There exists little available information on the mechanisms of lactation regulation until now. In order to explore the underlying mechanism, we injected IGF-I and GH recombinant vectors into the mammary gland, then RNA-seq analysis and nuclear proteomics were used for rapid high-throughput screening of DEGs and DEPs in the two groups linked to lactation regulation. KEGG analysis of 206 DEGs showed

The hormone secretion of GHRH-GH-IGF-1 axis in animals was decreased as aging. These hormones play an important role in maintaining bone mass and bone structure, and also affect the normal structure and function of the skin. We used plasmid-based technology to deliver growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) to elderly mice. In the current study, 80 and 120 μg/kg pVAX-GHRH plasmid expression plasmid

Background Current guidelines indiscriminately recommend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland in pediatric growth hormone deficiency (GHD). The relationship between abnormal MRI, most importantly a tumor, and peak GH levels is not well known. Methods In this retrospective chart review, pituitary MRI results of children, ages of 3–16 years with GHD were collected and divided into

Aims Describe the local characteristics, methodology and results of the registry of acromegalic patients in Colombia (RAPACO). Methods Multicenter, retrospective study based on the registry of acromegalic patients in Colombia: RAPACO. The data collected included: demographics, diagnosis, approximate time of disease evolution, data on weight, height, body mass index (BMI), neck circumference (NC) abdominal

Purpose To investigate anterior segment parameters (ASPs) and dry eye disease (DED), including the status of the meibomian glands, in patients with acromegaly. Methods In this cross-sectional, comparative study, 36 acromegaly patients and 40 healthy sex- and age-matched controls were included. Participants received a comprehensive ophthalmological examination, including intraocular pressure measurements

Objective It was the aim of this study to evaluate illness-related burdens and support needs of patients with acromegaly to identify hitherto unadressed research questions and to open up avenues for improvements in patient care. This was done by using the focus group approach as a qualitative research method. Design Seven patients with acromegaly took part in a focus group moderated by an external

Objective To ascertain the clinical magnitude of raloxifene administration on insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3) levels. Methods A systematic comprehensive search was performed without language limitation up to 14 December 2020. We included only trials that assessed the effect of raloxifene on IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in adults. Meta-analysis was

Background Isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) due to mutations in GH1 gene is a rare disease caused by deficient production of endogenous growth hormone (GH). Methods We reported the clinical manifestation and genetic diagnosis (whole exome sequencing [WES], nested PCR Sanger sequencing, and rtPCR) of a family with two children with IGHD type I. We conducted a systematic review of cases with

PAPP-A2 deficiency is a novel syndrome characterized by short stature due to low IGF bioactivity, skeletal abnormalities and decreased bone mineral density (BMD). Treatment with recombinant human IGF-1 (rhIGF-1) for 1 year demonstrated to increase growth velocity and BMD, without reported adverse effects, but data regarding the long-term efficacy and safety of rhIGF-1 administration in this entity

Bodybuilding involves athletes performing a series of poses/postures on the stage so that they can be classified according to their best esthetic and physical appearance during the competition. In the weeks prior to the target competition, the athletes subject themselves to restrictive diets and different physical training methods, as well as using dietary supplementation and, in some cases, anabolic

Objective: Milk protein may stimulate linear growth through insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). However, the effect of plant proteins on growth factors is largely unknown. This study assesses the effect of combinations of milk and rapeseed protein versus milk protein alone on growth factors in children. Design: An exploratory 3-armed randomized, double-blind, controlled trial was conducted in 129

Objective Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is an important factor related to cardiovascular disease. In recent years, studies have shown the involvement of IGF-1 and blood pressure (BP). Nevertheless, the results were inconsistent. Thus, the purpose of this study was to systematically evaluate the associations of circulating IGF-1 levels with BP in adults. Methods Two reviewers independently searched

Objective To analyze pregnancy course and outcomes in women treated for acromegaly and compare outcomes based on disease activity at the time of conception. Design Retrospective study. Patients Women with acromegaly diagnosed prior to or during pregnancy from 2010 to 2019, representing cases (14 pregnancies in 12 cases), were later stratified based on active (n = 5) or controlled disease (n = 9) at

Objective Acromegaly is a rare, pituitary hormonal disorder that requires improved awareness worldwide. The objective of this analysis was to quantify the clinical and economic burden of comorbidities for patients with acromegaly and examine the influence of biochemical control on these outcomes. Study design Markov cohort decision analytic model consisting of two states, including alive (with and

Objective IGF-I and branched-chain amino acids have been reported to promote muscle hypertrophy via the stimulation of protein synthesis. Sestrin2, the function of which is regulated by leucine, has been reported to attenuate the activity of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 (mTORC1) that stimulates protein synthesis. The objective of this study was to examine whether IGF-I modulates

