Advanced nanoscale synthetic techniques provide a versatile platform for programmable control over the size, morphology, and composition of nanocrystals doped with lanthanide ions. Characteristic upconversion luminescence features originating from the 4f-4f optical transitions of lanthanides can be achieved through predesigned energy transfer pathways, enabling wide applications ranging from ultrasensitive biological detection to advanced spectroscopic instrumentation with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we review recent scientific and technological discoveries that have prompted the realization of these peculiar functions of lanthanide-doped upconversion nanocrystals and discuss the mechanistic studies of energy transfer involved in upconversion processes. These advanced schemes include cross relaxation-mediated depletion, multipulse sequential pumping, and nanostructural configuration design. Our emphasis is placed on disruptive technologies such as super-resolution microscopy, optogenetics, nanolasing, and optical anticounterfeiting, which take full advantage of the upconversion nanophenomena in relation to lanthanide-doped nanocrystals.

中文翻译：

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镧系元素激活的上转换纳米晶体中的能量转移编辑：新兴应用的工具箱。

先进的纳米级合成技术为可编程控制掺杂镧系元素离子的纳米晶体的尺寸，形态和组成提供了通用的平台。可以通过预先设计的能量转移途径实现源自镧系元素4f-4f光学跃迁的特征上转换发光特征，从而实现了从超灵敏生物检测到具有高时空分辨率的先进光谱仪器的广泛应用。在这里，我们回顾了促使镧系元素掺杂的上转换纳米晶体实现这些特殊功能的最新科学技术发现，并讨论了上转换过程中能量转移的机理研究。这些先进的方案包括交叉松弛介导的耗竭，多脉冲顺序泵送和纳米结构配置设计。我们的重点放在破坏性技术上，例如超分辨率显微镜，光遗传学，纳米激光和光学防伪技术，这些技术充分利用了与镧系元素掺杂的纳米晶体有关的上转换纳米现象。