The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the synthesis of pyrazole-based ligands and to evaluate their catalytic properties in the oxidation reaction of catechol to o-quinone. The ligands were prepared via the condensation of (3,5-dimethyl-1H pyrazol-1-yl)methanol A with the appropriate primary amine. Four pyrazole-based ligands were successfully synthesized and characterized. These ligands provide

Block ramps are ecofriendly drop structures, which ensure more stability in the downstream riverbed. The scouring in the stilling basin bed material generated by the rapidly varied flow transition affects the stability of the ramp structure. In the present study, a modified stilling basin bed configuration is tested along with the uniform conventional stilling basin bed arrangements to check the stability

Nowadays, increasing the efficiency of the production process and determining the methods of measuring performance is the most significant challenge faced by managers by increasing competition among companies and manufacturing centers. The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of production scenarios. In this regard, the production processes of an automotive industrial plant were simulated

This paper presents an adaptive-slope squashing-function (ASF)-based artificial neural network (ANN) for efficient estimation of smoothly time-varying multipath fading channels, in a \(4 \times 1\) space-frequency-block-coded orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (SFBC-OFDM) system using 64 subcarriers. The channel-state-information (CSI) estimated at first stage is further used for OFDM information

We herein report the synthesis of nanostructured cyclopalladated complex and its nanosilver composite for the first time. The reaction between Schiff base ligand 4-methyl-N-(3,4-dimethoxybenzylidene)] benzenamine (L) and palladium acetate gave the cyclopalladted complex (Pd1) in nanoscale. Thermal treatment of silver oxalate with Pd1 resulted in the formation of novel nanostructured composite, silver

The present article was to investigate the mechanical design, efficiency, and performance of a new type of cylindrical vane pump. The configuration is proposed on the traditional working principle of the hydraulic pump. The stator surface equations are driven by using the geometric theory of applied spatial triangulation function. The three-dimensional model of the cylindrical vane pump is established

In this study, the effect of caesium carbonate with a balanced strong base characteristic on the morphology crystallinity, porosity and specific surface area of graphitic boron nitride is reported. The mass ratio of caesium carbonate was adjusted as 0.9 and 1.2 at the constant mass of urea and B2O3 in a mixture of 2 g and 1 g, respectively. The products were characterized by using infrared spectroscopy

In many membrane-based water treatment methods, because of consistent salt fouling on the membranes of the narrow feed channel, studying methods of improving the fluid flow and mass transfer of the membrane element is vitally important. Providing a slippery situation for the fluid adjacent to the membrane can result in concentrated fluid movement and system operation improvement. In this research,

In this study, numerical simulations were performed to investigate the flow and turbulence characteristics of rectangular spur dikes with varying permeability using the Reynolds stress turbulence model developed by three-dimensional (3-D) numerical code FLUENT (ANSYS). In this research, both permeable and impermeable spur dikes were investigated with varying permeability (25%, 37%, 49%, 62%, and 74%)

The aim of this paper is twofold. First, black hole algorithm (BHA) is proposed as a new training algorithm for feedforward neural networks (FNNs), since most traditional and metaheuristic algorithms for training FNNs suffer from the problem of slow coverage and getting stuck at local optima. BHA provides a reliable alternative to address these drawbacks. Second, complementary learning components and

Sorption cooling technology is considered to be a good alternative to traditional vapor compression cycles regarding energy savings and environmental issues. This technology has to be enhanced to overcome the problem of low efficacy. In this work, a novel solar-powered combined absorption–adsorption cooling system (ABADS) is proposed and investigated under different climatic conditions. The system

The enhancement of heat transfer for electronic kits and automobiles has become highly dependent on the finned heat exchangers; this is because fin provides high heat transfer rate and superior performance with a significant temperature reduction. In this manuscript, a fractional modeling of non-Fourier heat conduction problem of a fin is proposed within the periodic temperature boundary condition

This article explores the peristaltically regulated electroosmotic pumping of water-based hybrid (Ag–Au) nanofluids through an inclined asymmetric microfluidic channel in a porous environment. A newly developed model termed as modified Buongiorno model which studies the impact of thermophoretic and Brownian diffusion phenomenon along with the inclusion of thermophysical attributes of nanoparticles

Thyroid disease arises from an anomalous growth of thyroid tissue at the verge of the thyroid gland. Thyroid disorderliness normally ensues when this gland releases abnormal amounts of hormones where hypothyroidism (inactive thyroid gland) and hyperthyroidism (hyperactive thyroid gland) are the two main types of thyroid disorder. This study proposes the use of efficient classifiers by using machine

In this paper, a three-stage rail-to-rail class-AB amplifier for GaAs/GaN PA driver in radar transmitter components is achieved using a proposed frequency compensation scheme in 0.35 μm CMOS technology. Meanwhile, a negative voltage reference is proposed with low un-trimmed spread by employing level shift technique. The PA driver capable of handling load capacitance ranging from no load to 1uF only

