ABSTRACT Schistosomiasis is characterized by liver fibrosis, and studies have indicated that Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) eggs can limit the progression of liver fibrosis. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms are yet unclear. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain a selection of miRNAs for long-distance exchange of information and act as an important pathway for host-parasite communication

ABSTRACT The transfer of microRNAs (miRs) via extracellular vesicles (EVs) is a functionally relevant mechanism of intercellular communication that regulates both organ homoeostasis and disease development. Little is known about the packaging of miRs into EVs. Previous studies have shown that certain miRs are exported by RNA-binding proteins into small EVs, while for other miRs and for large EVs, in

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes by shuttling material out of and between cells. Tissue EVs may thus lend insights into disease mechanisms and also betray disease when released into easily accessed biological fluids. Since brain-derived EVs (bdEVs) and their cargo may serve as biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases, we

(2020). Stumbling on elusive cargo: how isomiRs challenge microRNA detection and quantification, the case of extracellular vesicles. Journal of Extracellular Vesicles: Vol. 9, No. 1, 1784617.

ABSTRACT Exosomes are 30 to 100 nm extracellular vesicles that are secreted by many cell types. Initially viewed as cellular garbage with no biological functions, exosomes are now recognized for their therapeutic potential and used in regenerative medicine. Cell-derived exosomes are released into almost all biological fluids, making them abundant and accessible vesicles for a variety of diseases. These

ABSTRACT The prevalence of arterial stiffness and hypertension increases with age. This study investigates the effect of induced pluripotent mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) on ageing-associated arterial stiffness and hypertension. EVs were collected and purified from induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (iPS-MSCs). Young and old male C57BL/6 mice were

ABSTRACT Exosomes (Exo)-based therapy holds promise for treatment of lethal pancreatic cancer (PC). Limited understanding of key factors affecting Exo uptake in PC cells restricts better design of Exo-based therapy. This work aims to study the uptake properties of different Exo by PC cells. Exo from pancreatic carcinoma, melanoma and non-cancer cell lines were isolated and characterised for yield,

ABSTRACT T-cell receptor stimulation induces the convergence of multivesicular bodies towards the microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) and the polarization of the MTOC to the immune synapse (IS). These events lead to exosome secretion at the IS. We describe here that upon IS formation centrosomal area F-actin decreased concomitantly with MTOC polarization to the IS. PKCδ-interfered T cell clones showed

ABSTRACT The vascular endothelium and smooth muscle form adjacent cellular layers that comprise part of the vascular wall. Each cell type can regulate the other’s structure and function through a variety of paracrine effectors. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from and transit between cells constituting a novel means of cell–cell communication. Here, we characterized the proteome of EVs released

ABSTRACT Articular cartilage has limited self-regenerative capacity and the therapeutic methods for cartilage defects are still dissatisfactory in clinic. Recent studies showed that exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells promoted chondrogenesis by delivering bioactive substances to the recipient cells, indicating exosomes might be a novel method for repairing cartilage defect. Herein, we investigated

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed particles that play an important role in cancer progression and have emerged as a promising source of circulating biomarkers. Protein S-acylation, frequently called palmitoylation, has been proposed as a post-translational mechanism that modulates the dynamics of EV biogenesis and protein cargo sorting. However, technical challenges have limited

ABSTRACT Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, with the strongest disease-associated changes observed at clinical or end-stage disease. Transcriptomic deregulation of miRNA expression can spread via “horizontal” RNA transfer through extracellular vesicles (EVs) to act in conjunction with proteins, leading to changes in mRNA, which can provide early signals to indicate forthcoming

ABSTRACT Bone marrow (BM) is the major target organ for neuroblastoma (NB) metastasis and its involvement is associated with poor outcome. Yet, the mechanism by which NB cells invade BM is largely unknown. Tumour microenvironment represents a key element in tumour progression and mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been recognized as a fundamental part of the associated tumour stroma. Here, we show

ABSTRACT Evidence has been accumulating to indicate that extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, released by cancer cells can foster tumour progression. The molecular chaperones – CDC37, HSP90α and HSP90β play key roles in cancer progression including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), although their contribution to EVs-mediated cell–cell communication in tumour microenvironment has

ABSTRACT Major efforts are made to characterize the presence of microRNA (miRNA) and messenger RNA in blood plasma to discover novel disease-associated biomarkers. MiRNAs in plasma are associated to several types of macromolecular structures, including extracellular vesicles (EV), lipoprotein particles (LPP) and ribonucleoprotein particles (RNP). RNAs in these complexes are recovered at variable efficiency

