Devastating effects of exposure to alcohol and tobacco smoke on health are extensively reported in the literature. However, few studies have attempted to elucidate the consequences of their combined use on the central nervous system. Here we studied the effect of this combined use on some oxidative, inflammatory, and neurotrophic parameters in the hippocampus, striatum, and frontal cortex of rats. Adult Wistar rats were allocated into control (CT), alcohol (AL), tobacco smoke (TB), or combined (ALTB) groups. Rats were exposed to environmental air (CT and AL groups) or to the smoke from six cigarettes (TB and ALTB groups) immediately after tap water (CT and TB) or 2 g of alcohol/kg (AL and ALTB) oral gavage administration, twice a day, for 4 weeks. On day 28, rats were euthanized and areas of the brain were dissected to evaluate some cellular redox parameters, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. A one-way analysis of variance showed that the ALTB combined treatment significantly increased oxidative stress levels in the hippocampus. ALTB also increased interleukin-1β levels in the striatum and frontal cortex and tumoral necrosis factor-α levels in the frontal cortex compared with those of AL, TB, and CT rats. Combined treatment also decreased the BDNF levels in the frontal cortex of rats. Oxidative damage was found, more importantly, in the hippocampus, and inflammatory parameters were extended to all areas of the brain that were studied. Our results showed an interaction between alcohol and tobacco smoke according to the area of the brain, suggesting an additional risk of neural damage in alcoholics who smoke.

中文翻译：

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烟酒联合暴露改变大鼠大脑不同区域的氧化，炎症和神经营养参数

文献中广泛报道了暴露于酒精和烟草烟雾对健康的破坏性影响。然而，很少有研究试图阐明它们的联合使用对中枢神经系统的影响。在这里，我们研究了这种联合使用对大鼠海马，纹状体和额叶皮层中某些氧化，炎症和神经营养参数的影响。将成年Wistar大鼠分为对照组（CT），酒精（AL），烟草烟雾（TB）或联合（ALTB）组。在自来水（CT和TB）或2 g酒精/千克酒精（AL和ALTB）的口服管饲法给药后，大鼠立即暴露于环境空气（CT和AL组）或六支香烟（TB和ALTB组）的烟雾中，每天两次，持续4周。在第28天，对大鼠实施安乐死并解剖大脑区域，以评估一些细胞氧化还原参数，促炎性细胞因子水平和脑源性神经营养因子（BDNF）水平。单因素方差分析表明，ALTB联合治疗可显着增加海马区的氧化应激水平。与AL，TB和CT大鼠相比，ALTB还增加了纹状体和额叶皮质中的白介素-1β水平，额叶皮质中的肿瘤坏死因子-α水平。联合治疗还降低了大鼠额叶皮质中的BDNF水平。更重要的是，在海马体中发现了氧化损伤，炎症参数扩展到了研究的大脑所有区域。我们的研究结果表明，酒精和烟草烟雾之间的相互作用取决于大脑的区域，