Abstract Heavy quarks (HQ) are believed to have unique roles for studying QCD at finite temperature and baryon density. By comparing precision measurements of HQ hadron production in heavy-ion collisions with realistic phenomenological model calculations, the goal is to understand interactions and dynamics of HQ propagating through the Quark–Gluon Plasma (QGP) medium and furthermore to characterize the QGP with emergent QCD transport parameters and their temperature dependence. In this article, we will review recent experimental and theoretical achievements on HQ production in high energy p + p , p ∕ d + A and A + A collisions at RHIC and the LHC. We will discuss what we have learned about the HQ production and how HQs interact with the QGP medium along with their QGP medium properties. Finally, we would like to discuss a few open questions and propose future experimental and theoretical directions towards the physics goals utilizing HQ probes.

中文翻译：

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夸克-胶子等离子体的重夸克产生及性质

摘要 重夸克 (HQ) 被认为在有限温度和重子密度下的 QCD 研究中具有独特的作用。通过将重离子碰撞中 HQ 强子产生的精确测量与现实的现象学模型计算进行比较，目标是了解 HQ 通过夸克-胶子等离子体 (QGP) 介质传播的相互作用和动力学，并进一步表征具有紧急 QCD 传输的 QGP参数及其温度依赖性。在本文中，我们将回顾最近在 RHIC 和 LHC 的高能 p + p 、p ∕ d + A 和 A + A 碰撞中产生 HQ 的实验和理论成果。我们将讨论我们对 HQ 生产的了解以及 HQ 如何与 QGP 培养基以及它们的 QGP 培养基特性相互作用。最后，