Background The meaning of senescence for tissue physiological and pathological conditions is poorly known. Based on initial reports especially proteins and mechanisms that regulate this process are necessary to be determinate. Methods The main aim of the study was to investigate the presence of senescent cells in canine testicular tissue (mixed breed testes; n = 60) in relation to adiponectin signaling

Background The subscapularis muscle originates from the medial two-thirds and from the lower two-thirds of the groove on the subscapular fossa of the scapula and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus. Our initial hypothesis is that it shows little morphological variation. The aim of this study is to demonstrate and classify the morphological variability of the subscapularis muscle. Methods

The journey of life, from primordial protoplasm to a complex vertebrate form, is a tale of survival against incessant alterations in climate, surface topography, food chain, and chemistry of the external environment. Kidneys present with an ensemble embodiment of the adaptations devised by diverse life-forms to cope with such challenges and maintain a chemical equilibrium of water and solutes, both

Aim of the present study was to identify the nerve structures of meibomian glands in humans, rats and mice into sympathetic, parasympathetic and sensory parts as well as their topographical relation with regard to the gland architecture. The upper and lower eyelids of humans, rats and mice were examined by means of immunohistochemistry and indirect immunofluorescence. Specimen were investigated with

Anencephaly is the most severe form of a neural tube defect resulting from the incomplete occlusion of the anterior neuropore in the fourth week of development and associated with a severely underdeveloped brain mass. As desmal ossification of the neurocranium is induced by the presence of soft tissues (brain), no bone develops as direct consequence of the missing brain. The cranial base, by contrast

COVID-19 is an infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, initially identified in the city of Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Since then, the virus has spread to the continents, causing a major pandemic. The impacts of this pandemic on the education of human anatomy interfere in at least two aspects: (1) receiving and managing anatomical specimens in anatomy laboratories and (2) adaptations for classes

Human anatomy is a core subject that students of all health degrees are required to pass. Practical classes with human cadavers are a widely used educational resource in medicine, but are less frequent in other health degrees. Determining how first-year podiatry, nursing, and physiotherapy students cope with human anatomy practical classes and identifying the presence of physical reactions and possible

Animal studies are essential to biomedical research and the cornerstone is a reproducible animal model. While there are many reports on rodent peripheral nerve injury models, a large animal model is essential to confirm the effects of nerve regeneration over the longer distances of regeneration required in humans. Swine have long been used as a large animal model for other surgical and biomedical studies

Introduction The value of learning anatomy through cadaveric dissection is widely acclaimed; however, the demand for cadavers exceeds supply. For the number of donors to increase, there needs to be a broader understanding of what influences an individual’s perception towards whole-body donation. The hypotheses were that individuals with a biomedical background or with higher levels of education would

MALP-2, a synthetic lipopeptide is a Toll-like receptor 4 and -6 ligand and agonist. MALP-2 stimulates immune cells at different sites. Local stimulation in the lungs has beneficial effects in experimental pneumococci infection. The presented study investigated local effects of MALP-2 in the mycobacterial infection of lungs. MALP-2 was applied prior, simultaneously or after the pulmonary infection

Background The effects of HP-based products upon dental enamel are inconclusive. Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the colour and mineral changes caused by the bleaching agent applications at different durations on the enamel surface. Basic Procedures 60 caries-free lower central incisor extracted for periodontal reasons were standardized for enamel and dentin thickness after cone-beam

Background Obesity is a major public health problem with an increasing prevalence reaching pandemic levels. The incidence and mortality for colorectal cancer is augmented in overweight and obese individuals. Previous studies demonstrated an impaired number, phenotype and functionality of natural killer (NK) cells under obese conditions. So far, the influence of obesity on NK cells in colorectal cancer

The new Italian Law no. 10 of 2020, titled ‘Rules relating to the directives of one’s body and tissues post-mortem for study, training, and scientific research purposes’ (10 February, 2020), has opened the doors to a new and clearer regimentation on body donation to science, according to the procedure already introduced by Law no. 219/2017 on the ‘Rules relating to informed consent and advance directives

