“Cognitive control” describes our ability to strategically bias information processing in line with internal goals. Traditionally, research has focused on delineating the sources of top-down biasing, implicating the lateral prefrontal cortex. The past two decades, however, have seen increasing interest in the regulation of control, that is, how learning processes guide the context-sensitive application of top-down biasing. Here, we review and synthesize recent research into the cognitive and neural mechanisms of this type of “context-control learning”. We first discuss a fast-growing cognitive psychology literature documenting how specific cognitive control states can become associated with, and subsequently triggered by, contextual cues. We then review neuroimaging studies that speak to the neural substrates of contextual adjustments in control, with a particular focus on recent work that explicitly modeled context-control learning processes. We conclude that these studies suggest an important subcortical extension of the traditional frontal control network, as they indicate a key role for the caudate nucleus in forming associations between contextual cues and appropriate control settings.

“认知控制”描述了我们根据内部目标在战略上偏向信息处理的能力。传统上，研究集中于描绘自上而下的偏见的来源，这牵涉到外侧前额叶皮层。然而，在过去的二十年中，人们对该法规越来越感兴趣控制，即学习过程如何指导自上而下的偏见的上下文相关应用。在这里，我们回顾并综合了关于这种“上下文控制学习”的认知和神经机制的最新研究。我们首先讨论一个快速增长的认知心理学文献，该文献记录了特定的认知控制状态如何与情境提示相关联并随后被其触发。然后，我们回顾了涉及影像学背景控制调整的神经影像的神经影像学研究，特别关注了明确建模环境控制学习过程的最新工作。我们得出的结论是，这些研究表明传统的额叶控制网络是皮质下的重要扩展，