Meteloxetin (1), a new phenolic amino-oxetane, and eight known new source phenols (2–9) have been bioassay-directed isolated from methanolic extract of Datura metel Linn. Their structures were elucidated through modern spectroscopic data. The plant extract showed the significant inhibition potential against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), and its dichloromethane (DCM)

The construction of subway interval tunnels at a short distance from existing buildings and engineering structures in cities is often a high-risk project. This research discusses subway interval tunnels crossing a high-speed rail shield tunnel at a short distance based on numerical simulations and on-site monitoring. The deformation patterns of the interior of tunnel, ground, and shield segments are

This paper reviews the thermophysical properties of saline water correlations and data. The key parameters that influence the properties are considered, such as multi-component composition, high salinity, temperature, and pressure. Since the thermodynamic properties are reviewed in part I of the paper, this part (# II) focuses on the thermophysical properties involving viscosity, surface tension, electrical

Utilization of a communication network to transmit remote-control signals might introduce time delay into the control loop, which degrades the controller efficacy. This paper proposes a new design of wide-area damping controller based on scattering transformation to enhance power system stability. The proposed control approach is comprised of a classical structure in addition to two scattering transformation

The pattern matching problem remains in survival since past decades and becomes more sophisticated due to exponential increase in size of text databases. An effective deterministic classical algorithm is always expected to be at least \({\rm O}\left( N \right)\) time. Quantum computations are enough capable of performing exponential operations in single step of execution, so the quantum algorithms

To obtain the tensile mechanics of the arrow combination structure with carbon fiber–epoxy resin composite, the quasi-static experiments were carried out in this paper. Firstly, the concave hexagon single-cell structure and star single-cell structure were designed, and the tensile force–displacement characteristics of the two structures were obtained by cyclic loading and single loading experiments

Scour behavior around a monopile foundation of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) should take into account the effect of combined waves and currents. To obtain an accurate equilibrium scour depth, a calculation model was proposed herein on the basis of the energy balance concept. Under the condition of wave and current coexistence, the composite flow velocity was proposed to express the flow field around

Plate heat exchangers are important tools used in heat transfer. Since they are characterized by a high heat transfer rate, high compactness, as well as easy maintenance, increasing their performance is a major and important objective for many researchers and related industrial manufacturers. Furthermore, it has a positive impact on fuel consumption and environmental protection. In this study, new

Preliminary diagnosis of medical conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), requires an understanding of the influential traits, for example autistic traits, during the screening process. Therefore, selecting the right attributes is a critical part of model construction in medical applications such as ASD screening, as this directly impacts the accuracy and efficiency of classification. This

In this study, the Ag and Cu evolution in the sintering dust was extracted by chlorination roasting process, and the mechanism of the process was analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy, X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. In addition, in order to better understand the chlorination roasting process, the mechanism and thermodynamics

This article presents a novel hybrid control scheme for speed control of Brushless DC (BLDC) motor by simultaneously controlling BLDC motor reference current and inverter DC bus voltage. A fractional-order PID (FOPID) controller is employed to control BLDC motor reference current while a fuzzy logic controller manipulates the inverter DC bus voltage. A modified harmony search (HS) metaheuristic technique

Proactive management at mass gatherings is vital to ensure safe crowd evacuation during emergencies. The increasing number of crowd incidents and casualties during the Hajj season is one of the major concerns for authorities in Saudi Arabia. This study aims to explore and analyze crowd dynamics visiting the Prophet's (PBUH) tomb at the visiting (Ziara) corridor in the Holy Mosque of Madinah under continuous

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease, which leads to neurodegenerative processes that cause neuron demyelination. MS is multifactorial with uncertain etiology, where interactions between genetic makeup of an individual and environmental factors influence disease risk. More than 200 risk variants have been implicated in MS, each contributed to understanding the etiology

Accurate pore pressure knowledge is particularly critical in drilling, such as drilling safety (avoidance of blowouts and well control lost-time incidents). Pore pressure prediction in carbonate reservoir due to the fact that the pore system and fractures are more complex than the clastic reservoir, also the effectiveness of pore pressure on drilling parameters like weight on bit that has direct effects

The goal of this study was to use natural phosphate (NP) abundant in Algeria, as an adsorbent for the removal of uranium (VI) from aqueous solutions in batch adsorption. A full 23 factorial extended experimental design was investigated. The factors and levels used during the experiments were; pH (X1) (1–5), initial U(VI) concentration (X2) (30–60 mg L−1) and adsorbent dose (X3) (5–30 g L−1). The properties

Pufferfish skin is known for its spine-covered surface, which differs significantly from that of common fish species. Recent research has shown that such rough surfaces may have potential applicability in saving energy. In order to verify the drag reduction effects of pufferfish skin, a flat sample and six samples featuring biomimetic spine-covered protrusions (BSCPs) with combinations of three different

