The recent progress in biomaterials science and development of tubular conduits (TCs) still fails in solving the current challenges in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs), in particular when disease-related and long-gap defects need to be addressed. Nanotechnology-based therapies that seemed unreachable in the past are now being considered for the repair and reconstruction of PNIs, having the power to deliver bioactive molecules in a controlled manner, to tune cellular behavior, and ultimately guide tissue regeneration in an effective manner. It also offers opportunities in the imaging field, with a degree of precision never achieved before, which is useful for diagnosis, surgery and in the patient’s follow-up. Nanotechnology approaches applied in PNI regeneration and theranostics, emphasizing the ones that are moving from the lab bench to the clinics, are herein overviewed.

生物材料科学的最新进展和管状导管（TCs）的开发仍未能解决当前治疗周围神经损伤（PNI）的挑战，特别是在需要解决与疾病相关的缺陷和长距离缺陷时。过去似乎无法实现的基于纳米技术的疗法现在正在考虑用于PNI的修复和重建，这种疗法具有以受控方式递送生物活性分子，调节细胞行为并最终以有效方式指导组织再生的能力。它还提供了成像领域的机会，其精确度从未达到过，这对于诊断，手术和患者的随访非常有用。应用于PNI再生和诊断学的纳米技术方法，