Mushroom-forming fungi (restricted to basidiomycetous fungi in this review) differentiate by sensing several environmental factors for fruiting body formation. For fruiting body induction, nutrient, temperature and light conditions are critical environmental factors. Higher nitrogen and carbon sources in the media will suppress fruiting body induction in many mushroom-forming fungi, with induction being triggered by lower nitrogen and carbon concentrations. Low temperature or temperature downshift is another critical influencing factor for fruiting body induction in many cultivated mushrooms, such as Flammulina velutipes, Lentinula edodes, and Volvariella volvacea. Fungal response toward starvation and cold involves the production of sexual spores as the next generation. Species like F. velutipes and Coprinopsis cinerea can form fruiting bodies in the dark; however, light accelerates fruiting body induction in some mushroom-forming fungi. Remarkably, fruiting bodies formed in the dark have tiny or no pileus on heads (called dark stipe, pinhead fruiting body, or etiolated stipe). Light is essential for pileus differentiation in many, but not all mushroom species; one exception is Agaricus bisporus. Mushrooms have positive phototropism and negative gravitropism for effective dispersal of spores. Carbon dioxide concentrations also affect fruiting body development; pileus differentiation is suppressed at a high concentration of carbon dioxide. Thus, the pileus differentiation system of mushrooms may allow the most effective diffusion of spores. Full expansion of the pileus is followed by pileus autolysis or senescence. In C. cinerea, pileus autolysis occurs during spore diffusion. Fruiting body senescence, browning of gill, and softening occur after harvesting in several mushroom species. Fruiting body induction, development, and maturation in mushroom-forming fungi are discussed in this review.

形成蘑菇的真菌（在本综述中仅限于担子菌真菌）通过感测子实体形成的几种环境因素来区分。对于子实体的诱导，营养，温度和光照条件是关键的环境因素。培养基中较高的氮和碳源将抑制许多蘑菇形成真菌中子实体的诱导，而诱导则由较低的氮和碳浓度触发。低温或温度下降是许多栽培蘑菇中子实体诱导的另一个关键影响因素，如金针菇，香菇和草菇。真菌对饥饿和寒冷的反应涉及下一代的性孢子的产生。velutipes和cineprinopsis cinerea等物种可以在黑暗中形成子实体。但是，光会加速某些蘑菇形成真菌中子实体的诱导。值得注意的是，在黑暗中形成的子实体的头部很少或没有绒毛（称为黑柄，针头子实体或黄化柄）。在许多（但不是全部）蘑菇种中，光对于绒毛的分化至关重要。一种例外是双孢蘑菇。蘑菇具有正向性性和负向性性，可有效分散孢子。二氧化碳的浓度也影响子实体的发育。在高浓度的二氧化碳中抑制了绒毛的分化。因此，蘑菇的菌落分化系统可以使孢子最有效地扩散。绒毛充分膨胀后，绒毛自溶或衰老。在灰葡萄孢中，在孢子扩散过程中发生堆积物自溶。几种蘑菇收获后，子实体衰老，g褐变和软化。在这篇综述中讨论了蘑菇形真菌中子实体的诱导，发育和成熟。