The relationship between cultural ecosystem services (CES) and the many diverse aspects of biodiversity is complex and multi-faceted. A large public survey in Wiltshire, UK, was used to assess associations between public benefits from certain species groups in the local countryside, and (i) social antecedents, (ii) engagement in different outdoor leisure activities (iii) indirect nature experience via media-related activities and (iv) species group charisma and abundance.

Practitioners of leisure activities with a nature-related theme, whether outdoor activities or indoor media-related activities, reported significantly higher levels of benefit from named species groups, as did respondents whose personal background demonstrated an elevated degree of nature-relatedness. Benefits were also related to the charisma of the species group: enhanced benefit through nature-related activities and social factors was significant for less charismatic species, but inconclusive for more charismatic species. Respondents who participated in outdoor leisure activities without a nature focus were unlikely to report enhanced benefits from species groups in the local landscape.

To maximise people’s CES benefits from broader aspects of biodiversity it may be necessary to encourage an active interest in biodiversity, leading people to participate or seek knowledge and understanding, and in turn develop a stronger sense of connectedness to nature.

文化生态系统服务（CES）与生物多样性的许多不同方面之间的关系是复杂和多方面的。使用英国威尔特郡的一项大型公共调查来评估当地农村某些物种群体的公共利益与（i）社会先例（ii）参与各种户外休闲活动（iii）通过媒体进行的间接自然体验之间的关联相关活动和（iv）物种群体的魅力和丰富度。

从事与自然有关的主题的休闲活动的从业者，无论是户外活动还是与室内媒体有关的活动，报告说，受益于命名物种的水平要高得多，其个人背景显示出与自然有关的程度较高的受访者也是如此。利益也与该物种的魅力有关：通过与自然相关的活动和社会因素增加的利益对于魅力较少的物种而言是显着的，而对于魅力较大的物种却没有定论。参加没有自然关注的户外休闲活动的受访者不太可能报告当地景观物种群体的收益增加。

为了使人们从更大范围的生物多样性中获得的CES收益最大化，可能有必要激发人们对生物多样性的积极兴趣，引导人们参与或寻求知识和了解，进而发展与自然的联系。