A growing number of studies have suggested that non‐pathologists can reliably assess the adequacy and malignancy in rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) smears prepared during endoscopic sampling procedures. However, no study has verified whether they can also consistently estimate the tumor burden, which is critical for the molecular profiling of lung cancer. We aimed to assess the interobserver agreement

Primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma (PMBL) and gray-zone lymphoma (GZL) are rare B-cell lymphomas with features intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and classical Hodgkin Lymphoma. The fine-needle cytology of a GZL observed in a cervical lymph node is described and compared to the corresponding histological features. This case highlights the cytological and histological diagnostic difficulties

Cervical carcinoma is frequently accompanied with other histologic types, while two distinct carcinomas simultaneously appearing in the cervix is rare. Cervical cytology can identify the collision tumor being composed of rare tumor like signet-ring cell carcinoma in cervical cancer.

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a rare myofibroblastic neoplasm admixed with inflammatory cells that most frequently occurs in children and young adults and has the potential for metastasis and recurrence.1-2 A few reports describing the cytological features of IMT exist. We encountered two cases of IMT as unexpected findings in cytological specimens.

Venous leiomyoma is an extremely rare entity. We present an interesting case of femoral vein leiomyoma that could be accurately diagnosed pre-operatively based on fine needle aspiration cytology supplemented by immunocytochemistry. The present case demonstrates that a multimodal approach involving appropriate radiologic investigations and fine needle aspiration cytology, supported by immunocytochemistry

Secretory carcinoma is a recently described salivary gland neoplasm that shares the same histological appearance and ETV6 gene (12p13) rearrangement as secretory carcinoma of the breast. The major cytological differential diagnoses include myoepithelioma, myoepithelial carcinoma and acinic cell carcinoma. A case of secretory carcinoma of the parotid in a middle aged man is presented which was diagnosed

Diverse types of structures (hyphae, yeasts, conidia, and phialides) corresponding to both pathogenic and non-pathogenic fungi can be observed on cytological smears under light microscopy. Hyphae are long cellular filaments belonging to the fungi. Septate hyphae have cross-walls (called septa) that divide the cytoplasm into segments. In this study, we show the presence of long branched yellowish filamentous

OBJECTIVE Thyroid pathology has great potential for automated/artificial intelligence algorithm application as the incidence of thyroid nodules is increasing and the indeterminate interpretation rate of fine-needle aspiration remains relatively high. The aim of the study is to review the published literature on automated image analysis and artificial intelligence applications to thyroid pathology with

OBJECTIVE In 2013, The Paris System for Reporting Urinary Cytology (TPS) was developed as a uniform practical urine cytology system that could be applied worldwide. Here, we investigated the effectiveness of TPS diagnostic approach compared with that of the traditional urine cytological diagnosis method used in China. METHODS Based on the diagnostic criteria of TPS, 412 urine samples from 143 patients

Anaplastic large cell lymphoma [ALCL] was described as a clinicopathological entity in 1985. (1) The literature on serous body cavity involvement by ALCL is limited with only a few cases reported. ALCL is a haematological neoplasm which constitutes 1-8% of the Non Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Urine cytology is a valuable tool in the diagnosis of urothelial carcinomas. It is particularly accurate in detecting High‐Grade Urothelial Carcinomas for which a cytohistological correlation as high as 98% has been reported.

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between bacterial vaginosis (BV) and autoimmune antibody positivity. METHOD We evaluated Pap-stained cervicovaginal smears of 210 patients with poor obstetric history who were admitted to a special preconception counseling program. Cytological specimens with various types of microorganisms except for BV, epithelial cell abnormalities and other non-neoplastic findings

A 32 years old female patient presented to the FNAC clinic in our hospital, complaining of swelling in her left parotid region extending up to the left level II cervical region for the past two months.

OBJECTIVES To describe cytopathologic features of clear cell sarcomas(CCSs), including immunohistochemical and molecular results, the latter in select cases. METHODS Sixteen, consecutively diagnosed cases of CCS of soft tissue, over 6-year duration were included. FNAC was performed for primary diagnosis in three and for recurrent/metastatic lesions in 12 cases. Cytopathologic features in 16 cases(conventional

OBJECTIVE Micronuclei counts were performed in cervical smears with low grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of cervix (LSIL) to assess its potentiality as tumor marker in cervical carcinogenesis. METHODS The cases studied were from the ongoing rural cervical cancer screening in west Lucknow, India. Micronuclei counts were performed in the cervical smears of 100 LSIL cases and number of cells with

A 75‐year‐old postmenopausal lady presented with the chief complaints of bleeding per vagina for the last 2 months. On examination, the lady had pallor. Per vaginal examination revealed an ulceroproliferative growth at the posterior lip of the cervix measuring 3 cm x 3cm. The growth was brownish‐black. There was no inguinal lymphadenopathy. There was no mass elsewhere in the body.

