Individuals affected with two genetic syndromes identified in Ecuador have severe short stature and diminished insulin secretion, along with essentially different GH counterregulatory effects on insulin action, which leads to the appearance of opposing metabolic phenotypes. In the case of Laron syndrome, subjects have enhanced insulin sensitivity and diminished incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background The easypod™ injection device allows automatic recording and transmission of adherence data from patients receiving recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH [Saizen®]) to treat growth disorders. This analysis aimed to evaluate the adherence of Saizen® administered via easypod™ in a cohort of Greek patients from the easypod™ connect observational study (ECOS). Methods The phase IV, open-label

Objective The direct actions of growth hormone (GH) in the development of atherosclerosis are unclear. The goal of this study was to characterize GH-induced changes in expression of signaling pathway elements and other proteins that may be related to atherosclerosis. Methods Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and THP-1, a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line, were stimulated by exposure

Both the GH/IGF-1 axis and the gut microbiota independently play an important role in host growth, metabolism, and intestinal homeostasis. Inversely, abnormalities in GH action and microbial dysbiosis (or a lack of diversity) in the gut have been implicated in restricted growth, metabolic disorders (such as chronic undernutrition, anorexia nervosa, obesity, and diabetes), and intestinal dysfunction

IGF-I was originally discovered as a GH-dependent growth factor stimulating longitudinal growth. Currently, however, it has become evident that the biological activities of IGF-I extend well beyond those of a simple growth factor and impact such processes as insulin sensitivity, aging, cancer and cardiovascular disease. The vast majority of IGF-I is tightly bound to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), which

Objective: Growth hormone (GH) deficiency has been associated with increased steatosis but the molecular mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We investigated the effect of GH on lipid accumulation of HepG2 cells cultured on an in vitro steatosis model and examined the potential involvement of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) as well as lipogenic and lipolytic molecules. Methods: Control and

Purpose The present study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) therapy between children with idiopathic short stature (ISS) and growth hormone deficiency (GHD). Methods A total of 150 pediatric patients with ISS and 153 pediatric patients with GHD who received rhGH treatment for more than one year from 2005 to 2016 were enrolled. Growth velocity (GV);

Objective In this study, we considered to assess the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and the expression of estrogen receptor genes (ESR) in the surgical tissue samples of acromegaly patients and the control group patients with nonfunctioning adenoma and their association with disease activity. We also aimed to determine the significance of ER positivity in acromegaly patients and to find out whether

Gamma knife radiosurgery (GKS) is a treatment option for recurrent or persistent disease in patients with acromegaly. Objective We aimed to retrospectively evaluate acromegaly patients who had undergone GKS in terms of pituitary hormone status, efficacy of GKS, and prognostic factors. Method One-hundred and ten acromegaly patients who underwent GKS, and who were referred to our outpatient endocrinology

OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF1) is an important regulator of collagen and extracellular matrix protein expression. We aimed to evaluate the effect of amino acids (AAs) on expression of IGF1 and IGF1-dependent genes in human myotubes and skeletal muscle and supposed that AAs administration increases IGF1 levels in blood and expression of IGF1 and IGF1-dependent genes in trained skeletal

OBJECTIVES To describe biochemical and clinical features, and therapeutic outcomes of acromegaly patients in Turkey. METHODS Retrospective multicenter epidemiological study of 547 patients followed in 10 centers of the Turkish Acromegaly registry. RESULTS A total of 547 acromegaly patients (55% female) with a median age of 41 was included in this study. Majority of patients had a macroadenoma (78%)

Laron Syndrome (LS), (OMIM# 262500), a rare recessively inherited disease caused by deletions or mutations of the GH receptor, gene characterized by dwarfism with low or undetectable serum IGF-I in the presence of high serum GH. In addition to dwarfism, the IGF-I deficiency leads to metabolic abnormalities including aberrations in protein biosynthesis and homeostasis. The only available treatment for