The simultaneous scheduling of cranes and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) has been a critical problem, especially in traditional heavy-duty manufacturing enterprises. Previous studies mainly focus on the coscheduling problem for the container terminals rather than workshop. Hence, this study evaluated the coscheduling problem of automated single-beam cranes and AGVs incurred by an actual manufacturing

Node localization is considered a crucial technology that affects the effectiveness and practicality of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the application scenarios, the deployment area is usually non-uniformly and may have some holes due to the complex application environment, and the existence of holes in the deployment area will affect the accuracy of distance estimation and lead to a large

Rock-breaking efficiency is not so satisfied using the conventional PDC bit, especially in the hard, soft–hard interbedded, and strong abrasive formations in ultra-deep wells. A method is proposed to make full use of stress-releasing effect at bottomhole, thereby improving the rock-breaking efficiency, and a supporting weight-on-bit (WOB) self-adjusting dual-diameter PDC bit (WSDB) has been invented

This paper proposes a hierarchical control law for DC motor fed by DC–DC power Cuk Converter. The control is divided into two parts: Firstly, the property of differential flatness associated with the mathematical model of the DC motor is studied to design a robust control that achieves the task of tracking the reference angular speed trajectory for the motor. It also gives the voltage profile \(\vartheta

It is crucial to identify flow regimes/patterns in order to calculate the pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient (HTC) with high accuracy in flow boiling. Researchers have not paid too much attention to the two-phase (2-phase) phenomena and the influence of the 2-phase flow parameters on the performance of absorber tubes. This parametric study sheds the light on some of the well-known and widely

Numerical investigations are carried out for the flow around two inline square cylinders with a flat plate, placed in the wake, using the lattice Boltzmann method. Main emphasis of this work is to find the optimum values of the gap ratio (L/d) between cylinders and plate for maximum vortex shedding control and suppression of flow induced forces. The gap ratio between both cylinders as well as between

The dehydrogenation of 1-methylcyclohexene (MCHe) and 1-methyl-1,4-cyclohexadiene (MCHde) was studied over an in-house 1.0 wt% Pt/γ-Al2O3 catalyst. For the comparison purpose, the dehydrogenation of methylcyclohexane (MCH) was also studied. The experiments were performed in a fixed bed reactor and within a temperature range of 220 °C to 380 °C. The reactor pressure was maintained at 1.013 and 5 bar

Jojoba seed is an attractive alternative energy source in Saudi Arabia due to its high adaptability to harsh weather, saline water, desert, and hot temperature. In the present study, cold-pressed jojoba oil is used for the synthesis of biodiesel. In addition to that, this research work carried out a detailed optimization study of process parameters using response surface methodology. An empirical model

Microalgae bio-treatment of synthetic fertilizer wastewater is particularly attractive due to their photosynthetic capabilities. Microalgae tend to convert solar energy into useful biomass, incorporating with the nutrients that present in wastewater, such as nitrogen and phosphorus. However, harvesting of microalgae remains a challenge because of the small size (3–30 μm) of microalgae cells and the

Over the past few decades, the study on shear walls with various configurations of reinforcement detailing has shown significant growth due to its efficient performance under earthquake forces. The current work experimentally explores the seismic performance of reinforced concrete (RC) shear wall detailed with X-shaped web reinforcement configuration. Four numbers of 1:4 scaled models of RC shear wall

In long haul communication environments, speech data transmission is severely affected by echoes. This phenomenon results in high bit errors as well as in degraded and annoying performance. Traditionally these problems, including hybrid and acoustic echoes, have been controlled through the use of echo suppressors. These suppressors were subsequently replaced by line echo cancellers using adaptive Finite

Fiber-reinforced plastic (FRP) rebars can be the futuristic potential reinforcing material in place of mild steel (MS) rebars which are highly prone to corrosion. However, the bond properties of the FRP rebars are not consistent with those of mild steel rebars. Therefore, determination of bond strength properties of FRP rebars becomes essential. In this study, an investigation was conducted on 222

Membranes play a vital role in membrane-based water treatment processes. Thus, improvement in the membrane fabrication stage can greatly affect the overall performance of these technologies. Accordingly, this study focuses on optimizing the fabrication process of a microfiltration cellulose acetate membrane prepared using a pore-templating method. The effects of synthesis variables and their interactions

The lower Silurian Qusaiba Shale is one of the major source rocks for Paleozoic oil/gas reservoirs in Saudi Arabia and recently considered a potential unconventional shale gas resource. The study aims to evaluate the reservoir heterogeneity and production potential of Qusaiba Shale through the integration of geological, geomechanical and fractures characteristics. Three lithofacies were identified

