The unique characteristics of enveloped viruses including nanometer size, consistent morphology, narrow size distribution, versatile functionality and biocompatibility have attracted attention from scientists to develop enveloped viruses for biomedical applications. The biomedical applications of the viral-based nanoparticles include vaccine development, imaging and targeted drug delivery. The modification of the structural elements of enveloped viruses is necessary for the desired functions. Here, we review the chemical approaches that have been utilized to develop bionanomaterials based on enveloped viruses for biomedical applications. We first provide an overview of the structures of enveloped viruses which are composed of nucleic acids, structural and functional proteins, glycan residues and lipid envelope. The methods for modification, including direct conjugation, metabolic incorporation of functional groups and peptide tag insertion, are described based on the biomolecular types of viral components. Layer-by-layer technology is also included in this review to illustrate the non-covalent modification of enveloped viruses. Then, we further elaborate the applications of chemically-modified enveloped viruses, virus-like particles and viral subcomponents in biomedical research.

中文翻译：

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用于生物医学应用的包膜病毒的化学修饰

包膜病毒的独特特征包括纳米尺寸，一致的形态，狭窄的尺寸分布，通用的功能和生物相容性，吸引了科学家的注意力，以开发用于生物医学应用的包膜病毒。基于病毒的纳米颗粒的生物医学应用包括疫苗开发，成像和靶向药物递送。包膜病毒的结构元件的修饰对于所需功能是必需的。在这里，我们回顾了已用于开发基于包膜病毒的生物材料的生物医学应用的化学方法。我们首先概述由核酸，结构和功能蛋白，聚糖残基和脂质包膜组成的包膜病毒的结构。修改方法，基于病毒组分的生物分子类型，描述了包括直接缀合，官能团的代谢结合和肽标签插入在内的方法。本文还包括逐层技术，以说明包膜病毒的非共价修饰。然后，我们进一步阐述化学修饰的包膜病毒，病毒样颗粒和病毒亚成分在生物医学研究中的应用。