(2020). Statement of retraction: Interferon-α2b (IFN-α2b)-induced apoptosis is mediated by p38 MAPK in hepatocytes from rat preneoplastic liver via activation of NADPH oxidase. Growth Factors. Ahead of Print.

During the period of lactation, there is extensive growth and development of the mammary gland in order to fulfil the increased demands of milk for the growing infant. Angiogenesis plays a key role in alveolar development and facilitates optimal milk production. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the key growth factors regulating angiogenesis in mammary gland. Apart from VEGF, neurotrophins

FGF2 is a potent stimulator of vascular growth; however, even with a deficiency of FGF2 (Fgf2-/-), developmental vessel growth or ischaemia-induced revascularization still transpires. It remains to be elucidated as to what function, if any, FGF2 has during ischaemic injury. Wildtype (WT) or Fgf2-/- mice were subjected to hindlimb ischaemia for up to 42 days. Limb function, vascular growth, inflammatory-

Cyclosporine-A (CsA) is a widely used immunosuppressant. In this study, we explore the pathway through which CsA suppressed the Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (P.g-LPS)-induced increase in matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activities in co-cultured human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) and THP-1 monocytes. In the co-culture, we found that CsA inhibited the expression of cyclophilin A (CyPA),

Trophic factors are naturally produced by different tissues that participate in several functions such as the intercellular communication, in the development, stability, differentiation and regeneration at the cellular level. Specifically, in the case of spinal injuries, these factors can stimulate neuronal recovery. They are applied both in experimental models and in clinical trials in patients. The

This study aimed to characterize the effect of different running modes on serum irisin concentrations in rats. A total of 18, 10-week-old rats were divided into three groups; control group, 16° uphill running group (concentric exercise; CON) and, −16° downhill running group (eccentric exercise; ECC). The running group’s rats ran on the inclined treadmill at 16 m/min, for a total of 90 min. Blood was

We aimed to compare the concentrations of serum cytokines in patients undergoing coronary angiography and finding their possible associations with metabolic syndrome. Twelve serum cytokines and growth factors (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, MCP-1, IFN-γ, EGF, and VEGF) were measured by sandwich chemiluminescence assays, on the Evidence Investigator® system. There were significant

Mitochondria uncoupling protein2 (UCP2) expressed ubiquitously is a key molecule of energy metabolism. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is a hormone, a target molecule of growth hormone (GH) signal pathway, which is also known as the drug “mecasermin” for clinical usages. IGF-1 is seemed to be closely related to metabolic diseases, such as adult GH deficiency. However, there has not been reports

Our study aimed to investigate the effects of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on impaired glucose homeostasis, disrupted islet insulin secretion, and pancreatic oxidative status in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats. A total of 64 Sprague-Dawley male were randomized to four groups including controls, diabetes, control-PRP, and diabetes-PRP. The rats received the PRP (0.5 ml/kg, SC injection) twice weekly

The discovery of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) revealed the connection between EGF-like ligands, signaling from the EGFR family members and cancer. Over the next fifty years, analysis of EGFR expression and mutation led to the use of monoclonal antibodies to target EGFR in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) and this treatment has improved outcomes for patients

Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a novel cytokine secreted by a variety of cells like macrophages, adipocytes, normally expressed in high amounts by placenta. It is also highly expressed in multiple carcinomas like Colon, Breast, Pancreas, Liver, and Ovarian. Several reports on serum GDF-15 as a potential biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of cancer are hampered by the lack of robust

The in-vitro development of primordial follicles is critical for improving mammalian fertility and wildlife conservation. This study aimed to optimise the effective doses of bpV (HOpic) and stem cell factor (SCF) for the in-vitro activation of sheep primordial follicles. To do this, sheep ovarian cortex was treated with bpV (1.5, 15, and 150 μM) and SCF (50 and 100 ng/ml). Follicular count indicated

Lowe syndrome is an x-linked disorder characterized by congenital cataracts, nervous system abnormalities and renal tubular dysfunction. With the rising number of reported cases, more patients are found to suffer from endocrine abnormalities. Hereby, three Chinese patients with typical symptoms and extremely short stature were described. The OCRL gene was analyzed. A combination of blood biochemistry

The objective of this study was to determine if plasma CCN2 is associated with abdominal aorta aneurysm (AAA), and future need for AAA repair, and further to assess the potential clinical value of CCN2 in predicting disease outcome. CCN2 was quantified in plasma samples obtained from a cohort of 679 men aged 65-74 at initial ultrasound screening for AAA in the Viborg Vascular (VIVA) screening trial

Despite strong evidence for the involvement of PDGF signaling in breast cancer, little is known about the PDGF ligand responsible for PDGFR activation during breast cancer progression. Here, we found PDGF-C to be highly expressed in breast carcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of invasive breast cancer revealed an association between increased PDGF-C expression and lymph node metastases

