The temporal bone has the most sophisticated anatomy of the whole skeleton. Its study is a challenge for students and surgeons. An inverse model of the visually obscured cavities and canals can facilitate better three-dimensional orientation and investigation. This can be made by means of corrosion casting, which is an established technique first documented on the temporal bone at the beginning of

Introduction Pain of the lower back is a frequent symptom and is treated by different health professions. Anatomical as well as clinical knowledge is utmost important for all professions involved in this field. Here, we present a model that brings together an interprofessional team of experts to teach functional and clinical anatomy of the lower spine and hip area to medical and physical therapy students

PURPOSE To identify the body surface position and depth of the center of the intramuscular nerves dense region (CINDR) of the medial femoral muscles. METHODS Utilizing twelve Chinese adult cadavers (six men and six women), with an age range from 35 to 75 (66.5±5.4) years, the body surface curves between the greater trochanter of the femur and the pubic tubercle and lateral femoral epicondyle were designated

PURPOSE To review the scientific evidence regarding the marginal bone loss around the tissue-level and bone-level implants. METHODS MEDLINE-PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for the relevant English articles (up to February 2019) assessing the marginal bone loss (MBL) as the primary outcome. To be selected, studies were supposed to directly mention "tissue-level" and "bone-level" implants or

BACKGROUND Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the innate and adaptive immune system. They are the mammalian orthologs of Drosophila melanogaster protein Toll, which has been proved to have an early morphogenetic role in invertebrate embryogenesis that in the adult switches to an immune function. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TLR4 and TLR7 during dorsal

OBJECTIVE Biomaterial can be locally applied to promote the osseointegration of dental implants. This study aimed to fabricate an osteogenic inducer (OI) sustained-release system and to evaluate its effects on the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts on titanium surfaces. METHODS First of all, different contents of OI solution were added to the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)

BACKGROUND Modern surgeries have advanced towards personalized minimal- invasive treatments with a high rate of clinical healing that facilitates the regeneration of tissues. One of the leading approaches to deliver endogenous plasma- and platelet-derived growth factors is the plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF). This narrative review determines the effects of using PRGF in different oral surgical

OBJECTIVES To explore whether placement of a soft cortical membrane can restore and regenerate the original alveolar ridge contour in deficient sockets. MATERIALS AND METHODS One Beagle dog was used in this proof-of-principle evaluation. In a first intervention, a standardized buccal dehiscence defect was artificially created at the distal roots of the 3rd and 4th mandibular premolars. Four weeks later

GOAL The location and anatomical relationships of the superior oblique muscle make surgical intervention difficult. The aim of the present paper was therefore to supplement existing anatomical descriptions of this muscle. Its anatomical variability is particularly emphasized, including variations in muscle and tendon size and details of the innervation pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted

INTRODUCTION The formative years in academia are difficult for early career academics as they transition into their new roles in teaching and research. Ubiquitous changes in health sciences education have compounded this transition for early career anatomists (ECA), who must balance curriculum transformations, research imperatives and administrative responsibilities as they navigate their transition

INTRODUCTION Numerous variations are characteristic for hand anatomy. Although a lot of work has been done in the field, a detailed description of the branches of the radial artery is still missing. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence and diameter of the accessory artery, which can be found running on the dorsal surface of the interosseus dorsalis primus muscle, to deliver the detailed

PURPOSE Endovascular interventions have become standard procedures for the therapy of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Therefore, endovascular surgeons need special skills which have to be learned and trained. Additionally, authentic simulators are needed for further development of new endovascular devices and procedures. The aim of this project was to develop an authentic and modular endovascular simulation

Mini dental implants (MDI) have proven to be a good alternative of the conventional implants to support lower overdentures in elderly edentulous patients with narrow residual ridge. The aim of the present study was to define drilling protocols for each diameter of the MDI in each bone quality. The number and the diameter of the drilling bur and the drilling depth was investigated. A total of 48 MDIs

BACKGROUND The classical anatomical representation of the lingual relief of the mental region of the mandible reflects the presence of geniohyoid as well as genioglossus attachment areas, which are divided into two or single areas. The International Anatomical Terminology (contains references to the presence of upper and lower spinae mentales, but the terminology does not reflect the content of these

PURPOSE The endocannabionoid signaling system has been demonstrated to be present in the skeleton, with involvement in the regulation of skeletal homeostasis. However, investigations substantiating these findings in cranial and alveolar bones are missing to date. The aim of our study was to investigate a potential impact of the endocannabinoid system on cranial and alveolar bone structures and phenotypes

