The challenge hypothesis makes specific predictions about the association between testosterone and status-seeking behaviors, but the findings linking testosterone to these behaviors are often inconsistent. The dual-hormone hypothesis was developed to help explain these inconsistencies. Specifically, according to this hypothesis, testosterone's association with status-seeking behavior depends on levels of cortisol. Here, we (1) describe the dual-hormone hypothesis in relation to the challenge hypothesis; (2) review recent studies that tested the dual-hormone hypothesis as well as meta-scientific evidence of heterogeneous dual-hormone findings across studies; (3) discuss potential explanations for this heterogeneity, including methodological considerations, contextual factors, and individual differences; and (4) provide recommendations for new work aimed at testing and extending the dual-hormone hypothesis.

中文翻译：

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超越挑战假设：双激素假设的出现和对未来研究的建议。

挑战假说对睾丸激素和寻求状态行为之间的关联做出了具体的预测，但是将睾丸激素与这些行为联系起来的发现常常是不一致的。双重激素假说的提出是为了帮助解释这些矛盾之处。具体而言，根据该假设，睾丸激素与寻求身份行为的关联取决于皮质醇的水平。在这里，我们（1）描述了与挑战假设相关的双激素假设；（2）回顾最近的研究，这些研究检验了双激素假说以及跨研究异源双激素发现的元科学证据；（3）讨论这种异质性的潜在解释，包括方法论上的考虑，背景因素和个体差异；