Altered transcription of calcium-dependent signaling cascades involving the ryanodine receptor (RyR) and mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) in response to environmental exposures have been described in model vertebrates, including zebrafish, while the relevance for wild fishes remains unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we exposed the euryhaline model species Menidia beryllina (inland silversides) to the insecticide bifenthrin, a known modulator of calcium signaling. The main objectives of this study were to determine: (1) whether exposure of developing silversides to environmentally relevant concentrations of bifenthrin alters their behavior; and (2) whether behavioral changes correlate with altered expression of genes involved in RyR and mTOR-dependent signaling pathways. At six hours post fertilization (hpf), inland silversides were exposed to bifenthrin at 3, 27 and 122 ng/L until 7 days post fertilization (dpf, larvae hatched at 6dpf), followed by a 14-day recovery period in uncontaminated water. Transcriptional responses were measured at 5, 7 and 21 dpf; locomotor behavior following external stimuli and response to an olfactory predator cue were assessed at 7 and 21 dpf. Bifenthrin elicited significant non-monotonic transcriptional responses in the majority of genes examined at 5 dpf and at 21 dpf. Bifenthrin also significantly altered predator avoidance behavior via olfactory mechanisms with main effects identified for animals exposed to 3 and 27 ng/L. Behavioral effects were not detected in response to visual stimuli during acute exposure, but were significant in the predator-cue assessment following the recovery period, suggesting delayed and long-term effects of early developmental exposures to bifenthrin. Our findings demonstrate that at picomolar (pM) concentrations, which are often not represented in ecotoxicological studies, bifenthrin perturbs early development of inland silversides. These developmental impacts are manifested behaviorally at later life stages, specifically as altered patterns of predator avoidance behavior, which have been correlated with population decline. Collectively, these data suggest that bifenthrin may be negatively impacting wild fish populations.

在模型脊椎动物（包括斑马鱼）中描述了涉及兰尼碱受体 (RyR) 和雷帕霉素 (mTOR) 响应环境暴露的钙依赖性信号级联的转录改变，而与野生鱼类的相关性仍然未知。为了解决这一知识差距，我们公开了广盐模型物种Menidia beryllina（内陆银边）到杀虫剂联苯菊酯，一种已知的钙信号调节剂。本研究的主要目的是确定：(1) 银边暴露于环境相关浓度的联苯菊酯是否会改变它们的行为；(2) 行为改变是否与涉及 RyR 和 mTOR 依赖性信号通路的基因表达改变相关。受精后 6 小时 (hpf)，内陆银边藻暴露于浓度为 3、27 和 122 ng/L 的联苯菊酯，直至受精后 7 天（dpf，幼虫在 6dpf 孵化），然后在未受污染的水中进行 14 天的恢复期。在 5、7 和 21 dpf 测量转录反应；在 7 和 21 dpf 评估了外部刺激后的运动行为和对嗅觉捕食者提示的反应。联苯菊酯在 5 dpf 和 21 dpf 检查的大多数基因中引起显着的非单调转录反应。联苯菊酯还通过嗅觉机制显着改变捕食者回避行为，主要影响暴露于 3 和 27 ng/L 的动物。在急性暴露期间未检测到响应视觉刺激的行为影响，但在恢复期后的捕食者线索评估中很重要，表明早期发育暴露于联苯菊酯的延迟和长期影响。我们的研究结果表明，在生态毒理学研究中通常没有体现的皮摩尔 (pM) 浓度下，联苯菊酯会扰乱内陆银边藻的早期发育。这些发展影响在以后的生命阶段表现在行为上，特别是捕食者回避行为模式的改变，这与种群数量下降有关。总的来说，这些数据表明联苯菊酯可能对野生鱼类种群产生负面影响。