In recent years, therapeutic monoclonal antibodies have made impressive progress, providing great benefit by successfully treating malignant and chronic inflammatory diseases. Monoclonal antibodies with broadly neutralizing effects against specific antigens, or that target specific immune regulators, manifest therapeutic effects via their Fab fragment specificities. Subsequently therapeutic efficacy is mediated mostly by interactions of the Fc fragments of the antibodies with their receptors (FcR) displayed on cells of the immune system. These interactions can trigger a series of immunoregulatory responses, involving both innate and adaptive immune systems and including cross-presentation of antigens, activation of CD₈⁺ T cells and CD₄⁺ T cells, phagocytosis, complement-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). The nature of the triggered effector functions of the antibodies is markedly affected by the glycosylation patterns of the Fc fragments. These can cause differences in the conformation of the heavy chains of antibodies, with resultant changes in antibody binding affinity and activation of the complement system. Studies of the Fc glycosylation profiles together with the associated Fc effector functions and FcR/CR interactions promoted interest and progress in engineering therapeutic antibodies. Furthermore, because antigen–antibody immune complexes (ICs) have shown similar actions, in addition to certain novel immunoregulatory mechanisms that also reshape immune responses, the properties of ICs are being explored in new approaches for prevention and therapy of diseases. In this review, both basic studies and experimental/clinical applications of ICs leading to the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines are presented.

近年来，治疗性单克隆抗体取得了令人瞩目的进展，通过成功治疗恶性和慢性炎症性疾病提供了巨大的益处。具有针对特定抗原的广泛中和作用或靶向特定免疫调节剂的单克隆抗体，通过其Fab片段特异性表现出治疗效果。随后，治疗功效主要通过抗体的Fc片段与免疫系统细胞上展示的其受体（FcR）的相互作用来介导。这些相互作用可以触发一系列免疫调节反应，涉及先天和适应性免疫系统，包括抗原的交叉呈递，CD ₈ ⁺ T细胞和CD ₄ ^+的激活。T细胞，吞噬作用，补体介导的抗体依赖性细胞毒性（ADCC）和补体依赖性细胞毒性（CDC）。Fc的片段的糖基化模式显着影响抗体的触发的效应子功能的性质。这些会导致抗体重链构象的差异，从而导致抗体结合亲和力和补体系统活化的变化。Fc糖基化谱以及相关的Fc效应子功能和FcR / CR相互作用的研究促进了对工程治疗抗体的兴趣和进展。此外，由于抗原抗体免疫复合物（IC）表现出相似的作用，除了某些新的免疫调节机制还可以重塑免疫反应之外，预防和治疗疾病的新方法正在探索IC的特性。在这篇综述中，介绍了导致预防性和治疗性疫苗开发的IC的基础研究和实验/临床应用。