This article reports a clinical case of an 8-year-old boy who sustained avulsion of the maxillary right central incisor and the maxillary left lateral incisor. The avulsed teeth were kept in adverse extraoral dry conditions for 1 hour from the moment of trauma until their replantation. The prognosis of tooth replantation is dependent on multiple factors such as methods of teeth storage in vitro, endodontic

OBJECTIVE This study evaluates the mandibular lingual foramina (LF) using computed tomographic imaging data from a large Central European cohort, focusing on the most relevant anatomical parameters. We aimed to examine whether there are differences in key parameters between ethnic groups, or based on age and gender. Additionally, we analyze the potential effect of tooth loss on the LF and discuss risk

PURPOSE Periodontal ligament (PDL) cell cultures are classically maintained in serum-containing media. However, unwanted side-effects of these conditions on cellular and molecular characteristics demand a serum-free alternative. Even though these limitations are well known and efforts for the development of adequate serum-free alternatives have been made, these approaches for replacement remained unsuccessful

BACKGROUND The anatomy of soft tissues around dental implants is extremely important to prevent inflammatory periimplant diseases and ensure healthy, stable and long-term survival of a dental implant. Various methods and materials for increasing the physiological thickness of tissues have been described including connective tissue graft (CTG) and xenogenic collagen matrix (XCM). While assessing various

Purpose The plantaris muscle (PM) is typically characterized by a short, slim and spindle-shaped muscle belly and long, thin tendon. It is situated posterior to the popliteal muscle, and anterior to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle (GM). Little information exists regarding the high variability of origin of the PM. The main aim of the study was hence to characterize the morphology of the

PURPOSE To identify anatomical differences in the deltoid tuberosity of Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes, potentially relating to the different uses of the forelimb in these two phylogenetically related species. BASIC PROCEDURES We have used three-dimensional geometric morphometrics (3D GM) to analyze the deltoid tuberosity of scanned humeri from 30 H. sapiens and 27 P. troglodytes. We also used the

Limited gross anatomical information about the muscles of fins, in particular those of the median fins, creates substantial gaps in the comparative anatomy, homologies, and evolution of these muscles across fishes. The scarcity of data also makes it difficult to interpret results obtained in developmental studies done in model organisms, such as zebrafish. To overcome these gaps, we provide descriptions

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) is an important reproductive health issue defined as the loss of two or more consecutive pregnancies before the 20th week of gestation, affecting 2-5% of couples. This study aimed to evaluate the volume, number of cells, and length of the vessels in the placenta in normal and abortion-prone (AP) pregnant mice on gestational day (gd) 13.5. Fetal and placental tissues

PURPOSE The plantaris muscle is a morphologically variable structure with regard to both its origin and insertion, and the course of the tendon. We here determined the pattern of branching and distribution of intramuscular nerves of the plantaris muscle to determine its usability for autologous transplantation. No information exists on the innervation of the plantaris muscle using Sihler's staining

BACKGROUND Plasma of argon was demonstrated to improve protein and cell adhesion on implant surface. On the other hand, increased surface energy and hydrophilicity could potentially amplify the risks of implant surface contamination during clinical phases, risks that have not yet been evaluated in Literature. The aim of the present in vitro study was to verify if Plasma treatment could alter the implant

INTRODUCTION Growth hormone and prolactin secretion is affected by thyroid hormones. To see if this influence is subsidiary to the hyptothalamus, we investigated the effects of thyroxin (T4) on hormone secretion and histology of sellar pituitaries and pituitary grafts detached from the hypothalamus (autografted or allografted under the kidney capsule). MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided

PURPOSE Most organs of the human body are supplied with a dense network of blood and lymphatic vessels. However, some tissues are either hypovascular or completely devoid of vessels for proper function, such as the ocular tissues sclera and cornea, cartilage and tendons. Since many pathological conditions are affecting the human sclera, this review is focussing on the lymphangiogenic and hemangiogenic

INTRODUCTION AND AIM Daidzein application may represent an effective and less harmful alternative to indicated, classical estrogenization of ageing men. The aim of this study was to perform structural and hormonal analysis of the adrenal cortex, after estradiol or daidzein supplementation in a rat model of the andropause. MATERIAL AND METHODS Middle-aged Wistar rats were divided into sham operated

Acute dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint (AC-joint) often leads to disruption of the "deltotrapezoid fascia", a common aponeurosis of the deltoid and the trapezoid muscles. Various studies demonstrated that its reconstruction is crucial for functional recovery. Textbooks of anatomy, however, fail to mention this prominent structure that is also not listed in the Terminologia Anatomica provided