ABSTRACT The ability of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) to reprogram cancer cells is well established. However, the specific sEV components able to mediate aberrant effects in cancer cells have not been characterized. Integrins are major players in mediating sEV functions. We have previously reported that the αVβ3 integrin is detected in sEVs of prostate cancer (PrCa) cells and transferred into

ABSTRACT Prostate cancer (PrCa) cells crosstalk with the tumour microenvironment by releasing small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). sEVs, as well as large extracellular vesicles (LEVs), isolated via iodixanol density gradients from PrCa cell culture media, express the epithelial-specific αvβ6 integrin, which is known to be induced in cancer. In this study, we show sEV-mediated protein transfer of αvβ6

ABSTRACT Exosomes are nanovesicles released by all cells that can be found in the blood. A key point for their use as potential biomarkers in cancer is to differentiate tumour-derived exosomes from other circulating nanovesicles. Heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) has been shown to be abundantly expressed by cancer cells and to be associated with bad prognosis. We previously showed that exosomes derived

ABSTRACT Indoor pollutants are important problems to public health. Among indoor pollutants, indoor dust contains extracellular vesicles (EVs), which are associated with pulmonary inflammation. However, it has not been reported whether indoor dust EVs affect the cancer lung metastasis. In this study, we isolated indoor dust EVs and investigated their roles in cancer lung metastasis. Upon intranasal

Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of several conditions including eye diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Stromal cells play a crucial role in regulating angiogenesis through the release of soluble factors or direct contact with endothelial cells. Here, we analysed the properties of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and explored

ABSTRACT Pathological angiogenesis is a hallmark of several conditions including eye diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Stromal cells play a crucial role in regulating angiogenesis through the release of soluble factors or direct contact with endothelial cells. Here, we analysed the properties of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) and

Helminths like Schistosoma mansoni release excretory/secretory (E/S) products that modulate host immunity to enable infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are among these E/S products, yet molecular mechanisms and functionality of S. mansoni EV interaction with host immune cells is unknown. Here we demonstrate that EVs released by S. mansoni schistosomula are internalised by human monocyte-derived

ABSTRACT Helminths like Schistosoma mansoni release excretory/secretory (E/S) products that modulate host immunity to enable infection. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are among these E/S products, yet molecular mechanisms and functionality of S. mansoni EV interaction with host immune cells is unknown. Here we demonstrate that EVs released by S. mansoni schistosomula are internalised by human monocyte-derived

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized vesicles surrounded by a lipid bilayer and released into the extracellular milieu by most of cells. Although various EV isolation methods have been established, most of the current methods isolate EVs with contaminated non-vesicular proteins. By applying the label-free quantitative proteomic analyses of human colon cancer cell SW480-derived EVs,

ABSTRACT Retinal degeneration (RD) is one of the most common causes of visual impairment and blindness and is characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) is a promising treatment for RD, although the mechanisms underlying the efficacy remain unclear. Accumulated evidence supports the notion that paracrine effects of transplanted

Retinal degeneration (RD) is one of the most common causes of visual impairment and blindness and is characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors. Transplantation of neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs) is a promising treatment for RD, although the mechanisms underlying the efficacy remain unclear. Accumulated evidence supports the notion that paracrine effects of transplanted stem cells

Both exosomes and soluble factors have been implicated in the generation of an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. Determining the contribution of each requires stringent control of purity of the isolated analytes. The present study compares several conventional exosome isolation methods for the presence of co-enriched soluble factors while isolating exosomes from human melanoma-derived cell

This study sought to measure medium-sized extracellular vesicles (mEVs) in plasma, when patients have low Plasmodium falciparum early in infection. We aimed to define the relationship between plasma mEVs and: (i) parasitaemia, (ii) period from onset of malaria symptoms until seeking medical care (patient delay, PD), (iii) age and (iv) gender. In this cross-sectional study, n = 434 patients were analysed

Despite the efficacy of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) replication, cytotoxic viral proteins such as HIV-1 transactivator of transcription (Tat) persist in tissues such as the brain. Although HIV-1 does not infect neuronal cells, it is susceptible to viral Tat protein-mediated toxicity, leading to neuroinflammation that underlies HIV-associated

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from cancer are delivered both proximal and distal organs. EVs are highly glycosylated at the surface where EVs interact with cells and therefore has an impact on their properties and biological functions. Aberrant glycosylation in cancer is associated with cancer progression and metastasis. However, the biological function of glycosylation on the surface of EV is uncovered

