Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) refers to a family of interventions targeting substance-related cognitive biases, which have been found to play a role in the maintenance of addictive behaviors. In this study, we conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data from studies investigating the effects of CBM as a behavior change intervention for the treatment of alcohol and tobacco use disorders, in individuals aware of the behavior change goal of the studies. Main outcomes included reduction in the targeted cognitive biases after the intervention and in substance use or relapse rate at the short-to-long term follow-up. Additional moderators, both at the study-level (type of addiction and CBM training) and at the participant-level (amount of completed training trials, severity of substance use), were progressively included in a series of hierarchical mixed-effects models. We included 14 studies involving 2435 participants. CBM appeared to have a small effect on cognitive bias (0.23, 95% credible interval = 0.06–0.41) and relapse rate (−0.27, 95% credible interval = −0.68 – 0.22), but not on reduction of substance use. Increased training practice showed a paradoxical moderation effect on relapse, with a relatively lower chance of relapse in the control condition with increased practice, compared to the training condition. All effects were associated with extremely wide 95% credible intervals, which indicate the absence of enough evidence in favor or against a reliable effect of CBM on cognitive bias and relapse rate in alcohol and tobacco use disorders. Besides the need for a larger body of evidence, research on the topic would benefit from a stronger adherence to the current methodological standards in randomized controlled trial design and the systematic investigation of shared protocols of CBM.

中文翻译：

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酒精和吸烟成瘾行为改变的认知偏差修正：单个参与者数据的贝叶斯元分析。

认知偏差修正（CBM）是指针对与物质相关的认知偏见的一系列干预措施，这些干预措施已被发现在维持成瘾行为中起着作用。在这项研究中，我们对研究了行为改变目标的个体中的CBM作为行为改变干预措施治疗烟酒使用障碍的效果进行了研究，对患者的个人数据进行了贝叶斯荟萃分析。主要结果包括干预后目标认知偏见的减少以及短期至长期随访中药物使用或复发率的降低。在研究级别（成瘾类型和CBM培训）和参与者级别（完成的培训试验的数量，药物使用的严重性）的其他主持人，被逐步纳入一系列的分层混合效应模型中。我们纳入了14项研究，涉及2435名参与者。煤层气似乎对认知偏见（0.23，95％可信区间= 0.06-0.41）和复发率（-0.27，95％可信区间= -0.68 – 0.22）影响很小，但对减少药物使用却没有影响。与训练条件相比，增加训练实践显示出对复发的反常缓和作用，随着训练的增加，在控制条件下复发的机会相对较低。所有影响均与95％的可信区间非常宽广相关，这表明缺乏足够的证据支持或反对CBM对酒精和烟草使用障碍的认知偏差和复发率的可靠影响。除了需要更多证据之外，