Writing is an ever-creative artifice, elaborated in many different ways and used for many different purposes in different situations throughout history. From this perspective, each writer, embedded within a perceived sociohistoric moment, poses problems to solve, makes choices, and creates solutions from locally available resources and practices to create an effective communication for local circumstances. Writers develop down idiosyncratic pathways by iteratively solving myriad problems from early childhood through advanced adult competence, at times choosing contingent models, but these are different from the generalized models sought by psychologists. Standardized and standardizing models of writing performance, although having some educational value, do not capture the variety of ways people go about writing and can constrain writing development outside the school walls. This article considers a number of the complexly ramifying problems writers may address, forming individualized solutions of how to go about writing and what writing to produce.

中文翻译：

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模型是什么模型？为了谁？

写作是一种创造性的手段，它以多种不同的方式加以阐述，并在整个历史的不同情况下用于许多不同的目的。从这个角度来看，每位作家，都被嵌入到所感知的社会历史时刻中，提出了要解决的问题，做出了选择，并从当地可得的资源和实践中创建了解决方案，从而针对当地情况创建了有效的沟通渠道。作家通过迭代解决从幼儿期到高级成人能力的各种问题来发展特质路径，有时选择偶然性模型，但是这些与心理学家寻求的广义模型不同。标准化和标准化的写作表现模型虽然具有一定的教育价值，不能捕捉人们写作的多种方式，并且可以限制学校之外的写作发展。本文考虑了作家可能要解决的许多复杂问题，形成了如何写作和生产什么作品的个性化解决方案。