Developmentally, the uncinate process of the pancreas is derived from the ventral pancreatic anlagen, supplied by the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and contains pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-rich islets of Langerhans. In contrast, the other parts of the pancreas originate from the dorsal anlagen supplied by the celiac system and contain PP-poor islets. This study was performed to investigate whether

Body donation has far-reaching significance for modern medical research and education. However, body donation in China lags far behind the demand. To assess the perception and attitude toward body donation, a survey of 2535 community residents was conducted in Changsha. The result showed that 89.5% of the respondents have heard about body donation through different sources, such as public media, medical

BACKGROUND Most animals and organs have regenerative capabilities. Whether regeneration is a developmental process or a distinct phenomenon that is independent of development is debatable. METHOD We examined the differences between developing and regenerating salivary glands using duct-ligation models. We performed morphological analyses comparing submandibular gland regeneration and development. To

INTRODUCTION The vermian fossa (VF1) is a small midline depression at the inferior end of the internal occipital crest (IOC2) near the foramen magnum. This study aims to accurately define the usual arrangement ("the norm") of the inferior end of the internal occipital crest, to determine the prevalence and dimensions of the VF in Central European population, and to state a possible correlation of the

OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the anatomical, histological, and biomechanical aspects of the Achilles tendon. METHODS A comprehensive search on the relevant aspects of the Achilles tendon was performed through the main electronic databases up to October 2019. Data from relevant articles was gathered, analyzed, and included in this review. RESULTS This review

After the intracranial venous-drainage route is switched from the vena capitis prima (VCP) to the transverse sinus, the cavernous sinus is considered to develop from a connecting part of the VCP with the ophthalmic vein (OPV). Observations of histological sections from 12 embryos and 47 fetuses (6-35 weeks) demonstrated that (1) at six weeks, a major tributary of the VCP ran inferiorly in the plica

Numerous data show that the chemosensory system seems to be modulated by changes in the circulating levels of different molecules such as ghrelin, orexin, leptin, NPY, CCK. The chemosensory system of the zebrafish is represented by the taste buds (skin, oral and oropharyngeal), the olfactory rosette and the solitary chemosensorial cells (SCCs). The purpose of our study was to analyze the distribution

INTRODUCTION There are discrepancies regarding the anatomy of the foot which complicate standardizing foot compartment treatment. We synthesized the existing evidence regarding the compartmental anatomy of the foot MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review was performed evaluating the anatomy of the foot compartments in non-pathologic specimens. The search strategy was performed in MEDLINE, Scopus

BACKGROUND The outcomes of the implementation of augmented reality (AR) in anatomical education have not been reviewed so far. We performed a narrative review of the literature concerning these outcomes. METHODS We searched in the databases PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, ERIC, CINAHL plus and Web of Science for papers with the aim to explore the outcomes of the implementation of AR in anatomical education

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND The most frequently used animal model for human DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) research is the mdx mouse. In both species, characteristic histological changes like inflammation, muscle fiber degeneration and fibrosis are the same, but in contrast to humans, in mdx mice, phases of muscle fiber degeneration are compensated by regeneration processes. AIM Therefore, the interest

BACKGROUND The oral mucosa protects the underlying tissue from mechanical damage as well as from the entry of exogenous particles and microorganisms. Telocytes (TCs) are disputed stromal cells featuring peculiarly long and thin processes with uneven calibre known as telopodes, which play a number of roles within the interstitia. The present study aimed to test the key markers recommended for discriminating

INTRODUCTION Ossification of the pterygospinous and pterygoalar ligaments has been well documented forming pterygospinous and pterygoalar bars. However, the actual ligaments have been rarely shown in the existing literature. Therefore, this study aimed to reveal the anatomy of the pterygoalar ligament/bar and pterygospinous ligament/bar, and its relationship with the branches of the mandibular nerve

BACKGROUND The prevalence of foot pathologies, such as flatfoot deformity and hallux valgus, is higher in women and increases with age. It has been reported that these types of foot disorders may also be linked to excessive mobility of the subtalar joint to the eversion direction during weight bearing. Given that the mobility of the joint is determined by its articular morphology, sex- and age-related

This letter to the editor describes a symposium on The Vienna Protocol and the legacy of the Pernkopf atlas, which took place as part of the annual Neuberger Holocaust Education week, in Toronto, Canada, on 10. November 2019.

