Reliable and precise methods capable of unambiguously identifying target analytes in real-world samples are indispensable in various fields, ranging from biological studies and diagnosis to quality control. Among various analytic techniques, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is uniquely powerful as it provides multidimensional data useful for structural analysis at the atomic level. The rich information obtained from various NMR experiments allows one to access not only molecular structures and interactions but also the dynamics and diffusional properties. However, the interpretation of NMR data in the analysis of real-world mixtures can be challenging and is often complicated by the overlap of the NMR resonances of each component. Moreover, the inherently low sensitivity of the NMR technique hampers its implementation in many detections, where the analytes of interest are present at low concentrations. By a combination of heteronuclear NMR, dedicatedly designed sensors, ingenious transduction mechanisms, and powerful NMR pulse sequences, significant advancements were made to conquer these limitations. The present review summarizes the sensing systems that effectively facilitate NMR-based detection with an emphasis on the chemical perspective of sensor design and transduction mechanism. Advances in hyperpolarized sensors to boost the sensitivity of detection will also be included where appropriate.

中文翻译：

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用于基于NMR的检测的分子传感器

从生物学研究和诊断到质量控制，在各个领域中必不可少的可靠，精确的方法必不可少。在各种分析技术中，核磁共振（NMR）具有独特的强大功能，因为它提供了可用于原子级结构分析的多维数据。从各种NMR实验获得的丰富信息使人们不仅可以访问分子结构和相互作用，还可以访问动力学和扩散特性。但是，在实际混合物分析中对NMR数据的解释可能具有挑战性，并且由于每个组分的NMR共振的重叠，通常会变得很复杂。此外，NMR技术固有的低灵敏度阻碍了其在许多检测中的实施，感兴趣的分析物浓度低的地方。通过结合异核NMR，专门设计的传感器，巧妙的转导机制和强大的NMR脉冲序列，在克服这些局限性方面取得了重大进展。本综述总结了有效促进基于NMR的检测的传感系统，重点是传感器设计和转导机制的化学观点。在适当情况下，还将包括用于提高检测灵敏度的超极化传感器方面的进展。本综述总结了有效促进基于NMR的检测的传感系统，重点是传感器设计和转导机制的化学观点。在适当情况下，还将包括用于提高检测灵敏度的超极化传感器方面的进展。本综述总结了有效促进基于NMR的检测的传感系统，重点是传感器设计和转导机制的化学观点。在适当情况下，还将包括用于提高检测灵敏度的超极化传感器方面的进展。