When initiating growth hormone replacement therapy, it is important to consider a patient's other pituitary hormone replacement medications, as adjustments are often necessary. Growth hormone therapy can increase the metabolism of hydrocortisone or endogenous cortisol, unmasking borderline ACTH deficiency and leading to the development of adrenal insufficiency and adrenal crisis. In addition, growth

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin like growth factor-I (IGFI) are key bone trophic hormones, whose rising levels during puberty are critical for pubertal bone accrual. Conditions of GH deficiency and genetic resistance impact cortical and trabecular bone deleteriously with reduced estimates of bone strength. In humans, conditions of undernutrition (as in anorexia nervosa (AN), or subsequent to chronic

Both rhGH and rhIGF-I are signaling molecules with the capacity to restore the rate of growth in certain subsets of slowly growing children. In some instances, heights attained at or near the time of cessation of linear growth are indistinguishable from the height distribution of the community as a whole or from the height distribution expected based on the heights of biological parents. The GH: IGF-I

OBJECTIVE Exercise-induced changes in the neurotrophic factors and the physical function are essential for the rehabilitation of the multiple sclerosis (MS) persons. The aim of this study was investigating of effectiveness of the combined functional training (CFT) on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and their association with health-related fitness in

OBJECTIVE Macimorelin is an orally active ghrelin receptor agonist indicated for the diagnosis of adult growth hormone (GH) deficiency in the United States. This phase 1 study evaluated the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of single ascending doses of macimorelin (including a supratherapeutic dose to be used in a thorough QT trial) in healthy adults. DESIGN Participants

Acromegaly is a disease characterized by overproduction of growth hormone (GH). As a consequence of excessive GH secretion, circulating insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is elevated in active (untreated) acromegaly. IGF-I is often used as a marker of disease activity and growth hormone status in acromegaly. Although IGF-I can directly improve insulin sensitivity and glucose uptake in muscles, the

OBJECTIVE Growth factors in the blood of very preterm infants may reflect growth and contribute to the understanding of early development. We investigated postnatal levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) in infants born very preterm and related them to early growth development. DESIGN Blood samples were analyzed weekly for IGF-I, IGF-II, IGF binding protein (BP)-1, IGFBP-3, and acid-label subunit

Some recent clinic and population-based studies suggest that severe short stature is not associated with significant behavioral and psychological problems, however collectively studies on this topic are variable and frequently contradictory. In light of these contradictory sources, it is important to recognize that there may be some children for whom growth failure is disabling. Many of such children

OBJECTIVES We report results from a subgroup within the ongoing PHYSSURG-C trial with the aim to examine effects of exercise on IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in patients undergoing colorectal cancer surgery. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. SETTING A Swedish university hospital. PARTICIPANTS Between 2015 and 2016, 217 patients were enrolled (I = 106, C = 111), with 122 patients that had given blood samples

BACKGROUND Insulin-like growth factor binding-protein 2 (IGFBP-2) was originally identified as an IGF-carrier, governing IGF half-life, tissue accessibility and biological effects. Later, IGFBP-2 was discovered to possess IGF-independent effects. IGFBP-2 circulates in several forms, as free protein, complexed with IGF-I or IGF-II, or as IGFBP-2 fragments. The various IGFBP-2 forms are all included

Previous studies have demonstrated that compared to runners, swimmers carry a higher prevalence of the IL-6 -174C polymorphism and lower single nucleotide polymorphism frequencies of the IGF system. PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to assess the combined frequency of the IL-6 -174G/C and IGFBP3 -202A/C polymorphisms among track and field athletes and swimmers. METHODS Track and field athletes

The efficacy and safety of IGF-1 therapy in patients with severe primary IGF-I deficiency has been evaluated for more than two decades. Most of the therapeutic experience comes from treating the more severe IGF-I deficient patients, who usually present with a phenotype characteristic of growth hormone receptor deficiency or Laron syndrome. Although most of these patients do not experience enough catchup