The purpose of this study was to examine the responses of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGFI) to intense heavy resistance exercise in highly trained men and women to determine what sex-dependent responses may exist. Subjects were highly resistance trained men (N = 8, Mean ± SD; age, yrs., 21 ± 1, height, cm, 175.3 ± 6.7, body mass, kg, 87.0 ± 18.5, % body fat, 15.2 ± 5.4, squat

Paediatric disorders of impaired linear growth are challenging to manage, in part because of delays in the identification of pathological short stature and subsequent referral and diagnosis, the requirement for long-term therapy, and frequent poor adherence to treatment, notably with human growth hormone (hGH). Digital health technologies hold promise for improving outcomes in paediatric growth disorders

Aims/hypothesis Although IGF-1 is known to promote organ growth, including exocrine pancreas, the association between plasma IGF-1 levels and pancreatic size remains unclear in diabetic patients. Methods This cross-sectional study was designed to investigate the correlations among pancreatic volume (PV) based on computed tomography, IGF-1 levels, age- and sex-adjusted IGF-1 levels (IGF-1 Z-score),

Purpose Evaluation of the lacrimal gland volume (LGV) and its correlation with tear film functions, serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels in acromegaly patients compared to a control group was aimed. Methods This prospective case-control study included the eyes of 38 patients with uncontrolled (UA) and 48 patients with controlled acromegaly (CA) and 44 patients with

Aims The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence and predictors of abnormal glucose tolerance (Diabetes + Prediabetes) and its resolution in Acromegaly. Settings and design Retrospective observational study. Methods and material Ninety patients with acromegaly and followed up post operatively for 1 year were included. The study cohort was divided into two groups: Group A: abnormal glucose tolerance

Objective We sought to obtain a better understanding of the burden of short stature using a systematic literature review. Methods Studies of the burden of short stature, of any cause in adults and children, were searched using Embase, MEDLINE and Cochrane databases in April 2020, capturing publications from 2008 onwards. Case series and populations with adult-onset growth hormone deficiency (GHD) were

Testosterone and estrogen concentrations progressively increase during puberty, and in association with growth hormone (GH), lead to the increase in height velocity known as the pubertal growth spurt. Very limited information is available however, regarding the possible effects of sex steroids over GH cellular sensitivity. Objective To investigate the effects of different concentrations of testosterone

Objective Growth hormone (GH) replacement alters the peripheral interconversion of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). However, little is known about the clinical impact of these alterations. We aimed to compare changes observed in the serum T3:T4 ratio with known biological markers of thyroid hormone action derived from different peripheral tissues. Design We prospectively studied twenty GH

Objective Acromegaly is characterized by an excess of growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth-factor 1 (IGF1), and it is strongly associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Both acute and long-lasting pro-inflammatory effects have been attributed to IGF1. Previous results suggest the presence of systemic inflammation in treated patients. Here we assessed the association between treatment of

Objective Acromegaly patients were reported to have an increased arterial stiffness that could contribute to the frequent cardiovascular complications in this population. The chronic excess of GH and IGF-1 may lead to arterial stiffening via different mechanisms, including hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia, however, it is not known whether the activation of GH/IGF-1 axis might

Background exercise stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion and may serve as a promising physiological test for the diagnosis of GH deficiency. However, exercise standardization for a feasible GH test is still lacking. The aim of the present study was to examine the GH secretion to high intensity interval exercise. Methods Seventeen children (12.4 ± 2.6 years) with impaired growth rate performed high-intensity

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in patients with non-GH secreting pituitary adenomas [NGHPA group: non-functioning (NFPA), prolactin (PRL) and corticotropin (ACTH)-secreting adenomas] compared to patients with acromegaly, a pituitary disease that has been associated with increased risk for thyroid cancer. Patients and methods Prospective, cross-sectional

Objective Most patients with childhood-onset growth hormone deficiency (CO-GHD) receive treatment with exogenous growth hormone (GH) to facilitate the attainment of their full potential adult height. Recent evidence suggests that continuing GH administration during the transition period between the end of linear growth and full adult maturity is necessary for proper body composition and bone and muscle

Objective: A previous 12-month comparative trial with Criscy™ (r-hGH Cristália), a biosimilar recombinant growth hormone, demonstrated equivalent efficacy and safety to Genotropin™. This extension trial evaluated the effects of switching patients treated with Genotropin™ to the biosimilar Criscy™ over an additional 6-month treatment period, comparing efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity parameters