Early development of veins and sinuses at and around the posterior cranial fossa seemed not to be shown by photographs except for our recent study (Ann Anat, 2020). Examination of histological sections of 38 fetuses at 10 to 16 weeks gestational age (GA) demonstrated that: 1) the superior petrosal sinus passed posterosuperiorly through the tentorium cerebelli and, distant and lateral to both the cerebellum

Background Evaluating segmental variations in the lumbar plexus is crucial for neurological diagnosis. In the present study, we examined the relationship between the segmental composition of the lumbar plexus and length of the 12th rib. Procedures To evaluate segmental variations in the lumbar plexus, the furcal nerve (Nf) which forms the boundary between the lumbar and sacral plexus, was used as an

The research aims were to find out further intraosseous mandible organization indications and to structure it systematically. Material and methods : in our research 400 mandibles were used: for the intraosseous examinations in total 300 mandibles of persons aged 20–65 were used. For all corpses cephalic index was measured. Segmentation of the mandibles were made by Jigley saw between medial root of

Purpose It is necessary to correlate cancellous bone patterns with cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images, but this has not been done to date. The goal of this study was to establish how the superior wall of the mandibular canal (MC) on CBCT images correlates with the cancellous bone around the MC on gross anatomical findings. Methods Twenty sides from 10 dry mandibles derived from six females

Introduction The soleus muscle (SM) is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg, together with the gastrocnemius muscle (GM) and plantaris muscle. There is little information on the morphological variability (pennation) of the SM. The aim of the study is to characterize the variations in the morphology of the pennation of the SM and to create the first accurate classification. Material

Objectives The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug etoricoxib is the most highly selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-2 available (344:1) and has been approved for postoperative pain therapy following dental interventions in Europe. At clinically relevant doses it has been reported to only have marginal effects on the velocity of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Its effects on associated dental

Background The Chievitz's organ or juxta-oral organ is a mysterious bilateral structure, phylogenetically preserved, which develops from the mouth epithelium as an invagination that loses connection to it in the prenatal period. It is located laterally to the walls of the oral cavity in an imprecise anatomical location and receives abundant innervation from the buccal nerve. Structurally it consists

Background Lung alveolarization, the development of the alveoli, is disturbed in preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), the most common complication of preterm birth. Animal models based on oxygen toxicity to the developing mouse lung are used to understand the mechanisms of stunted alveolarization in BPD, and to develop new medical management strategies for affected infants. The toxicity

Background The concept of bone tissue engineering has emerged as a novel alternative approach that comprises three essential components: osteogenic cells, osteoinductive signals and osteoconductive scaffolds. The low-speed drilling represents a useful and accessible autologous source for human alveolar bone-derived cells (hABCs). The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of two donor sites

Introduction Cartilage repair usually involves in non-vascularized osteochondral or chondral grafts with some drawbacks potentially linked to the lack of vascular supply in those grafts. The aim of this study was to describe a surgical approach for harvesting a vascularized chondrocostal graft, to study the vascular supply to the perichondrium and finally to describe the perichondrium micro-vascularization

Introduction Previous studies of the mandibular canal (MC) have raised questions about the structure of its superior wall that have not been answered. The goal of this anatomical and radiological study was to investigate how CBCT imaging could predict the structure of the superior wall of the MC. Methods Twenty sides from ten dry mandibles derived from six females and four males were used for this

It is a much desirable skill among physicians that clinical practice should be guided by ethical norms. The dissection room experience provides an opportunity for nurturing the principles of ethical practice among medical students early in the curriculum. When the exercise of human dissection is followed within the boundaries of ethics it effectively props an ideal example for the young minds to emulate

Background The infra-patellar fat pad (IPFP) represents a potential mediator between obesity, low grade inflammation, and knee osteoarthritis via endocrine pathways. Yet, not only in adults, but also in childhood obesity negatively impacts knee structures. Objective The current study therefore investigated the sex-specific growth of the IPFP with age and body weight in healthy children and adolescents

The chorda tympani (CT) is important in gustatory sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue and in secretomotor innervation to the submandibular and sublingual glands. Although the blood supply to the CT is not well delineated in the literature, some studies have shown that a posterior tympanic branch of the stylomastoid artery supplies CT at its origin from the mastoid segment of the facial