Economic emission dispatch with valve-point effect in power systems is a complex multimodal, nonconvex and constrained multi-objective optimization problem. To solve this problem, a hybrid multi-objective algorithm with effective constraint handling method based on Harris hawks optimization and differential evolution is proposed: (1) the concept of Pareto domination is integrated into Harris hawks

Since the discovery of liposomes, this technology has been evolving from the studying of biological membranes to various multidisciplinary studies, especially cosmeceuticals and pharmaceuticals. However, the conventional liposomes encountered many challenges such as metabolite by the process of phagocytosis, instability in plasma, and short half-life. In this study, we synthesized 41 kDa N-stearoyl

Rapid prediction of deformation behaviors of concrete face rockfill dams (CFRDs) is of great significance in guiding their design and construction. The purpose of this study is to develop robust empirical prediction models with physical significance, which can rapidly predict typical deformation behaviors of CFRDs. Based on 87 case histories of in-service CFRDs, the threshold regression theory is used

The Taguchi method (TM) and TM-combined methods [e.g., TM fuzzy method (TM-Fuzzy), TM data envelopment analysis (TM-DEA), TM coupled with grey relational analysis (TM-GRA), etc.] have been proven to be effective to achieve robust design performance. However, the efficient strategy to identify the significant design parameters, and the link between different quality characteristics and design parameters

With simple connectivity and fast-growing demand of smart devices and networks, IoT has become more prone to cyber attacks. In order to detect and prevent cyber attacks in IoT networks, intrusion detection system (IDS) plays a crucial role. However, most of the existing IDS have dimensionality curse that reduces overall IoT systems efficiency. Hence, it is important to remove repetitive and irrelevant

Inefficient utilization of the authorized spectrum emerges cognitive radio (CR) as a hopeful technology for both present and future telecommunications. It is owing to the potency to leverage the obtainable bandwidth of other wireless communication networks and thereby increase its occupancy. The key feature for the cognitive radio system for distinguishing the blank spectrum is spectrum sensing. This

This paper studies the impacts of the construction of a new highway on the built-up land use dynamics in the southern neighboring area of Beirut in Lebanon, whereas the impact of transport infrastructure on land use dynamics has been widely studied, few examples are found for developing countries where data are not widely available. Moreover, it is difficult to assess the impact of the infrastructure

The organic-rich shale intervals of Patala Formation of Paleocene age may be considered as potential shale gas play in the Upper Indus Basin of Pakistan. Until now, seismic and elastic properties of the Patala shales are not investigated in detail necessary to declare it as shale gas play and to differentiate shale gas pay zone from the non-pay zone. Data of eight wells in which Patala shales were

This study proposes a machine learning-based protocol for developing a TRANSYT-7F model for an urban arterial network. The developed artificial neural network (ANN) method models the queue lengths of TRANSYT-7F using saturation flow, start-up lost time, and platoon dispersion as inputs. The queue lengths of the selected approaches of the study network can be obtained using the ANN model without running

This study explores an optimised thrust system layout for addressing sudden loads. Firstly, an adaptive mechanical model of a propulsion system under sudden external loads is established. Secondly, the relative variation coefficient (CRV), an evaluation index of thrust suitable for sudden loads, is proposed. Finally, on the basis of this adaptive mechanical model, the layout parameters of a uniform

Requirement engineering (RE) is the process of discovering stakeholders’ requirements and needs and documenting them in such a way that they can serve as the basis for all other system development activities. Despite recent advances in RE practices and tools, requirements engineers are still experiencing fundamental problems. Therefore, the identification and characterization of such challenges would

In this study, the problem of two-dimensional non-Newtonian Oldroyd-B fluid flow over the upper horizontal paraboloid surface (UHPS) is investigated. The shape of a submarine, the bonnet of a car, the shape of the jet plane, and the shape of the upper pointed bullet are some daily life examples of the paraboloid surface. At a free stream, the Oldroyd-B fluid flow over UHPS is created by the reaction

At the shrinkage limit, the soil is just fully saturated. Shrinkage limit of soils can be perceived as a point of inflection in either direction. While decreasing the water content, from its liquid state to the solid state, a point of inflection is reached (shrinkage limit) when further reduction in water content will not cause a reduction in the volume of the soil mass. While increasing the water

In this paper, the segmentation model is developed using the convolutional neural network for automatic segmentation of a right ventricle MRI image. The proposed model is trained end-to-end using an RVSC dataset that contains the right ventricle magnetic resonance images. The proposed model gives state-of-art achievement for dice metric and also for the Jaccard index. The proposed model achieves an

In recent years, research in wireless sensor networks and their application in health care and environmental monitoring have attracted significant interest. In such applications, the accuracy of the distance estimation between a patient and a beacon node is crucial for determining patient location. In this study, the distance between the mobile node (carried by the Alzheimer’s patient) and the beacon