The links between plantation expansion and deforestation in Borneo are debated. We used satellite imagery to map annual loss of old‐growth forests, expansion of industrial plantations (oil palm and pulpwood), and their overlap in Borneo from 2001 to 2017. In 17 years, forest area declined by 14% (6.04 Mha), including 3.06 Mha of forest ultimately converted into industrial plantations. Plantations expanded by 170% (6.20 Mha: 88% oil palm; 12% pulpwood). Most forests converted to plantations were cleared and planted in the same year (92%; 2.83 Mha). Annual forest loss generally increased before peaking in 2016 (0.61 Mha) and declining sharply in 2017 (0.25 Mha). After peaks in 2009 and 2012, plantation expansion and associated forest conversion have been declining in Indonesia and Malaysia. Annual plantation expansion is positively correlated with annual forest loss in both countries. The correlation vanishes when we consider plantation expansion versus forests that are cleared but not converted to plantations. The price of crude palm oil is positively correlated with plantation expansion in the following year in Indonesian (not Malaysian) Borneo. Low palm oil prices, wet conditions, and improved fire prevention all likely contributed to reduced 2017 deforestation. Oversight of company conduct requires transparent concession ownership.

中文翻译：

---

婆罗洲森林损失和工业人工林的兴衰（2000-2017年）

婆罗洲的人工林扩张与森林砍伐之间的联系存在争议。从2001年到2017年，我们使用卫星图像绘制了老龄森林的年损失，工业人工林的扩张（油棕和纸浆木）及其在婆罗洲的重叠情况。在17年中，森林面积减少了14％（6.04 Mha），包括3.06 Mha的森林最终转化为工业人工林。人工林扩大了170％（6.20 Mha：88％油棕； 12％纸浆木）。同年，大部分被砍伐成人工林的森林都被砍伐和种植（92％； 2.83 Mha）。在2016年达到峰值（0.61 Mha）之前，年森林损失总体上有所增加，而2017年则急剧下降（0.25 Mha）。在2009年和2012年达到顶峰之后，印度尼西亚和马来西亚的人工林扩张和相关的森林转化率一直在下降。两国每年的人工林扩张与每年的森林流失呈正相关。当我们考虑人工林扩张与砍伐但未转化为人工林的森林时，相关性消失。印度尼西亚（不是马来西亚）婆罗洲的粗棕油价格与来年的人工林扩张呈正相关。低棕榈油价格，潮湿的环境以及改进的防火措施都可能导致减少了2017年的森林砍伐。对公司行为的监督要求透明的特许权所有权。低棕榈油价格，潮湿的环境以及改进的防火措施都可能导致减少了2017年的森林砍伐。对公司行为的监督要求透明的特许权所有权。低棕榈油价格，潮湿的环境以及改进的防火措施都可能导致减少了2017年的森林砍伐。对公司行为的监督要求透明的特许权所有权。