We studied direct effects of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on phenotypical properties of human macrophage cells in vitro. CD14+ monocyte/macrophages (Mc/Mphs) were isolated from blood of healthy donors by positive magnetic separation. G-CSF (0.01-1.0 ng/mL), when added to Mc/Mphs along with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1.0 μg/mL), was able to noticeably reduce proportions of CD119

The objective of this study was to test the association of the variation in a 360 bp region in exon 2 of the ovine bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) gene with growth performance (birth weight, pre-weaning average daily gain, weaning weight, post-weaning average daily gain and marketing weight) and body conformational traits (height at withers, height at hips, body length, heart girth, thigh circumference

Nowadays, transplantation of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has emerged as a potential cellular therapy for liver cirrhosis. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) plays an important role in the regeneration of the liver. The objective of the study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of HGF-transfected human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs on dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-induced liver fibrosis in

Pancreatic ß cell proliferation, survival and function are key elements that need to be considered in developing novel antidiabetic therapies. We recently identified CCN5/WISP2 to have potential growth promoting properties when overexpressed in ß cells; however, further investigations are needed to validate those properties. In this study, we demonstrated that exogenous treatment of insulinoma cells

Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) regulates the wound repair process and it is secreted by inflammatory and endothelial cells, and by myofibroblasts. This study aimed to establish the expression patterns of FGF2 and myofibroblastic differentiation during wound healing in rats treated with subcutaneous ozone injection. We created full-thickness excisional wounds in rats, and the healing process was

Angiogenic blood vessel growth is essential to ensure organs receive adequate blood supply to support normal organ function and homeostasis. Angiogenesis involves a complex series of cellular events through which new vessels grow out from existing vasculature. Growth factor signaling, layered over a range of other signaling inputs, orchestrates this process. The response of endothelial cells (ECs)

Breast cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer amongst women worldwide. The mortality rate for patients with early-stage breast cancer has been decreasing, however, the 5-year survival rate for patients with metastatic disease remains poor, currently at 27%. Here, we have reviewed the current understanding of the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling in breast cancer progression, and

To investigate (1) the effect of vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB) on lipid accumulation and the alteration of fatty acids and fatty acid-related enzymes in C2C12 myotubes incubated with fatty acids and (2) the regulatory effect of VEGFB on skeletal muscle lipid metabolism. Mouse C2C12 myotubes were incubated with oleic acid (OA) and palmitic acid (PA), and differentiated mature C2C12 myotubes

Wnts and Hedgehogs (Hh) are large, lipid-modified extracellular morphogens that play key roles in embryonic development and stem cell proliferation of Metazoa. Both morphogens signal through heptahelical Frizzled-type receptors of the G-Protein Coupled Receptor family and there are several other similarities that suggest a common evolutionary origin of the Hh and Wnt pathways. There is evidence that

Biliary atresia (BA) is characterized by progressive destruction of the biliary system leading to liver fibrosis and deterioration of liver function. Serum hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been shown to be increased in cirrhotic diseases including BA. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic value of HGF levels in sera and liver tissue for the further disease course. A total of 49

Interleukin (IL)-11 belongs to the IL-6 family of cytokines, discovered over 30 years ago. While early studies focused on the ability of IL-11 to stimulate megakaryocytopoiesis, the importance of this cytokine to inflammatory disease and cancers is only just beginning to be uncovered. This review outlines recent advances in our understanding of IL-11 biology, and highlights the development of novel

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are essential components of cell communication pathways utilized from the embryonic to adult stages of life. These transmembrane receptors bind polypeptide ligands, such as growth factors, inducing signalling cascades that control cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, differentiation, motility and inflammation. Many viruses have acquired homologs of growth

In the past decade, the role of inflammation has been shown in diabetes and its complications. Little is available on high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) actions on the proteins involved in insulin signal transduction, which may be altered to result in insulin resistance in the retina. Retinal endothelial cells (REC) were grown in normal or high glucose and treated with recombinant human HMGB1, an Epac1

Escherichia coli bone morphogenetic protein-2 (ErhBMP-2) had a larger yield but less osteoinductivity than Chinese hamster ovary cell bone morphogenetic protein-2 (CrhBMP-2). Since the release profile of rhBMP-2 affects its osteoinductivity, an appropriate carrier could improve the effect of ErhBMP-2. Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) was one of the most widely used bone substitutes, but few studies

Assessing the relationship between IGF-1 and height in type 1 diabetes children. Seventy-two type 1 diabetes children and 190 controls were recruited. The height standard deviation score of type 1 diabetes children was significantly higher than controls. The height standard deviation score was higher than the target height standard deviation score in both type 1 diabetes and controls. Serum IGF-1 levels

