An electrochemical-based sensor created for creatinine detection has been developed for early point-of-care (POC) of diagnosis of renal illnesses. Useful information for the preventive diagnosis and clinical treatments of congenital disorders of creatinine mechanism, advanced liver and kidney diseases, and renal dysfunction can be obtained by the noninvasive evaluation of the creatinine levels in urine. The direct detection of creatinine can be achieved using the modified nanocomposite of cuprous nanoparticles encapsulated by polyacrylic acid (PAA) gel-Cu(II) fabricating on a screen-printed carbon electrode. Here, we report that the degree of kidney dysfunction failure can be determined by an amount of Cu(I) bound with the creatinine through the adsorptive mechanism on the modified electrode. Under cyclic voltammetry scans, the amount of creatinine was measured from the adsorptive signals of the redox peak current identifying the Cu(I)–creatinine complex with a natural logarithm of the creatinine concentration ranging from 200 μM to 100 mM. For this detection range, the theoretical calculation was postulated to describe experimental behaviors of the adsorptive mechanism as creatinine diffused to adsorb on the composite-modified electrode to reduce oxidized copper nanoparticles and transformed to Cu(II)–creatinine complexes. Interestingly, there was evidence that anodic peak potentials had been reduced in magnitudes and shifted negatively by natural logarithm during the formation of the Cu(I)–creatinine complex. For practical usage in POC technology, the creatinine detection in interference was carried out using differential pulse voltammetry to solely determine faradaic currents of creatinine–copper formation. With the interference of urea, glucose, ascorbic acid, glycine, and uric acid in artificial urine, the sensor showed promising results of the interference-free determination with 99.4% sensitivity efficiency, whereas for human urine interference, this sensor showed 85% sensitivity efficiency in detecting creatinine. This shows that this composite-modified sensor (PAA gel-Cu(II)/Cu₂O NPs) has great potential for use in the next-generation devices for creatinine sensing to determine the progression in kidney dysfunctions.

中文翻译：

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聚丙烯酸凝胶-Cu（II）包裹的亚铜纳米粒子与Cuatin（I）与肌酐耦合的证据，有助于确定晚期肾功能不全

已开发出一种用于肌酐检测的基于电化学的传感器，用于肾脏疾病诊断的早期即时诊断（POC）。通过尿液中肌酐水平的非侵入性评估，可以获得有关先天性肌酐机制，先天性肝肾疾病和肾功能不全的预防性诊断和临床治疗的有用信息。肌酐的直接检测可以使用修饰的亚铜纳米颗粒的纳米复合材料实现，该纳米复合物由丝网印刷的碳电极上制造的聚丙烯酸（PAA）凝胶-铜（II）封装而成。在这里，我们报告肾功能不全的程度可以通过修饰电极上的吸附机制与肌酐结合的Cu（I）的量来确定。在循环伏安扫描下，从氧化还原峰值电流的吸附信号中测量肌酐的量，从而确定肌酐浓度范围为200μM至100 mM的自然对数的Cu（I）-肌酐复合物。在此检测范围内，理论计算被假定为描述吸附机理的实验行为，因为肌酸酐扩散后吸附在复合修饰电极上，以还原氧化的铜纳米颗粒并转变为Cu（II）-肌酸酐络合物。有趣的是，有证据表明，在形成Cu（I）-肌酸酐复合物期间，阳极峰电位已减小幅度并以自然对数负向移动。为了在POC技术中的实际使用，用微分脉冲伏安法进行干扰中肌酐的检测，仅测定肌酐-铜形成的法拉第电流。在尿液中尿素，葡萄糖，抗坏血酸，甘氨酸和尿酸的干扰下，该传感器显示了无干扰测定的有希望的结果，灵敏度效率为99.4％，而对于人尿干扰，该传感器显示了85％的灵敏度效率在检测肌酐。这表明该复合改性传感器（PAA gel-Cu（II）/ Cu 该传感器在检测肌酐方面显示出85％的灵敏度。这表明该复合改性传感器（PAA gel-Cu（II）/ Cu 该传感器在检测肌酐方面显示出85％的灵敏度。这表明该复合改性传感器（PAA gel-Cu（II）/ Cu₂ O NPs）在新一代肌酐检测装置中具有巨大潜力，可用于确定肾功能不全的进展。