Abstract The threats posed by current and future changes in land use and climate have recently stressed the importance of evaluating the efficiency of present conservation measures that seek to restore or protect the naturalness of the wooded landscape. In Romania, the remaining old-growth forests in national parks have been consistently degraded by commercial logging and inappropriate forestry practices. This study provides an 8800 cal BP old history of compositional changes and disturbance regimes (natural and human induced) recorded in the old-growth Picea abies forests and P. abies–Fagus sylvatica–Abies alba mixed forests from the Rodna Mountains National Park. Our results reveal moderate turnover between 8800 and 5000 cal BP when vegetation dynamics were marked by the expansion of a closed P. abies forest and moderate disturbance intensity. The most stable compositional changes were recorded between 5000 and 1750 cal BP, primarily associated with the expansion of F. sylvatica and a low disturbance regime. The last 1750 years, but in particular over the last 50 years, correspond to the highest degree of turnover as a response to increased anthropogenic disturbance. This led to the reduced extent of the old-growth forest and extension of secondary forest (Pinus, Betula, Corylus avellana and Alnus glutinosa). This pollen based reconstruction of major forest cover loss over the last fifty years is also depicted in modern satellite imagery. Our long-term record indicates that the conservation status of the forests in this region is not efficiently implemented and in the future we may lose large tracts of the remaining old-growth forests.

中文翻译：

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将中东欧原始森林的植被动态和稳定性联系起来：对森林保护和管理的影响

摘要 当前和未来土地利用和气候变化带来的威胁最近强调了评估目前旨在恢复或保护树木繁茂景观自然性的保护措施的效率的重要性。在罗马尼亚，国家公园中剩余的原始森林一直因商业采伐和不当的林业做法而退化。这项研究提供了 8800 cal BP 的成分变化和干扰机制（自然和人为引起的）的古老历史，记录在来自罗德纳山国家公园的古老的云杉冷杉林和 P. abies-Fagus sylvatica-Abies alba 混交林中。我们的结果显示，当植被动态以封闭的冷杉林的扩张和中等干扰强度为标志时，8800 到 5000 cal BP 之间的周转率适中。最稳定的成分变化记录在 5000 和 1750 cal BP 之间，主要与 F. sylvatica 的扩张和低干扰状态有关。过去 1750 年，尤其是过去 50 年，对应于对人为干扰增加的最高程度的更替。这导致原始森林的面积减少和次生林（松、桦木、紫檀和桤木）的扩展。现代卫星图像中也描绘了这种基于花粉的对过去五十年主要森林覆盖损失的重建。我们的长期记录表明，该地区的森林保护状况没有得到有效实施，未来我们可能会失去大片剩余的原始森林。