SHIP-1 is a hematopoietic-specific inositol phosphatase activated downstream of a multitude of receptors including those for growth factors, cytokines, antigen, immunoglobulin and toll-like receptor agonists where it exerts inhibitory control. While it is constitutively expressed in all immune cells, SHIP-1 expression is negatively regulated by the inflammatory and oncogenic micro-RNA miR-155. Knockout

Paired cartilage and subchondral bone of subjects with no clinical history of joint disorders were analyzed to determine whether antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory cytokines and growth factors can be linked to a pre-osteoarthritis. Tissue explants were phenotyped according to Osteoarthritis Research Society International grading and micro-computed tomography, and also screened for the expression of

Humoral regulation by ligand/receptor interactions is a fundamental feature of vertebrate hematopoiesis. Zebrafish are an established vertebrate animal model of hematopoiesis, sharing with mammals conserved genetic, molecular and cell biological regulatory mechanisms. This comprehensive review considers zebrafish hematopoiesis from the perspective of the hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs), their receptors

We performed this study to better elucidate the correlations between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene polymorphisms and congenital heart diseases (CHD). Eligible articles were searched in PubMed, Medline, Embase and CNKI. Eighteen studies were finally included in our meta-analysis. A significant association with the risk of CHD was detected for the rs1570360 polymorphism in additive comparison

The present study evaluates the effects of leukocyte-platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) combined with open flap debridement (OFD) on clinical parameters and growth factors levels (GFL) in chronic periodontitis (CP) patients. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02594605. 16 patients (32 sites) with chronic periodontitis who had at least two areas of horizontal bone loss, were treated with

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases, affecting more than 10% of populations and thus creating immense socioeconomic burden. The pathological changes of OA involve the entire joint, which is composed of multiple types of tissues and cells, exemplified by cartilage degradation, subchondral bone thickening, osteophyte formation, synovium inflammation and hypertrophy, and ligament degeneration

Pulmonary inflammation and progressive lung destruction are the major causes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), resulting in emphysema and irreversible pulmonary dysfunction. Heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor (HB-EGF), is known to play a protective role in the process of various inflammatory diseases. However, its effect on COPD is poorly understood. This study was designed to determine

Bone disorders and disturbed calcium (Ca) homeostasis are common disorders in β-thalassaemia major (β-TM). In the present study, two bone related markers are studied in β-TM patients with negative C-reactive protein for the first time; fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) and CAPS protein. Another goal is to estimate the correlation between the recent parameters and bone biomaterials as a function

The development and activity of our immune system are largely controlled by the action of pleiotropic cytokines and growth factors, small secreted proteins, which bind to receptors on the surface of immune cells to initiate an appropriate physiological response. Cytokine signalling is predominantly executed by intracellular proteins known as the Janus kinases (JAKs) and the signal transducers and activators

Platelets are anuclear blood cells required for haemostasis and are implicated in other processes including inflammation and metastasis. Platelets are produced by megakaryocytes, specialized cells that are themselves generated by a process of controlled differentiation and maturation of bone-marrow stem and progenitor cells. This process of megakaryopoiesis involves the coordinated interplay of transcription

We performed this study to better elucidate the relationship between vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) polymorphisms and coronary heart disease (CHD). Eligible articles were searched in PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scopus and CNKI. A total of 24 studies containing 6489 CHD patients and 5664 control subjects were analyzed. Our overall and subgroup analyses suggested that rs699947 polymorphism was

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is mainly secreted by the liver. It is a factor that is not fully understood in relation to growth. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a deacetylase protein. It is thought that may have an effect on the release and function of GH and IGF-1. Visfatin is synthesized from adipose tissue as primary. It may be prognostic marker associated with growth factors. As a result of our work

As robust osteoinductive cytokines, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a significant role in bone tissue engineering. Constituted of two different polypeptides, heterodimeric BMPs are more effective than the homodimers in bone formation. While most studies focused on the murine cell lines, such as murine preosteoblasts MC3T3-E1, the role of heterodimeric BMPs in the osteogenic differentiation

Besides liver, IGF-I is expressed in adipose tissue. However, the effects of this local IGF-I on adipose tissue and metabolism are unclear. We generated adipocyte-specific knock-out mice on the background of the Berlin Fat Mouse Inbred (BFMI) line to evaluate the contribution of adipocyte-IGF-I on glucose metabolism and adipose tissue development. BFMI mice are obese, non-diabetic with elevated plasma

Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme known for its role in promoting inflammation, pain and cancer. It has more recently been attributed a function in epimorphic regeneration of vertebrate appendages. However, its position among the molecular regulators of regeneration remains unclear. This work was aimed at analyzing the influence of COX-2 on critical mediators of regenerative processes

