In November 2018, for the first time a dedicated geophysical station, the InSight lander, will be deployed on the surface of Mars. Along with the two main geophysical packages, the Seismic Experiment for Interior Structure (SEIS) and the Heat-Flow and Physical Properties Package (HP3), the InSight lander holds a highly sensitive pressure sensor (PS) and the Temperature and Winds for InSight (TWINS) instrument, both of which (along with the InSight FluxGate (IFG) Magnetometer) form the Auxiliary Sensor Payload Suite (APSS). Associated with the RADiometer (RAD) instrument which will measure the surface brightness temperature, and the Instrument Deployment Camera (IDC) which will be used to quantify atmospheric opacity, this will make InSight capable to act as a meteorological station at the surface of Mars. While probing the internal structure of Mars is the primary scientific goal of the mission, atmospheric science remains a key science objective for InSight. InSight has the potential to provide a more continuous and higher-frequency record of pressure, air temperature and winds at the surface of Mars than previous in situ missions. In the paper, key results from multiscale meteorological modeling, from Global Climate Models to Large-Eddy Simulations, are described as a reference for future studies based on the InSight measurements during operations. We summarize the capabilities of InSight for atmospheric observations, from profiling during Entry, Descent and Landing to surface measurements (pressure, temperature, winds, angular momentum), and the plans for how InSight’s sensors will be used during operations, as well as possible synergies with orbital observations. In a dedicated section, we describe the seismic impact of atmospheric phenomena (from the point of view of both “noise” to be decorrelated from the seismic signal and “signal” to provide information on atmospheric processes). We discuss in this framework Planetary Boundary Layer turbulence, with a focus on convective vortices and dust devils, gravity waves (with idealized modeling), and large-scale circulations. Our paper also presents possible new, exploratory, studies with the InSight instrumentation: surface layer scaling and exploration of the Monin-Obukhov model, aeolian surface changes and saltation / lifing studies, and monitoring of secular pressure changes. The InSight mission will be instrumental in broadening the knowledge of the Martian atmosphere, with a unique set of measurements from the surface of Mars.

中文翻译：

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大气科学与洞察力

2018 年 11 月，将首次在火星表面部署专用地球物理站 InSight 着陆器。除了两个主要的地球物理包，内部结构地震实验 (SEIS) 和热流和物理特性包 (HP3) 外，洞察号着陆器还拥有一个高度敏感的压力传感器 (PS) 和洞察号 (InSight) 的温度和风。 TWINS) 仪器，两者（连同 InSight FluxGate (IFG) 磁力计）构成了辅助传感器有效载荷套件 (APSS)。与用于测量表面亮温的 RADiometer (RAD) 仪器和用于量化大气不透明度的仪器部署相机 (IDC) 相关联，这将使 InSight 能够充当火星表面的气象站。虽然探测火星的内部结构是任务的主要科学目标，但大气科学仍然是洞察号的关键科学目标。与之前的原位任务相比，InSight 有可能在火星表面提供更连续和更高频率的压力、气温和风记录。在本文中，从全球气候模型到大涡模拟的多尺度气象建模的关键结果被描述为未来基于运营期间 InSight 测量的研究的参考。我们总结了 InSight 的大气观测能力，从进入、下降和着陆期间的剖面到表面测量（压力、温度、风、角动量），以及在操作期间如何使用 InSight 传感器的计划，以及与轨道观测可能的协同作用。在专门的部分，我们描述了大气现象的地震影响（从与地震信号去相关的“噪声”和提供大气过程信息的“信号”的角度来看）。我们在这个框架中讨论行星边界层湍流，重点是对流涡旋和尘暴、重力波（具有理想化建模）和大规模环流。我们的论文还介绍了可能使用 InSight 仪器进行的新的探索性研究：表层缩放和 Monin-Obukhov 模型的探索、风积表面变化和跃移/生命研究，以及长期压力变化的监测。InSight 任务将有助于拓宽对火星大气的了解，