In addition to Circulating Tumour Cells (CTCs), cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), the notion of "Tumour-Educated Platelets" (TEP) has recently emerged as a potential source of tumour-derived biomarkers accessible through blood liquid biopsies. Here we sought to confirm the suitability of the platelet blood fraction for biomarker detection in comparison to their corresponding EV

It is now becoming well established that vesicles are released from a broad range of cell types and are involved in cell-to-cell communication, both in physiological and pathological conditions. Once outside the cell, these vesicles are termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). The cellular origin (cell type), subcellular origin (through the endosomal pathway or pinched from the cell membrane) and content

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have numerous potential applications in the field of healthcare and diagnostics, and research into their biological functions is rapidly increasing. Mainly because of their small size and heterogeneity, there are significant challenges associated with their analysis and despite overt evidence of the potential of EVs in clinical diagnostic practice, guidelines for analytical

Tumour metastasis suppressor KAI1/CD82 inhibits tumour cell movement. As a transmembrane protein, tetraspanin CD82 bridges the interactions between membrane microdomains of lipid rafts and tetraspanin-enriched microdomains (TEMs). In this study, we found that CD82 and other tetraspanins contain cholesterol recognition/interaction amino-acid consensus (CRAC) sequences in their transmembrane domains

ABSTRACT Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are important mediators of cell–cell communication with respect to diverse physiological processes. To further understand their physiological roles, understanding blood sEV homoeostasis in a quantitative manner is desired. In this study, we propose novel kinetic approaches to estimate the secretion and clearance of mouse plasma–derived sEVs (MP-sEVs) based

Tumour cells release diverse populations of extracellular vesicles (EVs) ranging in size, molecular cargo, and function. We sought to characterize mRNA and protein content of EV subpopulations released by human glioblastoma (GBM) cells expressing a mutant form of epidermal growth factor receptor (U87EGFRvIII) in vitro and in vivo with respect to size, morphology and the presence of tumour cargo. The

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have sparked tremendous interest owing to their prominent potential in diagnostics and therapeutics. Isolation of EVs from complex biological fluids with high purity is essential to the accurate analysis of EV cargo. Unfortunately, generally used isolation techniques do not offer good separation of EVs from non-EV contaminants. Hence, it is important to have a standardized

Proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays crucial roles in vascular remodelling and stiffening in hypertension. Vascular adventitial fibroblasts are a key regulator of vascular wall function and structure. This study is designed to investigate the roles of adventitial fibroblasts-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) in VSMC proliferation and vascular remodelling in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto

Mast cells (MCs) are known to participate in a variety of patho-physiological processes depending largely on the intragranular mediators and the production of cytokines and chemokines during degranulation. Recently, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been implicated important functions for MCs, but the components of MC-derived EVs have not yet been well-characterized. In this study, we aimed to identify

Production of extracellular vesicles (EVs) involved in intercellular communication is a common capacity of most cell types. Upon encountering opsonized microorganisms, neutrophilic granulocytes release EVs that compromise bacterial growth. We carried out a systematic investigation of the involvement of potential opsonin receptors in EV-generation from human and murine neutrophils. Applying flow cytometric

Consumer interest in cosmetic industry products that produce whitening effects has increased demand for agents that decrease melanin production. Many such anti-melanogenic agents are associated with side effects, such as contact dermatitis and high toxicity, and also exhibit poor skin penetration. Considerable recent research has focused on plant-derived products as alternatives to chemotherapeutic

Astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS) provide supportive neural functions and mediate inflammatory responses from microglia. Increasing evidence supports their critical roles in regulating brain homoeostasis in response to pro-inflammatory factors such as cytokines and pathogen/damage-associated molecular pattern molecules in infectious and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying

ABSTRACT Excessive and persistent inflammation after injury lead to chronic wounds, increased tissue damage or even aggressive carcinogenic transformation. Effective wound repair could be achieved by inhibiting overactive immune cells to the injured site. In this study, we obtained high concentration of PD-L1 in exosomes from either genetically engineered cells overexpressing PD-L1 or IFN-γ stimulated

Microvesicles (MVs), a plasma membrane-derived subclass of extracellular vesicles, are produced and released into the circulation during systemic inflammation, yet little is known of cell/tissue-specific uptake of MVs under these conditions. We hypothesized that monocytes contribute to uptake of circulating MVs and that their increased margination to the pulmonary circulation and functional priming

In the era of immunotherapies there is an urgent need to implement the use of circulating biomarkers in clinical practice to facilitate personalized therapy and to predict treatment response. We conducted a prospective study to evaluate the usefulness of circulating exosomal-PD-L1 in melanoma patients' follow-up. We studied the dynamics of exosomal-PD-L1 from 100 melanoma patients by using an enzyme-linked

Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a classic nonenveloped virus, has recently been found to be released mainly in the form of quasi-enveloped HAV (eHAV) by hijacking host endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) complexes. Unlike the nonenveloped virion, eHAV contains the viral protein pX on the surface of the HAV capsid as an extension of VP1. How HAV capsids acquire the host envelope and

Rapid identification of patients suffering from cerebral ischaemia, while excluding intracerebral haemorrhage, can assist with patient triage and expand patient access to chemical and mechanical revascularization. We sought to identify blood-based, extracellular microRNAs 15 (ex-miRNAs) derived from extracellular vesicles associated with major stroke subtypes using clinical samples from subjects with

Exosomes play a critical role in intercellular communication since they contain signalling molecules and genetic materials. During tumorigenesis, tumour-derived exosomes have been demonstrated to promote tumour angiogenesis and metastasis. However, how the exosomes facilitate tumour metastasis is not clear. Here we explored the effect of HeLa cell-derived exosomes (ExoHeLa) on endothelial tight junctions

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are recently reported to play a more critical role in allergic diseases. We previously identified that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) elicited therapeutic effects on allergic airway inflammation. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) derived from MSCs possess striking advantages including low immunogenicity and high biosafety, and is extremely promising cell-free

ABSTRACT The majority of extracellular vesicle (EV) studies conducted to date have been performed on cell lines with little knowledge on how well these represent the characteristics of EVs in vivo. The aim of this study was to establish a method to isolate and categorize subpopulations of EVs isolated directly from tumour tissue. First we established an isolation protocol for subpopulations of EVs

ABSTRACT Combining proteomics and systems biology approaches, we demonstrate that neonatal microglial cells derived from two different CNS locations, cortex and spinal cord, and cultured in vitro displayed different phenotypes upon different physiological or pathological conditions. These cells also exhibited greater variability in terms of cellular and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) protein content

ABSTRACT The role of epigenetics in endothelial cell senescence is a cutting-edge topic in ageing research. However, little is known of the relative contribution to pro-senescence signal propagation provided by microRNAs shuttled by extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from senescent cells. Analysis of microRNA and DNA methylation profiles in non-senescent (control) and senescent (SEN) human umbilical

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present in blood originate from cells of different origins such as red blood cells (RBCs), platelets and leukocytes. In patients with cancer, a small portion of EVs originate from tumour cells and their load is associated with poor clinical outcome. Identification of these tumour-derived extracellular vesicles (tdEVs) is difficult as they are outnumbered by EVs

ABSTRACT Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is associated with a high risk of cardiovascular events and death and is postulated to be a critical socioeconomic cost in the future. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as potential candidates for new biomarker discovery related to their protein and nucleic acid cargo. In search of new prognostic and therapeutic targets in PAD, we determined the prothrombotic

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles that serve as important intercellular signalling intermediaries in both malignant and non-malignant cells. For EVs formed by the plasma membrane, their biogenesis is characterized by an increase in intracellular calcium followed by successive membrane and cytoskeletal changes. EV-production is significantly higher in malignant cells

ABSTRACT Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative disease of articular cartilage that is the most common joint disease worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been the most extensively explored for the treatment of OA. Recently, it has been demonstrated that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) may contribute to the potential mechanisms of MSC-based therapies. In this study, we investigated

ABSTRACT Extracellular vesicles (EV) are increasingly being recognized as important vehicles of intercellular communication and promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in cancer. Despite this enormous clinical potential, the plethora of methods to separate EV from biofluids, providing material of highly variable purity, and lacking knowledge regarding methodological repeatability pose a barrier

Identification of extracellular vesicle (EV) subpopulations remains an open challenge. To date, the common strategy is based on searching and probing set of molecular components and physical properties intended to be univocally characteristics of the target subpopulation. Pitfalls include the risk to opt for an unsuitable marker set - which may either not represent the subpopulation or also cover other

The aim of this study was to investigate cell source-dependent nucleic acids repertoire of diverse subpopulations of plasma extracellular vesicles (EVs). Blood plasma from nine healthy volunteers was used for the analysis. Samples of EVs were obtained by differential centrifugation of plasma. The application of high-sensitivity fluorescence-activated vesicles sorting (hs-FAVS) using fluorophore-conjugated

Early dissemination is a unique characteristic and a detrimental process of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); however, the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we investigate the role of dual-specificity phosphatase-2 (DUSP2)-vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C) axis in mediating PDAC lymphangiogenesis and lymphovascular invasion. Expression of DUSP2 is greatly suppressed