Objective This study aims to assess endocan levels in patients with acromegaly who have active disease or disease in remission and to investigate a relation between endocan levels and endothelial dysfunction in these patients. Design The study is a case-control study. Study was conducted at Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Training and Research Hospital between 2013 and 2019. Patients who were

Aims Growth hormone (GH) therapy in heart failure (HF) is controversial. We investigated the cardiovascular effects of GH in patients with chronic HF due to ischemic heart disease. Methods In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned 37 patients (mean age 66 years; 95% male) with ischemic HF (ejection fraction [EF] < 40%) to a 9-month treatment with either recombinant human GH

Background A common growth hormone receptor polymorphism with deletion of exon 3 (d3-GHR) has previously been linked to increased postnatal growth on the one hand and decreased fetal growth on the other. Regulation of fetal growth is positively dependent on secretion of placental GH (hGH-V). Objective We explored the effect of the fetal d3-GHR genotype on maternal serum levels of hGH-V and fetal growth

Objective To evaluate the variability of growth hormone stimulation tests results and factors affecting it in short children suspected of having growth hormone deficiency. Design The cohort included patients with short stature suspected of having growth hormone deficiency, and who underwent a second stimulation test, after the first stimulation test was positive. Testing was done at a single center

In 1958 the first recorded case of a patient treated with human growth hormone for growth hormone deficiency was published. Since that time, the source and availability of human growth hormone have changed. With the increased availability of growth hormone, there has been an uptrend in the level below which childhood growth hormone deficiency is diagnosed based on provocative GH stimulation testing

Addition effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its synthetic analogue insulin-like growth factor-1 recombinant-3 (LongR3-IGF-1) after in vitro maturation (IVM) of cattle cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were compared and evaluated on meiotic progression, apoptosis and profile genes of oocyte competence (GDF9, BMP15, BAX, BCL2, OOSP1, IGFBP2, IGBFP4 and IGFBP5), and their respective cumulus

Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of a novel “floatation-restricted environmental stimulation therapy” (floatation-REST) on growth hormone responses to an intense resistance exercise stress. Design Nine resistance trained men (age: 23.4 ± 2.5 yrs.; height: 175.3 ± 5.4 cm; body mass: 85.3 ± 7.9 kg) completed a balanced, crossover-controlled study design with two identical

Objective To evaluate the prevalence of impulse control disorders (ICD) and psychiatric symptoms in patients with acromegaly receiving dopamine agonists (DA) in comparison with those with prolactinoma, nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFA), and healthy controls (HC). Design Forty patients with acromegaly, 40 with prolactinoma, 38 with NFA, and 32 HCs were included. All patients and controls were

Objective To investigate the effectiveness and predictors of short-term somatostatin analog (SSA) presurgical therapy in a large cohort and to assess the correlation between clinical and pathological variables. Design 237 newly diagnosed patients with acromegaly received presurgical SSA treatment for three months were recruited. Clinical characteristics were collected, and response to SSA in hormone

Background Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1) is an anabolic hormone that stimulates cell growth and division. The effects of IGF-1 may be beneficial (muscle growth/repair) or detrimental (increased risk of several types of cancer and mortality) for health. Dietary protein and physical activity are thought to be factors that modulate IGF-1. Objective This study analysed the relationships dietary

Objective Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGFI) is one of several growth factors which is induced by growth hormone (GH), which activates the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2)-signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) pathway, and plays crucial roles in normal human growth, metabolism, and systemic energy homeostasis. However, little is known about the negative regulation of IGF-I production under

Aim The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic values of various preoperative factors, including the surgeon's ability as well as the patient's age, gender, tumor size, cavernous sinus invasion, compression of the optic chiasm, hypopituitarism, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining pattern of the adenoma, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level, in acromegalic patients who had undergone

IR and insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) share high degree of sequence and structural similarity that hinders the development of anticancer drugs targeting IGF1R, which is dysregulated in many cancers. Although IR and IGF1R mediate their activities through similar signalling pathways, yet they show different physiological effects. The exact molecular mechanism(s) how IR and IGF1R exert

Individuals affected with two genetic syndromes identified in Ecuador have severe short stature and diminished insulin secretion, along with essentially different GH counterregulatory effects on insulin action, which leads to the appearance of opposing metabolic phenotypes. In the case of Laron syndrome, subjects have enhanced insulin sensitivity and diminished incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Objective The direct actions of growth hormone (GH) in the development of atherosclerosis are unclear. The goal of this study was to characterize GH-induced changes in expression of signaling pathway elements and other proteins that may be related to atherosclerosis. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and THP-1, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line, were stimulated by exposure