An 80 year‐old woman visited a local practitioner four days after she noticed a painless, elastic soft subcutaneous nodule in the anterior side of her right thigh. Ultrasonography showed a 21 × 13 mm hypo‐echoic sub‐cutaneous cystic mass, in which small hyper‐echoic areas were scattered (not shown).

The accuracy of a cytology diagnosis obtained by fine needle aspiration (FNA) is influenced by several factors such as the technique used and the experience of both the aspirator as well as the cytologist. In this trial we planned to evaluate the interobserver differences of thyroid nodule cytopathology in our medical center. The study was conducted using retrospective pathology reports from a single

Appendiceal mucocele is a relatively rare macroscopic lesion that may be either benign or malignant, often progressing to peritoneal pseudomyxoma. Preoperative diagnosis of primary appendiceal carcinoma is often difficult, and correct diagnoses are rarely made. Cases of peritoneal pseudomyxoma have been reported in which peritoneal seeding is suspected by ascites cytology, suggesting the existence

A 23-year-old male presented at the hospital referring progressive blurred vision in his right eye three weeks ago. The ocular examination by a slit-lamp demonstrated an accumulation of a turbid cream-colored material at the bottom of the anterior chamber (AC) of the eyeball (Figure 1, black arrow). An AC paracentesis was carried out, obtaining 0.5 ml of non-transparent fluid. The sample was sent to

Mesoblastic nephroma (MN), also known as congenital mesoblastic nephroma or fetal renal hamartoma, is a rare renal mesenchymal tumor with low malignant potential, occurring most commonly in infants. We present a rare case of cellular mesoblastoma, which could be diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology complemented with cell-block immunocytochemistry. The cytopathologists need to be aware of the

INTRODUCTION To determine the diagnostic efficacy of fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in cases of pancreatic solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (PSPN) with emphasis on the cytomorphological features and to evaluate the contribution of immunocytochemistry on FNAC cell-block (CB) in cases of PSPN. METHODS It is a retrospective study in which ultrasound-guided FNAC of pancreatic lesions diagnosed as

Serous effusions in cases of lymphoma are a known and expected phenomenon in the late stages of the disease. The frequency is highest in pleural fluid (20-30%), followed by peritoneal and pericardial involvement. (1) Lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia is the most frequent culprit to involve serous fluids. We want to bring to the notice of the reader that in most lymphomatous effusion, the diagnosis is

PD‐L1 immunohistochemistry (IHC) is an essential predictive biomarker for patients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), required to inform treatment decisions regarding anti‐PD‐1 immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. This study aims to investigate the concordance between PD‐L1 IHC assessed on NSCLC cytology and histology specimens and to determine the impactce of tumour cellularity.

OBJECTIVE Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is a minimally invasive albeit highly effective modality used to detect solid and cystic pancreatic lesions. This manuscript aims to present our experience in diagnosing metastases to the pancreas and highlight the importance of immunocytochemistry in the diagnostic process. It also aims to provide a brief review of the literature on this topic. METHODS We retrospectively

OBJECTIVE We assessed whether intraoperative squash cytology could provide surgeons with a qualitative diagnosis of brain lesions when frozen section diagnosis is equivocal. METHODS The study included 51 lesions that were diagnosed intraoperatively as equivocal brain tumour on the basis of frozen section. We retrospectively classified the lesions into five groups according to the final histopathological

INTRODUCTION Fibroblastic/myofibroblastic tumors constitute 12% of all pediatric soft tissue tumors with the majority of them belonging to the benign and intermediate prognostic categories. They are often misdiagnosed owing to their variable clinical presentation and unusual microscopic features. The diagnosis, specially cytological diagnosis of benign and intermediate categories is difficult due to

Cases of pelvic high‐grade serous carcinoma (HGSC) with incidentally detected cancer cells (ICCs) in endometrial and/or cervicovaginal cytology have been reported. This study aimed to clarify the incidence and characteristics of pelvic HGSC with ICCs and to determine whether ICCs have a negative prognostic impact.