Background Hot flashes (HF) caused by low estrogen in menopause result from changes in thermoregulatory processes in the hypothalamic preoptic area (POA). In the POA, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) participates in heat dissipation processes. Studies suggest that TRPV1 expression may be regulated by norepinephrine (NE)-activated α2-adrenergic receptors (α2-ADR) in the dorsal root ganglia

Introduction An increasing number of studies have shed light on the role of cardiac mast cells in the pathogenesis of hypertension-induced myocardial remodeling. Mast cells promote fibroblast activation, myofibroblast differentiation and subsequent collagen accumulation through the action of tryptase, chymase, histamine and fibroblast growth factor-2. The aim of the present study was to report on the

Background The lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) branches encountered during anterior and lateral hip approaches; although vessels’ haemostasis is suggested in surgical textbooks, literature is scarce regarding their topography. The current study defines the exact location of the LCFA and its branches, based on osseous landmarks, as well as their size and possible variants, providing helpful

Objectives The aim of this paper is to assess linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) on canines of adults from early modern Wroclaw cemeteries to compare δ13C and δ18O values in enamel formed before, during and after LEH formation, and to attempt to find a link between the selected indicators of the weaning process. Material and methods 15 permanent canines with visible LEH were selected for analysis. Age

Phoenixin (PNX) is a newly described peptide found in both neural and non-neural tissues. Until now, no attempts have been made to investigate the expression of PNX in the nervous system of animals other than laboratory rodents, in which an enzyme immunoassay revealed the highest quantity of the substance in the spinal cord. Since the domestic pig, due to its anatomical and histological resemblance

Background Visualizing the lymphatic system and recording the spatial relations between the subclavian lymphatic trunk (SLT) and the surrounding anatomical structures will improve radiotherapy treatment planning for breast cancer patients with lymphatic involvement. An experimental approach to retrogradely fill the SLT with contrast agent was explored. Methods Six Thiel embalmed specimens were bilaterally

Purpose Today, ultrasound-guided peripheral endovascular interventions have the potential to be an alternative to conventional interventions that are still X-ray and contrast agent based. For the further development of this approach, a research environment is needed that represents the individual patient-specific endovascular properties as realistically as possible. Aim of the project was the construction

Purpose Fractures of the calcaneus are reported most commonly in the tarsal region. Their incidence is highest among active people in productive age. As such, optimal treatment can have vast implications for patients. The study aimed to compare calcaneal proportions of the Czech population in the last centuries to present day, for a precise choice and positioning of the osteosynthetic material, and

Introduction Peptic ulcers account for 50% of upper gastrointestinal bleeding incidents. Bleedings from large vessels, such as the gastroduodenal artery, are associated with increased mortality. Ulcers located on the posterior wall of the duodenum show the highest risk for erosion of the gastroduodenal artery. Endoscopic management is challenging and rebleeding rates are high due to internal and external

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology of the six different parts of the interosseous membrane (IOM) in 11 human cadaver forearms, including the distal oblique bundle (DOB), the distal accessory band (DAB), the central band (CB), the proximal accessory band (PAB), the dorsal oblique accessory cord (DOAC), and the proximal oblique cord (POC). Hematoxylin–eosin and Elastica van Gieson stained

Background Pulleys are crucial to convert flexor tendon excursion into angular motion at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. Loss of pulley function can lead to significant impairment of hand function and may require surgical reconstruction. This reconstruction can be achieved using different flexor tendons grafts, such as the intrasynovial flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) or the

Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are cation channels with ubiquitous expression. Various TRP channels are functionally active at the ocular surface and are involved in tear secretion and multiple inflammatory processes. So far, the impact of TRP channels regarding the development of the lacrimal gland (LG) is unclear. While investigating TRP channels in the LG, the TRPM3 channel presented

The temporal bone has the most sophisticated anatomy of the whole skeleton. Its study is a challenge for students and surgeons. An inverse model of the visually obscured cavities and canals can facilitate better three-dimensional orientation and investigation. This can be made by means of corrosion casting, which is an established technique first documented on the temporal bone at the beginning of

