Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and complicated condition with no cure available. The initial mechanical trauma is followed by a secondary injury characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibitory glial scar formation. Due to the limitations posed by the blood-spinal cord barrier, systemic delivery of therapeutics is challenging. Recent development of various nanoscale strategies provides exciting and promising new means of treating SCI by crossing the blood-spinal cord barrier and delivering therapeutics. As such, we discuss different nanomaterial fabrication methods and provide an overview of recent studies where nanomaterials were developed to modulate inflammatory signals, target inhibitory factors in the lesion, and promote axonal regeneration after SCI. We also review emerging areas of research such as optogenetics, immunotherapy and CRISPR-mediated genome editing where nanomaterials can provide synergistic effects in developing novel SCI therapy regimens, as well as current efforts and barriers to clinical translation of nanomaterials.

中文翻译：

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脊髓损伤修复纳米治疗策略的最新进展。

脊髓损伤（SCI）是一种破坏性且复杂的疾病，无法治愈。最初的机械创伤之后是继发性损伤，其特征在于炎性细胞浸润和抑制性神经胶质瘢痕形成。由于血脊髓屏障的局限性，治疗剂的全身递送具有挑战性。各种纳米级策略的最新发展提供了令人兴奋且有希望的新方法，可以通过穿越血脊髓屏障并提供治疗手段来治疗SCI。因此，我们讨论了不同的纳米材料制造方法，并提供了有关最近研究的概述，其中开发了纳米材料来调节炎症信号，靶向病变中的抑制因子并促进SCI后轴突再生。我们还将回顾新兴的研究领域，例如光遗传学，