INTRODUCTION Primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening, testing for the virus responsible for 99% of cervical cancers, was introduced in 2018-2020 in the UK. This was preceded by HPV triage of low-grade cytology from 2012. Much of the evidence incorporated into current National Health Service (NHS) colposcopy guidance assessed outcomes prior to this change in screening. The aim of this paper is

AIM To explore the cytological spectrum of the gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) including its metastatic sites. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 42 patients (45 sites) diagnosed with GIST or its metastases on fine needle aspiration cytology were studied over a period of 5 years. May-Grünwald Giemsa- and haematoxylin and eosin-stained smears were reviewed and analysed for the cytomorphological

Metastatic pancreatic leiomyosarcoma is a rare entity. EUS FNA supplemented with cell block and IHC can accurately diagnose metastatic deposits in pancreas and guide patient management. Spindle cell lesions of pancreas are reviewed.

Intracranial germ cell tumors of the central nervous system are rare. Mixed type germ cell tumors with yolk sac component account for 12% and pure yolk sac tumors for 2%. We report the clinicocytopathological and immunocytopathological findings of a 13.5 year old male with mixed germ cell tumor including yolk sac elements. This case was diagnosed by cytology and confirmed by immunocytology in cerebrospinal

Leishmaniasis is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania (Trypanasomatid protozoans), and it is transmitted through the bite of sandflies. The disease is endemic in tropical and subtropical regions, but the number of affected patients, such as immunodeficient patients (HIV, transplantation and cancer patients) is increasing, especially in southern Europe and Africa. Leishmaniasis

Splenules are uncommon incidental entities that can be mistaken for more serious pathological lesions. The key cytological features are presented which should allow diagnosis and prevent unnecessary surgical intervention.

Granulofilamentous meningioma is a rare variant of benign meningioma characterized by eosinophilic intracytoplasmic globular inclusions on cytopathology and histopathology. Therefore, malignant brain tumors with globular inclusions, such as rhabdoid meningioma and atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Glioblastoma rarely disseminates into the CSF. An example is described in a brain biopsy rinse sample.

Columnar cell variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is a rare subtype which is difficult to predict on cytology and is usually identified histologically. Nevertheless this case highlights the features that allowed the diagnosis to be made pre‐operatively.

The presence of a contaminant fresh water algae mimicking a fungus in a sputum smear from an HIV + patient is reported.

Choristoma is an abnormal mass composed of histologically normal tissue found in an abnormal location. A choristoma in the submandibular region has been documented in the English literature by only five previous anecdotal case reports. All these cases presented during infancy. An adulthood presentation of a cystic choristoma is heretofore unheard of. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is often

The coexistence of papillary thyroid carcinoma and Langerhans cvell histiocytosis is rare. The diagnosis of dual pathologies by FNA is extremely challenging. Demonstration of driver BRAF V600E mutation makes this case unique and demonstrates the successful application of ancillary techniques on FNA.

40-year-old male presented with gradually progressive neck swelling in right cervical region for the last six years [Figure 1a]. On examination, the swelling was firm to hard, fixed and non-tender. There was no hoarseness of voice, difficulty in breathing, swallowing, history of fever, weight loss or any surgical intervention. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was performed as a frontline investigation

INTRODUCTION Immunotherapy has shown promising results in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), for which tumour-infiltrating cytotoxic (CD8+) T cells play a critical role. We investigated the utility of image analysis (IA) to quantify CD8+ T cells in a series of matched small biopsies and resections of NSCLC. METHODS CD8 immunohistochemistry was performed on cell-blocks (CB), core needle biopsies (CNB)

Myositis ossificans (MO) is a benign self limiting reactive lesion of the soft tissue characterized by heterotopic ossification. It is usually associated with the previous history of trauma. But sometimes the trauma history will be trivial to recall by the patient. MO is known by several names including, Pseudo malignant osseous tumors of soft tissues, Myositis ossificans circumscripta, Myosclerosis

INTRODUCTION The UK Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) Thy terminology is an internationally recognised system for reporting thyroid fine-needle aspiration. The terminology has been used throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland, in some parts of Italy and Switzerland, and elsewhere in the world. There is no systematic review of the literature which specifically addresses the use of the non-diagnostic

Whole slide imaging (WSI) allows generating of large whole slide images and their navigation with zoom in and out like a true virtual microscope. It has become widely used in surgical pathology for many purposes, like education and training, research activity, teleconsultation and also primary diagnosis. However, in cytopathology the use of WSI has been lagging behind histology, mainly due to the cytological

A 54-year male presented with fever for 2 weeks and altered sensorium for 1 week. There was history of loss of weight. A lumbar tap was done, and CSF was sent to the cytology laboratory. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytospin smears were prepared and stained with Papanicolaou and May-Grunwald-Giemsa (MGG) stains.

Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies have the potential to transform cytopathology practice, and it is important for cytopathologists to embrace this and place themselves at the forefront of implementing these technologies in cytopathology. This review illustrates an archetypal AI workflow from project conception to implementation in a diagnostic setting and illustrates the cytopathologist's role

INTRODUCTION Rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) has been widely used to improve diagnostic adequacy and facilitate specimen triage. Telecytology ROSE has gained popularity recently and shown high concordance with traditional ROSE. However, telecytology involves multiple personnel and technical devices that could introduce additional errors. The aim of this paper is to share errors encountered and lessons

INTRODUCTION Telecytology for second opinion consultation has largely been limited by technical issues, such as the inability to focus well on cellular material. Nevertheless, international telecytology consultation was undertaken at our institution with partners in China and Italy. To overcome issues with scanning cytology slides, we adopted a cell-block (CB) preference for teleconsultation. METHODS

Telecytology using real‐time microscopy has gained popularity for rapid on‐site evaluations (ROSE). Although proficiency testing is routinely used in cytopathology, no established means of competency assessment is currently available for telecytology. Our aim was to determine the feasibility of a dynamic (real‐time) platform to assess telecytology competency.

BACKGROUND It is difficult to distinguish follicular adenoma (FAd ) from follicular carcinoma (FCa) on cytology. AIMS AND OBJECTIVE Application of fractal dimension (FD) and chromatin textural analysis to differentiate between FAd and FCa on fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology material. MATERIAL & METHODS FNA of 22 histopathology proven cases of follicular adenomas and 27 follicular carcinoma were

BACKGROUND To differentiate pleomorphic adenoma (PA) and adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is often challenging to cytologists. AIMS In the present study, we tried to make an artificial neural network (ANN) model from the FNAC smears to differentiate PA from ACC. METHODS The detailed cytomorphological features were analysed on the FNAC of histopathology proven

Cervical cancer prevention has undergone dramatic changes over the past decade. With the introduction of HPV vaccination, some countries have seen a dramatic decline in HPV-mediated cervical disease. However, widespread implementation has been limited by economic considerations and the varying healthcare priorities of different countries, as well asby vaccine availability, and in some instances, vaccine

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely accepted safe, simple and rapid diagnostic procedure used in the examination of neoplastic and non‐neoplastic lesions of various locations. Since its introduction FNAC has developed into an effective diagnostic tool practiced in a large majority of medical centers evaluating and treating oncologic patients. The role of FNAC has been limited in the

Secondary neoplasms of the thyroid gland are quite uncommon with an estimated incidence rate of 0.1‐3% 1,3, representing either distant metastases or direct extension of tumors from adjacent anatomic structures. Metastases of primary lung cancers to the thyroid are even more unusual but the aggressive nature of lung malignancies often induces to palliative treatment, reasonably underestimating its

It is generally acknowledged that interobserver variability for the histologic diagnosis of endocervical adenocarcinoma (EA) subtypes is suboptimal. Recently proposed IECC classification system (International Endocervical Adenocarcinoma Criteria and Classification) is based on the presence of associated human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. It recognises HPV–associated EAs (HPVA EA) and non–HVP associated

Hepatoblastoma, is a rare primary hepatic malignancy, most commonly seen in infants and children less than 3 years of age. We present a rare case of mixed fetal‐embryonal hepatoblastoma, diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology supplemented by immunocytochemistry on cell‐block. Knowledge of the characteristic cytomorphologic and immunocytochemical features is important for rendering accurate p

Tuberculosis of the female genital tract is often difficult to diagnose owing to the variable and non‐specific clinical presentations in these patients. Cervical tuberculosis is rare and a proportion of these patients may present with cervical growth, which may clinically mimic cervical carcinoma. Cervical Papanicolaou smear examination is a non‐invasive and inexpensive test that can be used to establish