Introduction Pain of the lower back is a frequent symptom and is treated by different health professions. Anatomical as well as clinical knowledge is utmost important for all professions involved in this field. Here, we present a model that brings together an interprofessional team of experts to teach functional and clinical anatomy of the lower spine and hip area to medical and physical therapy students

PURPOSE To identify the body surface position and depth of the center of the intramuscular nerves dense region (CINDR) of the medial femoral muscles. METHODS Utilizing twelve Chinese adult cadavers (six men and six women), with an age range from 35 to 75 (66.5±5.4) years, the body surface curves between the greater trochanter of the femur and the pubic tubercle and lateral femoral epicondyle were designated

PURPOSE To review the scientific evidence regarding the marginal bone loss around the tissue-level and bone-level implants. METHODS MEDLINE-PubMed and EMBASE databases were searched for the relevant English articles (up to February 2019) assessing the marginal bone loss (MBL) as the primary outcome. To be selected, studies were supposed to directly mention "tissue-level" and "bone-level" implants or

Background Modern surgeries have advanced toward personalized minimal-invasive treatments with a high rate of clinical healing that facilitates the regeneration of tissues. One of the leading approaches to deliver endogenous plasma- and platelet-derived growth factors is the plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF). This narrative review determines the effects of using PRGF in different oral surgical procedures

Background Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the innate and adaptive immune system. They are the mammalian orthologs of Drosophila melanogaster protein Toll, which has been proved to have an early morphogenetic role in invertebrate embryogenesis that in the adult switches to an immune function. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of TLR4 and TLR7 during dorsal

OBJECTIVE Biomaterial can be locally applied to promote the osseointegration of dental implants. This study aimed to fabricate an osteogenic inducer (OI) sustained-release system and to evaluate its effects on the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblasts on titanium surfaces. METHODS First of all, different contents of OI solution were added to the poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)

OBJECTIVES To explore whether placement of a soft cortical membrane can restore and regenerate the original alveolar ridge contour in deficient sockets. MATERIALS AND METHODS One Beagle dog was used in this proof-of-principle evaluation. In a first intervention, a standardized buccal dehiscence defect was artificially created at the distal roots of the 3rd and 4th mandibular premolars. Four weeks later

GOAL The location and anatomical relationships of the superior oblique muscle make surgical intervention difficult. The aim of the present paper was therefore to supplement existing anatomical descriptions of this muscle. Its anatomical variability is particularly emphasized, including variations in muscle and tendon size and details of the innervation pattern. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted

INTRODUCTION The formative years in academia are difficult for early career academics as they transition into their new roles in teaching and research. Ubiquitous changes in health sciences education have compounded this transition for early career anatomists (ECA), who must balance curriculum transformations, research imperatives and administrative responsibilities as they navigate their transition

INTRODUCTION Numerous variations are characteristic for hand anatomy. Although a lot of work has been done in the field, a detailed description of the branches of the radial artery is still missing. The aim of this study is to determine the incidence and diameter of the accessory artery, which can be found running on the dorsal surface of the interosseus dorsalis primus muscle, to deliver the detailed

PURPOSE Endovascular interventions have become standard procedures for the therapy of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Therefore, endovascular surgeons need special skills which have to be learned and trained. Additionally, authentic simulators are needed for further development of new endovascular devices and procedures. The aim of this project was to develop an authentic and modular endovascular simulation

Mini dental implants (MDI) have proven to be a good alternative of the conventional implants to support lower overdentures in elderly edentulous patients with narrow residual ridge. The aim of the present study was to define drilling protocols for each diameter of the MDI in each bone quality. The number and the diameter of the drilling bur and the drilling depth was investigated. A total of 48 MDIs

BACKGROUND The classical anatomical representation of the lingual relief of the mental region of the mandible reflects the presence of geniohyoid as well as genioglossus attachment areas, which are divided into two or single areas. The International Anatomical Terminology (contains references to the presence of upper and lower spinae mentales, but the terminology does not reflect the content of these

PURPOSE The endocannabionoid signaling system has been demonstrated to be present in the skeleton, with involvement in the regulation of skeletal homeostasis. However, investigations substantiating these findings in cranial and alveolar bones are missing to date. The aim of our study was to investigate a potential impact of the endocannabinoid system on cranial and alveolar bone structures and phenotypes