OBJECTIVE Human patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) commonly exhibit a short stature, but the pathogenesis of this growth retardation is not completely understood. Due to the suspected involvement of the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH/IGF1) system, controversial therapeutic approaches have been developed, including both GH- administration, as well as GH-inhibition. In the

The Growth hormone receptor (GHR) is expressed in many cells/tissues in the body. To investigate the specific metabolic effects of GH action in distinct tissues, several tissue-specific GHR gene disrupted or knockout (KO) mouse lines have been generated. Previously, we have described the effects of GHRKO in several known insulin sensitive tissues, namely liver, muscle and adipose tissue. In this review

OBJECTIVE Steady state insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels vary significantly during continuous intravenous infusion of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor-1/recombinant human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (rhIGF-1/rhIGFBP-3) in the first weeks of life in extremely preterm infants. We evaluated interleukin-6 (IL-6) and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1)

This article is based on my presentation at the 9th International Congress of the Growth Hormone Research and Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF) Societies at Seattle, USA on 17th, September 2018. In the article, after a general introduction to IGF research, I briefly review the IGF research being published from 2016 to 2018, focusing on what I believe represent the most interesting areas of progress

This brief review highlights new studies in three areas of the GH field, namely diagnostics, therapeutics and biomarkers. The diagnosis of GH deficiency has always presented a challenge: there is no "gold standard" test of GH status, and GH levels during stimulation testing are affected by many factors that limit diagnostic accuracy. Two new approaches to diagnosis have been proposed: one involves

OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) have neuroprotective effects. IGF activity is partly controlled by pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), an enzyme which enhances IGF-action by cleavage of IGF-binding protein-4 (IGFBP-4). To study the role of PAPP-A and the IGF system in diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN), we measured immunoreactive (total) concentrations of IGF-I and IGF-II, bioactive

IGF-I and IGFBPs have important physiological modulatory effects and this study sought to examine the influence of active vs. passive recovery following a heavy resistance exercise on IGF-I and IGF binding protein (IGFBP) recovery responses. It was hypothesized that increased IGF-I and decreased inhibitory IGFBPs during active recovery may be reflective of cascades promoting physiological recovery

OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-inflammatory property of ghrelin treatment on the Growth Hormone (GH)/Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-1) axis in Wistar rats that have undergone endotoxemia. DESIGN In this randomized animal study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) was administered to induce endotoxemia, and ghrelin (15 nmol/kg; endovenous) was injected simultaneously. Blood and

Pediatric patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) can be treated with recombinant human GH (rhGH). These patients are highly sensitive to rhGH and the standard doses suggested by the international guidelines often result in IGF-1 above the normal range. We aimed to evaluate 1 the proper rhGH dose to optimize auxological outcomes and to avoid potential overtreatment, and 2 which patients are more

Determination of true IGF-I bioactivity in serum and other biological fluids is still a substantial challenge. The IGF-IR Kinase Receptor Activation assay (IGF-IR KIRA assay) is a novel tool to asses IGF-IR stimulating activity (IRSA) and has opened a new era in studying the IGF system. In this paper we discuss many studies showing that measuring IRSA by the IGF-IR KIRA assay often provides fundamentally

CONTEXT ALS deficiency (ACLSD), caused by mutations in IGFALS, is characterized by a mild short stature, low concentrations of IGF-I and IGFBP-3, and a normal growth hormone (GH) stimulation test response. To our knowledge, no larger deletions have been reported. CASE DESCRIPTION A 17-year-old adolescent male was evaluated due to delayed puberty and short stature. He had a height of 154.4 cm (SDS -2

OBJECTIVE The CERES study was a randomized, multicenter, investigator-blind trial aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) developed by Cristalia, as a biosimilar product, with analytical, functional and pharmacokinetics similarities comparable to Genotropin™, in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD). DESIGN A total of 135 naïve prepubertal children

