The purpose of this investigation is to demonstrate that one is unable to understand the operation of the brain without taking top-down effects into account. This is demonstrated by looking in turn at evolutionary and developmental aspects, then at functional aspects related to sensory systems, learning processes, and motor processes that lead to action on the world. It is also clear in terms of the effects of a society on brains located in that society. The possibility of top down affects exists both because of multiple realisability of higher level processes at lower levels, and because lower level elements are adapted to perform their higher level functions. These top-down processes validate a non-reductionist approach to how the brain works.

中文翻译：

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自上而下的作用在大脑中。

这项研究的目的是证明，如果不考虑自上而下的影响，就无法理解大脑的运作。通过依次观察进化和发展方面，然后观察与导致世界行动的感觉系统，学习过程和运动过程有关的功能方面，可以证明这一点。就一个社会对位于该社会中的大脑的影响而言，也很明显。自上而下产生影响的可能性既存在于较高级别的过程在较低级别的多重实现中，又由于较低级别的元素适用于执行其较高级别的功能。这些自上而下的过程验证了一种非还原主义的大脑工作方式。