El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts also extend above the troposphere, affecting the strength and variability of the stratospheric polar vortex in the high latitudes of both hemispheres, as well as the composition and circulation of the tropical stratosphere. El Niño events are associated with a warming and weakening of the polar vortex in the polar stratosphere of both hemispheres, while a cooling can be observed in the tropical lower stratosphere. These impacts are linked by a strengthened Brewer‐Dobson circulation. Anomalous upward wave propagation is observed in the extratropics of both hemispheres. For La Niña, these anomalies are often opposite. The stratosphere in turn affects surface weather and climate over large areas of the globe. Since these surface impacts are long‐lived, the changes in the stratosphere can lead to improved surface predictions on time scales of weeks to months. Over the past decade, our understanding of the mechanisms through which ENSO can drive impacts remote from the tropical Pacific has improved. This study reviews the possible mechanisms connecting ENSO to the stratosphere in the tropics and the extratropics of both hemispheres while also considering open questions, including nonlinearities in the teleconnections, the role of ENSO diversity, and the impacts of climate change and variability.

中文翻译：

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厄尔尼诺南方涛动与平流层的遥相关

热带太平洋地区的厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件对全球大气和海洋环流具有重大而破坏性的影响。厄尔尼诺南方涛动（ENSO）的影响也延伸到对流层上方，影响了两个半球高纬度地区平流层极涡的强度和变异性，以及热带平流层的组成和环流。厄尔尼诺事件与两个半球极地平流层中极涡的变暖和减弱有关，而在热带低层平流层中则可观察到变冷。这些影响与加强的Brewer-Dobson流通联系在一起。在两个半球的温带上都观测到了异常的向上波传播。对于拉尼娜（LaNiña），这些异常通常是相反的。平流层反过来又影响了全球大部分地区的地表天气和气候。由于这些表面撞击是长期存在的，因此平流层的变化可以改善数周至数月时间范围内的表面预测。在过去的十年中，我们对ENSO可以推动远离热带太平洋的影响的机制的理解有所提高。这项研究回顾了将ENSO连接到两个半球的热带和温带平流层的可能机制，同时还考虑了开放性问题，包括遥相关中的非线性，ENSO多样性的作用以及气候变化和变异的影响。平流层的变化可以改善几周到几个月的时间尺度上的地面预测。在过去的十年中，我们对ENSO可以推动远离热带太平洋的影响的机制的理解有所提高。这项研究回顾了将ENSO连接到两个半球的热带和平流层的平流层的可能机制，同时还考虑了开放性问题，包括遥距连接中的非线性，ENSO多样性的作用以及气候变化和变异性的影响。平流层的变化可以改善几周到几个月的时间尺度上的地面预测。在过去的十年中，我们对ENSO可以推动远离热带太平洋的影响的机制的理解有所提高。这项研究回顾了将ENSO连接到两个半球的热带和平流层的平流层的可能机制，同时还考虑了开放性问题，包括遥距连接中的非线性，ENSO多样性的作用以及气候变化和变异性的影响。