BACKGROUND The excellence in the field of stem cell therapy demands alternative and more convenient stem cells for potential applications. Researchers have opted for least invasive and broadly multipotent cells with minimum ethical concerns. Bovine amniotic fluid derived mesenchymal stem cells (BAF-MSCs) due to their ease of collection and owing similar gestational length to that of human could be

BACKGROUND In the postnatal period, some sexual dimorphism is observed from the moment of birth, but it is most pronounced from puberty. The aim of the study based on CT images was to assess possible sexual dimorphism of the maxillary sinus in children aged 0-18. METHODS The retrospective analysis of CT images of the head (assessed as normal by radiologists) of 170 patients aged 0-18 (85 females and

The inferior pharyngeal constrictor (IPC) originates from the thyroid and cricoid cartilages and inserts to the pharyngeal raphe. In serial sagittal sections of 37 embryos and fetuses at 6-15 weeks (crown rump length 15-115mm), we found (1) the IPC connecting to the sternothyroideus and thyrohyoideus muscles (16 fetuses at 6-11 weeks) or (2) the cricothyroideus muscle (6 fetuses at 12-15 weeks) in

BACKGROUND The levator palpebrae superioris muscle (LPS) acts as the upper eyelid's major elevator and retractor and is innervated by the oculomotor nerve. The muscle's paralysis is manifested by ptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS 70 orbits were dissected. After removing the orbital roof, the LPS' shape and anatomical variations (i.e., the presence of accessory muscular bands or atypical formation of the

BACKGROUND The treatment of glioblastomas (GBM) is still a clinical challenge. Current GBM therapeutic plans focus on the development of new strategies for local drug administration in the tumor cavity to realize an efficient long-term treatment with small side-effects. Here, different amounts of residual GBM cells and healthy brain cells define the microenvironment of the tumor cavity after individual

Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of human placenta vessels is clinically essential and requires the use of many different anatomical and histological techniques. One of the interesting methods of visualising vessels is the corrosion technique. It enables spatial visualisation of the vascular network of the analysed organ. The authors present a developed, own method of preparing the corrosive preparations

BACKGROUND Using animal models in experimental medicine requires mapping of their anatomical variability. Porcine common carotid arteries (CCA) are often preferred for the preclinical testing of vascular grafts due to their anatomical and physiological similarity to human small-diameter arteries. Comparing the microscopic structure of animal model organs to their human counterparts reveals the benefits

BACKGROUND Dissection of human anatomic specimens still keeps its importance in medical curriculum. Experiences of medical students in the anatomy laboratory and the time they spent there makes them feel as doctors at the beginning of their education and helps them to get used to the notion of death. Unfortunately, the number of human body donors available for medical research and education as well

BACKGROUND One surgical objective is creating an aesthetically satisfying outcome. The morbidity increases with age. Standard values for areas of the face, which are frequently surgically treated, are needed for the surgeon. METHODS 240 Caucasians aged 21-65 were divided into six subgroups by gender and age. They were scanned by a three-dimensional (3D) scanner. Distances and angles in faces between

Edaravone is a potent free radical scavenger that has a promising role in combating many acute lung injuries. Ischemia/reperfusion process is a serious condition that may lead to multiple organ dysfunctions. This work was designed to investigate novel mechanisms underlying ischemia/reperfusion-induced lung injury and to evaluate the protective role of edaravone. Thirty adult male rats were divided

BACKGROUND To conduct an anatomical study of the fibular collateral ligament (FCL), popliteus tendon (PT), biceps femoris tendon (BT) and popliteofibular ligament (PFL) of the knee joint posterolateral complex (PLC) at the femoral and fibular tendon-bone junctions based on the Chinese Visible Human (CVH) and American Visual Human Project (VHP) datasets and to determine their morphology, contact area

BACKGROUND Rodents are born with morphological immature lungs and an intact surfactant system. CD26/DPP4 is a multifactorial transmembrane integral type II protein, which is involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes and is already expressed during development. CD26/DPP4, called CD26 in the following, is able to enhance or dampen differently triggered inflammation. LPS exposure often

PURPOSE To examine the positional relationship between the medial canthal tendon (MCT) and the common canalicular orifice (CCO) in cadavers. METHODS This experimental anatomical study was conducted using 75 orbits from 48 embalmed Japanese cadavers fixed in 10% buffered formalin (24 orbits from 17 males and 51 orbits from 31 females; 38 right and 37 left; mean age at time of death, 84.1±9.2 years)