The ocean interacts with the atmosphere via interfacial exchanges of momentum, heat (via radiation and convection), and fresh water (via evaporation and precipitation). These fluxes, or exchanges, constitute the ocean-surface energy and water budgets and define the ocean's role in Earth's climate and its variability on both short and long timescales. However, direct flux measurements are available only at limited locations. Air-sea fluxes are commonly estimated from bulk flux parameterization using flux-related near-surface meteorological variables (winds, sea and air temperatures, and humidity) that are available from buoys, ships, satellite remote sensing, numerical weather prediction models, and/or a combination of any of these sources. Uncertainties in parameterization-based flux estimates are large, and when they are integrated over the ocean basins, they cause a large imbalance in the global-ocean budgets. Despite the significant progress that has been made in quantifying surface fluxes in the past 30 years, achieving a global closure of ocean-surface energy and water budgets remains a challenge for flux products constructed from all data sources. This review provides a personal perspective on three questions: First, to what extent can time-series measurements from air-sea buoys be used as benchmarks for accuracy and reliability in the context of the budget closures? Second, what is the dominant source of uncertainties for surface flux products, the flux-related variables or the bulk flux algorithms? And third, given the coupling between the energy and water cycles, precipitation and surface radiation can act as twin budget constraints-are the community-standard precipitation and surface radiation products pairwise compatible?

中文翻译：

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全球海，海洋热量，淡水和动量通量：能源预算封闭和未解决的问题。

海洋通过动量，热量（通过辐射和对流）和淡水（通过蒸发和降水）的界面交换与大气相互作用。这些通量或交换量构成了海洋表面的能量和水的预算，并定义了海洋在地球气候中的作用及其在短时和长时尺度上的可变性。但是，直接磁通量测量仅在有限的位置可用。通常使用浮标，船舶，卫星遥感，数值天气预报模型和/可获得的与通量有关的近地表气象变量（风，海和空气温度以及湿度）从总通量参数化来估计海海通量。或所有这些来源的组合。基于参数化的流量估算的不确定性很大，当它们整合到海盆之上时，它们会导致全球海洋预算的巨大失衡。尽管在过去30年中在量化地表通量方面取得了重大进展，但要实现全球范围内海洋表面能和水预算的封闭仍然是所有数据源构造的通量产品所面临的挑战。这篇综述提供了关于三个问题的个人观点：首先，在预算关闭的情况下，海-海浮标的时间序列测量值可以在多大程度上用作准确性和可靠性的基准？其次，表面磁通量产品，与磁通量有关的变量或整体磁通量算法的不确定性的主要来源是什么？第三，考虑到能量和水循环之间的耦合，