of FNAC and cell block. This can help to avoid the unnecessary sacrifice of the facial nerve and surgical management.

To describe the cytopathological features of clear cell sarcomas (CCSs), including immunohistochemical and molecular results, the latter in selected cases.

Micronuclei counts were performed in cervical smears with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix (LSIL) to assess its potentiality as tumour marker in cervical carcinogenesis.

A 75‐year‐old postmenopausal lady presented with the chief complaints of bleeding per vagina for the last 2 months. On examination, the lady had pallor. Per vaginal examination revealed an ulceroproliferative growth at the posterior lip of the cervix measuring 3 cm x 3cm. The growth was brownish‐black. There was no inguinal lymphadenopathy. There was no mass elsewhere in the body.

An 80 year‐old woman visited a local practitioner four days after she noticed a painless, elastic soft subcutaneous nodule in the anterior side of her right thigh. Ultrasonography showed a 21 × 13 mm hypo‐echoic sub‐cutaneous cystic mass, in which small hyper‐echoic areas were scattered (not shown).

The accuracy of a cytological diagnosis obtained by fine needle aspiration is influenced by several factors including the technique used and the experience of both the aspirator as well as the cytologist. In this project we planned to evaluate the interobserver differences of thyroid nodule cytopathology in our medical centre.

This report describes a case of appendiceal adenocarcinoma presenting as an appendiceal mucocele which was diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology despite biopsies being non‐diagnostic.

A 23‐year‐old male presented with progressive blurred vision in his right eye for three weeks. Ocular examination by a slit‐lamp demonstrated an accumulation of a turbid cream‐colored material at the bottom of the anterior chamber (AC) of the eyeball. An AC paracentesis was carried out, obtaining 0.5 ml of non‐transparent fluid,and a diagnosis was made.

Mesoblastic nephroma, also known as congenital mesoblastic nephroma or fetal renal hamartoma, is a rare renal mesenchymal tumor with low malignant potential, occurring most commonly in infants. A case is presented which could be diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology complemented with cell‐block immunocytochemistry. The cytopathologists need to be aware of the cytologic and immunocytochemical

INTRODUCTION To determine the diagnostic efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in cases of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (PSPN) with emphasis on the cytomorphological features and to evaluate the contribution of immunocytochemistry on FNAC cell-block (CB) in cases of PSPN. METHODS It is a retrospective study in which ultrasound-guided FNAC of pancreatic lesions diagnosed as

PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential predictive biomarker for patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), required to inform treatment decisions regarding anti‐PD‐1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. This study aims to investigate the concordance between PD‐L1 IHC assessed on NSCLC cytology and histology specimens and to determine the impactce of tumour cellularity.

OBJECTIVE Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a minimally invasive albeit highly effective modality used to detect solid and cystic pancreatic lesions. This manuscript aims to present our experience in diagnosing metastases to the pancreas and highlight the importance of immunocytochemistry in the diagnostic process. It also aims to provide a brief review of the literature on this topic. METHODS We retrospectively

OBJECTIVE We assessed whether intraoperative squash cytology could provide surgeons with a qualitative diagnosis of brain lesions when frozen section diagnosis is equivocal. METHODS The study included 51 lesions that were diagnosed intraoperatively as equivocal brain tumour on the basis of frozen section. We retrospectively classified the lesions into five groups according to the final histopathological

INTRODUCTION Fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumors constitute 12% of all pediatric soft tissue tumors with the majority of them belonging to the benign and intermediate prognostic categories. They are often misdiagnosed owing to their variable clinical presentation and unusual microscopic features. The diagnosis, specially cytological diagnosis of benign and intermediate categories is difficult due to

Cases of pelvic high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) with incidentally detected cancer cells (ICCs) in endometrial and/or cervicovaginal cytology have been reported. This study aimed to clarify the incidence and characteristics of pelvic HGSC with ICCs and to determine whether ICCs have a negative prognostic impact.

INTRODUCTION Primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening, testing for the virus responsible for 99% of cervical cancers, was introduced in 2018-2020 in the UK. This was preceded by HPV triage of low-grade cytology from 2012. Much of the evidence incorporated into current National Health Service (NHS) colposcopy guidance assessed outcomes prior to this change in screening. The aim of this paper is