Nephrotoxicity from cancer therapies is common and increasingly encountered in clinical practice, such that the subfield of “onco-nephrology” has emerged. Conventional chemotherapeutic drugs and novel agents targeting specific genes/proteins are effective cancer therapies but suffer from a number of adverse kidney effects. An effective avenue of cancer treatment is immunotherapy, which uses drugs that augment immune system–mediated recognition and targeting of tumor cells. As such, leveraging the immune system to target malignant cells represents an important modality in eradicating cancer. IFN and high-dose IL-2 are older immunotherapies used in clinical practice to treat various malignancies, whereas new cancer immunotherapies have emerged over the past decade that offer even more effective treatment options. The immune checkpoint inhibitors are an exciting addition to the cancer immunotherapy armamentarium. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells are also a new immunotherapy used to treat various hematologic malignancies. However, as with the conventional and targeted cancer agents, the immunotherapies are also associated with immune-related adverse effects, which includes nephrotoxicity.

癌症疗法产生的肾毒性很常见，在临床实践中也越来越多地出现，因此出现了“肿瘤肾病学”子领域。靶向特定基因/蛋白质的常规化学治疗药物和新型药物是有效的癌症治疗方法，但有许多不利的肾脏作用。免疫疗法是癌症治疗的有效途径，它使用增强免疫系统介导的肿瘤细胞识别和靶向作用的药物。这样，利用免疫系统靶向恶性细胞代表了根除癌症的重要方式。IFN和大剂量IL-2是临床上用于治疗各种恶性肿瘤的较旧的免疫疗法，而在过去的十年中出现了新的癌症免疫疗法，提供了更有效的治疗选择。免疫检查点抑制剂是癌症免疫疗法武器库中令人兴奋的补充。嵌合抗原受体T细胞也是用于治疗各种血液系统恶性肿瘤的新的免疫疗法。但是，与常规的和靶向的癌症药物一样，免疫疗法也与免疫相关的不良反应有关，包括肾毒性。