Despite decades of study on the contribution of growth hormone (GH) to the development of kidney disease, there remains the question of the relative contribution of elevated levels of GH to kidney damage in humans, particularly in diabetic nephropathy occurring in type 1 patients. In this study, we reviewed several publicly available datasets to examine transcription of twelve genes associated with

OBJECTIVE The impact of growth hormone (GH) deficiency of the adult on cardiovascular function remains only partially elucidated. Purpose of this study was to test cardiac function in adult GH deficient patients using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). DESIGN Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) techniques, including cardiac 31P MR spectroscopy and evaluation of gadolinium late-enhancement, were applied

In mammals, the large IGF-I gene comprises 6 exons, which are subject to alternative splicing. All transcripts contain exons 3 and 4, encoding mature IGF-I, but the other exons are included in various combinations, giving at least 6 possible mature mRNAs. At the 5' end, exons 1 and 2 are spliced alternatively to exon 3, giving different leader/signal sequences. It is shown in this study that in human

OBJECTIVES Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) is a rare disease characterised by abnormal body composition, reduced strength and exercise capacity and impaired psychological wellbeing. An advisory board of leading Central and Eastern European (CEE) endocrinologists was assembled to gain insights into the status of AGHD care in the CEE region. Topics of discussion included the position of adult

OBJECTIVE The objective of our study was to examine the direct action of insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) signaling on energy homeostasis in myocytes. DESIGN We studied the IGF-1 stimulation of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 3 (UCP3) expression in the HEK 293 derived cell line TSA201, murine C2C12 skeletal muscle myoblasts, and rat L6 skeletal myoblasts. We also investigated the direct effect

CircRNAs play important roles in chicken's growth. In this context, we studied the expression profiles of circRNAs between the GHR antisense transcript overexpressed and the control groups of chicken hepatocytes by using the deep RNA-sequencing technique to identify the key circRNAs involved in chicken's growth. A total of 4772 circRNAs were detected in both groups and 92 circRNAs displayed significant

OBJECTIVE Growth hormone (GH) has been reported to enhance the intestinal barrier; as such, recombinant GH has been administered for several intestinal diseases. However, excess GH action has been implicated in increasing the risk of intestinal dysfunction. The goal of this study was to examine the direct effects of GH on the small and large intestines to clarify the role GH plays in intestinal function

Growth hormone (GH) exerts a diverse set of effects across many tissues including fat, muscle, bone, kidney, heart, and liver. GH is also a diabetogenic hormone in that it inhibits the actions of insulin. Acromegaly, a condition traditionally characterized by increased levels of growth hormone secretion as a result of pituitary adenoma, results in increased tissue growth, lipolysis, and can result

AIM The aim was to analyze emotional state, cognitive functioning and quality of life (QoL) of adult women with Turner syndrome (TS) in Lithuania. PATIENTS AND METHODS Of all invited adult TS patients from Lithuanian TS database (n = 150), 68 (age 18-60, average 30.2 ± 9.0 years) agreed and were recruited for the study, as well as 68 age-matched healthy control women. Emotional state was evaluated

Insulin-like growth factor binding-protein 2 (IGFBP-2) is secreted by differentiating white adipocytes. Clinical studies demonstrate that circulating IGFBP-2 levels associated inversely with body mass index (BMI) and insulin resistance. To explore possible epigenetic changes of the IGFBP2 gene in obesity, we analyzed DNA methylation and mRNA expression in adipocytes from different depots. Healthy lean

Insulin (IR) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-IR) receptors share structural homology and can form hybrid heterodimers. While different observations suggest that hybrid receptors are important in physiology and pathology, little is known about their function in the brain. To gain further insight into the role of IR/IGF-IR hybrids in this organ, we analyzed their cellular distribution in the mouse

