Objective

Caffeine use is common in children and adolescents, but the recommendations for safe consumption are based on decades-old data collected exclusively in adults. Increased availability of caffeine-containing products and a concerted marketing effort aimed at children and adolescents, has increased interest in understanding the physiological, behavioral, and psychological effects of caffeine within this population. This manuscript provides a review of the literature concerning trends and safety of ingested caffeine in children and adolescents.

Method

A search of the National Library of Medicine database was conducted using the terms caffeine, children, adolescents, and safety, in addition to tailored searches on specific topics using combinations of search terms such as energy drinks, cardiovascular, mood, cognitive, mental health, sleep, and regulations.

Results

The majority of the literature reviewed here suggests that typical, moderate caffeine consumption in children and adolescents is relatively safe, but that higher doses of caffeine consumption (>400 mg) can cause physiological, psychological, and behavioral harm, in particular in subgroups of children, such as those with psychiatric or cardiac conditions. More attention is being paid to the potential adverse effects of both acute and chronic caffeine use, and additional regulations surrounding the sale and marketing of highly caffeinated beverages are now being considered.

Conclusion

More research is needed to fill in gaps in our knowledge, including understanding the relationship between caffeine use and initiation of other substances, such as cigarettes, alcohol, or marijuana, identifying individuals at risk for caffeine toxicity, and developing harm-reduction strategies.

中文翻译：

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评论：儿童和青少年使用咖啡因的趋势，安全性和建议

客观的

咖啡因在儿童和青少年中很常见，但是安全食用的建议是基于数十年来专门在成人中收集的数据。含咖啡因产品的供应量增加以及针对儿童和青少年的一致营销努力，使人们越来越了解该人群中咖啡因的生理，行为和心理影响。该手稿提供了有关儿童和青少年摄入咖啡因的趋势和安全性的文献综述。

方法

除了使用能量饮料，心血管，情绪，认知，心理健康，睡眠和法规。

结果

此处回顾的大多数文献表明，儿童和青少年中典型的，适量的咖啡因摄入相对安全，但是较高剂量的咖啡因摄入（> 400 mg）会造成生理，心理和行为伤害，尤其是在儿童亚组中，例如患有精神病或心脏疾病的人。人们越来越关注急性和慢性咖啡因的潜在不良影响，并且目前正在考虑有关高度咖啡因饮料的销售和市场营销的其他法规。

结论

需要做更多的研究来填补我们的知识空白，包括了解咖啡因的使用与其他物质（例如香烟，酒精或大麻）的起始之间的关系，确定有咖啡因毒性风险的个体，并制定减少伤害的策略。