Background The easypod™ injection device allows automatic recording and transmission of adherence data from patients receiving recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH [Saizen®]) to treat growth disorders. This analysis aimed to evaluate the adherence of Saizen® administered via easypod™ in a cohort of Greek patients from the easypod™ connect observational study (ECOS). Methods The phase IV, open-label

Both the GH/IGF-1 axis and the gut microbiota independently play an important role in host growth, metabolism, and intestinal homeostasis. Inversely, abnormalities in GH action and microbial dysbiosis (or a lack of diversity) in the gut have been implicated in restricted growth, metabolic disorders (such as chronic undernutrition, anorexia nervosa, obesity, and diabetes), and intestinal dysfunction

Purpose The present study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy between children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) and growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Methods A total of 150 pediatric patients with ISS and 153 pediatric patients with GHD who received rhGH treatment for more than one year from 2005 to 2016 were enrolled. Growth velocity (GV);

Objective In this study, we considered to assess the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and the expression of estrogen receptor genes (ESR) in the surgical tissue samples of acromegaly patients and the control group patients with nonfunctioning adenoma and their association with disease activity. We also aimed to determine the significance of ER positivity in acromegaly patients and to find out whether

Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) is a treatment option for recurrent or persistent disease in patients with acromegaly. Objective We aimed to retrospectively evaluate acromegaly patients who had undergone GKS in terms of pituitary hormone status, efficacy of GKS, and prognostic factors. Method One-hundred and ten acromegaly patients who underwent GKS, and who were referred to our outpatient endocrinology

Objective: Growth hormone (GH) deficiency has been associated with increased steatosis but the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the effect of GH on lipid accumulation of HepG2 cells cultured on an in vitro steatosis model and examined the potential involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as well as lipogenic and lipolytic molecules. Methods: Control and

IGF-I was originally discovered as a GH-dependent growth factor stimulating longitudinal growth. Currently, however, it has become evident that the biological activities of IGF-I extend well beyond those of a simple growth factor and impact such processes as insulin sensitivity, aging, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The vast majority of IGF-I is tightly bound to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which

Objective Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) is an important regulator of collagen and extracellular matrix protein expression. We aimed to evaluate the effect of amino acids (AAs) on expression of IGF1 and IGF1-dependent genes in human myotubes and skeletal muscle and supposed that AAs administration increases IGF1 levels in blood and expression of IGF1 and IGF1-dependent genes in trained skeletal

Objectives To describe biochemical and clinical features, and therapeutic outcomes of acromegaly patients in Turkey. Methods Retrospective multicenter epidemiological study of 547 patients followed in 10 centers of the Turkish Acromegaly registry. Results A total of 547 acromegaly patients (55% female) with a median age of 41 was included in this study. Majority of patients had a macroadenoma (78%)

Objective Macimorelin is an orally active ghrelin receptor agonist indicated for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency in the United States. This phase 1 study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single ascending doses of macimorelin (including a supratherapeutic dose to be used in a thorough QT trial) in healthy adults. Design Participants

Acromegaly is a disease characterized by overproduction of growth hormone (GH). As a consequence of excessive GH secretion, circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is elevated in active (untreated) acromegaly. IGF-I is often used as a marker of disease activity and growth hormone status in acromegaly. Although IGF-I can directly improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in muscles, the

Objective Exercise-induced changes in the neurotrophic factors and the physical function are essential for the rehabilitation of the multiple sclerosis (MS) persons. The aim of this study was investigating of effectiveness of the combined functional training (CFT) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and their association with health-related fitness in

Both rhGH and rhIGF-I are signaling molecules with the capacity to restore the rate of growth in certain subsets of slowly growing children. In some instances, heights attained at or near the time of cessation of linear growth are indistinguishable from the height distribution of the community as a whole or from the height distribution expected based on the heights of biological parents. The GH: IGF-I

When initiating growth hormone replacement therapy, it is important to consider a patient's other pituitary hormone replacement medications, as adjustments are often necessary. Growth hormone therapy can increase the metabolism of hydrocortisone or endogenous cortisol, unmasking borderline ACTH deficiency and leading to the development of adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis. In addition, growth

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor-I (IGFI) are key bone trophic hormones, whose rising levels during puberty are critical for pubertal bone accrual. Conditions of GH deficiency and genetic resistance impact cortical and trabecular bone deleteriously with reduced estimates of bone strength. In humans, conditions of undernutrition (as in anorexia nervosa (AN), or subsequent to chronic

Background We have shown that subjects with Laron syndrome (LS) due to growth hormone receptor deficiency (GHRD) and their relatives have comparable brain structure and function; moreover, the brain of individuals affected with GHRD appears like those of younger people. While the functionally absent growth hormone receptor and the diminished concentrations of the insulin-like growth factor-I have been