OBJECTIVE GH excess in acromegaly leads to lower fat mass and insulin resistance; both reverse following pituitary surgery. Soluble delta like-1 homolog (sDlk1) inhibits adipocyte differentiation and may mediate the antiadipogenic effects of GH. It is released into the circulation by ectodomain shedding through 'A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase domain 17' (ADAM17), which also sheds soluble α-Klotho

The GH-receptor antagonist pegvisomant (PEG) reduces peripheral IGF-1 synthesis and is used to treat acromegaly patients resistant or intolerant to somatostatin analogues (SSA). Medical therapy is generally life-long in patients with acromegaly, since disease remission is very uncommon after SSA discontinuation and has never been reported after PEG withdrawal. Here, we report for the first time the

Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory arterial pathogenic condition, which leads to ischemic cardiovascular diseases, such as coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial disorder and its pathophysiology is highly complex. Changes in expression of multiple genes coupled with environmental and lifestyle factors initiate

PURPOSE Somatostatin analogues (SSAs) can slow down the growth of neuroendocrine tumors. However, the mechanism remains unclear. Recent studies on patients with acromegaly suggest that SSAs may induce apoptosis, increase autophagy, and decrease cell proliferation of pituitary adenoma. Ki-67-labeling index is a marker of cellular proliferation; therefore, decreased levels are associated with inhibition

OBJECTIVE Circulating levels of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their binding proteins (IGFBPs) have been associated with breast cancer (BC) risk. The evidence in relation to BC prognosis is limited. We aimed to evaluate the association between pre-diagnostic serum levels of IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3 and BC prognosis (i.e. recurrence, BC specific mortality and all-cause mortality) among

Short stature remains the most common reason for referral to a pediatric Endocrinologist and its management remains a challenge. One of the main controversies is the diagnosis of idiopathic short stature and the role of new technologies for genetic investigation of children with inadequate growth. Complexities in management of children with short stature includes selection of who should receive interventions

OBJECTIVE We report a novel GLI2 frameshift mutation and describe the phenotypic spectrum of mutations within this gene. PATIENTS AND METHODS A male with congenital hypopituitarism and polymalformation syndrome was clinically, biochemically and neuroradiologically characterized. Genetic analysis for congenital hypopituitarism was performed using a targeted NGS custom gene panel. RESULTS A heterozygous

OBJECTIVE Traditional weight-based regimens of GH replacement are more effective at reversing the loss of skeletal muscle in GH-deficient adults than currently recommended regimens, where the dose of GH is increased to restore serum concentrations of IGF-1. While weight-based regimens increase concentrations of IGF-1 and decrease concentrations of myostatin, it is not known whether the reduced effectiveness

OBJECTIVE In humans, loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding pregnancy-associated pregnancy protein-A2 cause short stature and slightly reduced bone density. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of Pappa2 deletion on bone in mice. DESIGN Pappa2 deletion mice and littermate controls were culled at 10, 19 or 30 weeks of age and femurs were analysed by micro-computed tomography

OBJECTIVE Adherence to treatment regimen is a key factor in the success of Growth Hormone (GH) therapy. Our objective was to assess the long time adherence to treatment in a large cohort of patients. DESIGN It is a retrospective study. The data was collected from a single central computerized data center well maintained and checked for quality. All patient aged 1-16 years, treated with GH during 2006-2015

OBJECTIVE To characterize the influence of mode (aerobic/resistance) and volume of exercise (moderate/high) on circulating GH immediately post-exercise as well as following the onset of sleep. DESIGN This study used repeated measures in which subjects randomly completed 5 separate conditions: control (no exercise), moderate volume resistance exercise (MR), high-volume resistance exercise (HR), moderate

OBJECTIVE Characterization of a deletion in the exon 1 and 5' regulatory region of the GHRHR gene in a proband with isolated growth hormone deficiency. METHODS Multiple ligation dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay was carried out to confirm the homozygous deletion which was suspected during screening of the GHRHR gene by single strand conformation polymorphism. A series of short range PCR amplifications