Abstract In the aftermath of the Permian-Triassic boundary mass extinction (~252 Ma) ― the most dramatic biotic crisis of the Phanerozoic ― changes in climate, the carbon cycle, and biodiversity patterns remained extremely variable for several million years. In particular, the Smithian-Spathian boundary crisis, which occurred ca. 1.5 Ma after the Permian-Triassic boundary, coincided with drastic changes in global climate, a major extinction of nektonic organisms, and major shifts in the carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of marine carbonates and phosphates. However, the timing of these events and their interrelationships remain controversial. Previous studies concluded that the latest Smithian-earliest Spathian interval was a time of extremely high temperatures, which would have precluded marine (macro)-vertebrates from inhabiting the equatorial realm. Conversely, based on oxygen isotope measurements of conodont elements collected at high temporal resolution from the Salt Range record (Pakistan), we report a major cooling event during that time interval. These results suggest that the interplay between climate and biodiversity patterns is more complex than usually portrayed.

中文翻译：

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早三叠世史密斯-斯巴达生物危机期间气候与海洋生物多样性剧变之间的动态相互作用

摘要 在二叠纪-三叠纪边界大灭绝（~252 Ma）——显生宙最剧烈的生物危机之后——气候、碳循环和生物多样性模式的变化在数百万年间仍然千变万化。特别是，大约发生的史密森-斯帕特边界危机。二叠纪-三叠纪界线后1.5 Ma，正值全球气候剧烈变化，游动生物大灭绝，海洋碳酸盐和磷酸盐碳氧同位素组成发生重大变化。然而，这些事件的发生时间及其相互关系仍然存在争议。先前的研究得出的结论是，最新的史密斯-最早的斯帕西亚间隔是一个极端高温的时期，这将阻止海洋（大型）脊椎动物居住在赤道领域。相反，根据盐范围记录（巴基斯坦）以高时间分辨率收集的牙形石元素的氧同位素测量结果，我们报告了该时间间隔内的主要冷却事件。这些结果表明，气候和生物多样性模式之间的相互作用比通常描绘的要复杂。