Ryk is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family of proteins that control and regulate cellular processes. It is distinguished by binding Wnt ligands and having no detectable intrinsic protein tyrosine kinase activity suggesting Ryk is a pseudokinase. Here, we show an essential role for Ryk in directing morphogenetic events required for normal cardiac development through the examination

VEGF-A and VEGF-B are proangiogenic and key regulating factors for blood vessel growth. This study aims to compare VEGF-A and VEGF-B levels in the serum and vitreous of patients with neovascular pathology versus non-neovascular pathology. Our findings showed vitreous VEGF-A and VEGF-B levels increased in patients with neovascular disease, with higher levels of VEGF-A compared to VEGF-B (p ≤ .05). In

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3 is a key signalling protein engaged by a multitude of growth factors and cytokines to elicit diverse biological outcomes including cellular growth, differentiation, and survival. The complete loss of STAT3 is not compatible with life and even partial loss of function mutations lead to debilitating pathologies like hyper IgE syndrome. Conversely

In mammals, preovulatory oocytes are encircled by several layers of granulosa cells (GCs) in follicular microenvironment. These follicular oocytes are arrested at diplotene arrest due to high level of cyclic nucleotides from encircling GCs. Pituitary gonadotropin acts at the level of encircling GCs and increases adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)

The receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are a well-characterized family of growth factor receptors that have central roles in human disease and are frequently therapeutically targeted. The RYK, ROR, PTK7 and MuSK subfamilies make up an understudied subset of WNT-binding RTKs. Numerous developmental, stem cell and pathological roles of WNTs, in particular WNT5A, involve signalling via these WNT receptors

This study compared osteoinductivity and osteogenic capacity between AB204 and rhBMP-2 using hMSCs in vitro and a beagle's posterolateral spinal fusion model. Cultured hMSCs were treated with AB204 or rhBMP-2 with low to high doses. Three male beagles were performed posterolateral spinal fusion with biphasic calcium phosphate (2 ml) + AB204 or rhBMP-2 (20, 50 or 200 µg). They were euthanized after

Hepatocytes are responsive to mitogenic effects of several ligands acting via EGFR. Studying primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, we found that, as compared to EGF, HB-EGF had a markedly higher affinity of the EGFR, while AR and TGFα had lower affinity. HB-EGF was also more potent compared to the other growth factors regarding phosphorylation of EGFR, Shc, ERK1/2 and Akt. All ligands induced phosphorylation

Dysfunctional insulin signalling is a causative factor in type-2 diabetes. While insulin signal transduction has been well investigated in many tissues, less is known in retinal tissues. We have previously reported that toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in retinal damage in diabetes. We used TLR4 retinal Müller cell-specific knockout mice and Müller cells in culture to investigate the effects

Liver fibrosis is a progressive pathological process resulting in an accumulation of excess extracellular matrix proteins. We discovered that bone morphogenetic protein 1-3 (BMP1-3), an isoform of the metalloproteinase Bmp1 gene, circulates in the plasma of healthy volunteers and its neutralization decreases the progression of chronic kidney disease in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Here, we investigated

Corneal epithelial cells (CECs) play an important role in the function of the cornea, and are maintained by corneal epithelial stem cells (CESCs). Recent studies have shown that neuronal growth factors affect the proliferation and migration of CESCs. Neuregulin-1 (NR-1) is a neuronal growth factor that is expressed in the early stages of brain development. The aim of this study was to determine whether

Wounds in patients with diabetes mellitus are one of the most prevalent impaired wounds in the world. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most important proangiogenic mediators. Artificial dermal (AD) such as Pelnac® has been shown, in humans and animal models, a great therapeutic potential in full-thickness skin wounds. We attempt to promote the wound healing in diabetic porcine

Whole body vibration (WBV) has been recognized as an effective alternative exercise modality to resistance exercise for its ability in enhancing force and power, generating capacity in skeletal muscle, increasing bone mass and improving cardiovascular function. Since the effect of WBV exercises on growth hormone (GH) levels has been never compared and discussed, the aim of this study was to review

Bone defect treatment belongs to the most challenging fields in orthopedic surgery and requires the well-coordinated application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) and differentiation factors. MSC isolated from reaming material (RMSC) and iliac crest (BMSC) in combination with bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) have been used. The short half-life of both factors

Cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (cOPLL) is one of the major causes of myelopathy. However, the mechanism underlying remains elusive. In the present study, using MILLIPLEX magnetic bead panel, we investigated four serum hormones and six serum cytokines in cOPLL patients and healthy subjects. The results showed that tumor necrosis factore-α (TNF-α) were significantly increased

Although cardiac dysautonomia is a distinctive feature of Chagas disease, its clinical and functional significance is still being speculated. Neurotrophic factors are potentially involved; however, studies of their effect in this infection are rare. Ultrastructural abnormalities in autonomic varicosities, levels of both nerve growth factor (NGF), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), as well